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Subsurface Transport Of Contaminants, John E. Mccarthy, John M. Zachara

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Contaminants originating from human activities have entered the subsurface environment through waste disposal practices, spills, and land application of chemicals. The establishment of effective disposal and isolation procedures for chemical wastes, the protection of public health, and the amelioration of subsurface contamination rely on the ability to predict the velocity at which contaminants move through the vadose (unsaturated) and saturated zones. However, attempts to describe and predict contaminant transport cannot succeed if major pathways and mechanisms for transport are not defined.

Most approaches to describing and predicting the movement of contaminants treat groundwater as a two-phase system in which contaminants …

Improved Fertilizing Practices On The Peel-Harvey Catchment, P T. Arkell

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Broad-acre farmers in the Peel-Harvey catchment have met a challange and achieved a great deal since the fertilizer extension programme started in 1983.

The main objective of the extension programme has been to ensure that every year three-quarters of the farmers make economically and technically sound fertilizer decisions, thus causing a minimum amount of phosphorus to enter the waterways of the Peel-Harvey estuarine system.

Design And Maintenance Of Cisterns, E. Holmes, Joseph L. Taraba

Agricultural Engineering Extension Updates

I. Design concepts: (See Figure 1)

1. Water tight inside and outside Power & Machinery
2. Manhole or other covers tight to prevent contamination with 2" raised curb
3. Overflow with check valve
4. Initial roof-off diverted from cistern as roof dirt is washed off
5. Inlet pipe near the top with splash pan below or a force breaker at bottom so that floor settlements are not disturbed. No data on which is more effective.
6. Cleanout outlet pipe to pump located in small sump area with floor sloping to sump.
7. Placed below ground to prevent freezing
8. Water pipe to houe from floating inlet or 4" …

Lead In Your Drinking Water, Joseph L. Taraba

Agricultural Engineering Extension Updates

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recently imposed a regulation requiring public water suppliers to notify all their customers of the potential health effects of lead from household plumbing. The USEPA regulates public water supplies (with at least 15 service connections or servicing 25 individuals) but does not regulate private water supplies. The potential health hazard of lead is also present from household plumbing which is supplied water from a private water source.

Bottled Water, Joseph L. Taraba

Agricultural Engineering Extension Updates

Bottled water is an option for families who have a water problem, whether their water is unsafe or has an "off" taste or odor. It is best used as a temporary measure or in small quantities for drinking water. At a cost of 65 cents to $1.15 per gallon (Lexington, KY; July 1988) bottled water could become an expensive item for a large family using it for drinking and cooking.

Organ Doses In Routine Radiographic Procedures, Yang Han

Theses and Dissertations

There is general agreement that the extent of the risk from x-ray examination is related in some way to the radiation dose. As the dose increases, the likelihood of significant biological effects also increases. If a clear correlation between dose and effect is to be established, a convenient and reasonably accurate method of estimating patient’s absorbed doses during common radiographic examinations will be highly needed. A simple method is developed in this project to determine the two important parameters e exposure at skin entrance (ESE) and half value layer (IIVL), which is essential to get reasonably accurate estimates of absorbed …

Toxicity And Environmental Health Hazards Of Petroleum Products In Wells Used For Drinking Water In The Intermountain West, Robert D.R. Parker, Raghubir P. Sharma, R. Ryan Dupont, Gin-Chang Hsieh

Reports

Introduction: Groundwater is aprimary source of drinking water for about 50 percent of the population in the U.S. This source of drinking water has been generally regarded as safe from contamination. Several papers indicate that numerous underground storage tanks containing petroleum products may be leaking and contaminating public water supply wells across the U.S. (Matis, 1971; Ferguson, 1979; Woodhull, 1981; Burmaster and Harris, 1982; Lehman, 1984; Dowd, 1984; OTA, 1984). A study conducted by the Utah Cureau of Solid and Hazardous Wastes in 1985 concluded that there are at least 2,314 underground steel tanks, most of which are used to …

Soil Phase Photodegradation Of Toxic Organics At Contaminated Disposal Sites For Soil Renovation And Groundwater Quality Protection, W. M. Moore, R. Ryan Dupont, J. E. Mclean

Reports

Accurate assessment of the potential for contaminated soil remediation requires detailed knowledge of the fate of waste constituents within the soil environment. For many non-biodegradable organics compounds, photochemical degradation may provide a potential pathway for the removal of such compounds from soil surfaces. A study was conducted to evaluate the rate of photodegradation of ten hazardous organic compounds from three soils, silica gel, and four soil minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, and calcite) under conditions of controlled irradiation. In addition, the effect of siz amendment treatments (methylene blue, riboflavin, hydrogen peroxide, diethylamine, peat moss, and silica gel) on the rates of …

Bear River Water Quality: Bioavailable Phosphorus Measurement, Sources, And Control, Kenneth W. Barker, Darwin L. Sorensen, Jay C. Andersen, Jean M. Ihnat

Reports

No abstract provided.

Activated Carbon Filters, Joseph L. Taraba, Linda Heaton, Tom Ilvento

Agricultural Engineering Extension Updates

Many people feel the water supplied by public water systems to their home faucets is not safe. Most people judge the quality of their water by taste, odor and appearance. But the risk to one's health cannot be judged by these factors. Many of the chemicals or biological organisms that affect one's health are tasteless, odorless and cannot be seen. In searching for a means to improve the safety to their drinking water they encounter water filters, water purifiers, activated carbon (AC) filters that are common names for home drinking water treatment devices. In reading the labels, boxes and instructions …

Development Of Scale Factors For Clarifier Design Based On Batch Settling Data, Robert K. Anderson

Retrospective Theses and Dissertations

Traditionally, batch settling tests have been employed to determine the values of the settling parameters V₀ and K of the Vesilind equation which represents activated sludge settling velocity as a function of solids concentration. It remains unresolved how closely batch settling tests describe settling in full-scale clarifiers.

An experimental procedure was developed to determine scale factors between batch settling and full-scale solids flux curves. An experimental protocol was determined for full-scale clarifier operation, including specific criteria of necessary instrumentation and operational flexibility. Several graphical techniques were evaluated and a procedure was selected to determine a scale factor between batch …

Construction Specifications For Highway Projects Requiring Horizontal Earth Boring And/Or Pipe Jacking Techniques: Executive Summary, Donn Edward Hancher, Thomas D. White, David Thomas Iseley

JTRP Technical Reports

No abstract provided.

Image Processing Instrumentation For Giardia Lamblia Detection, Cy R. Tamanaha, Mark A. Gross

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Currently, the identification and enumeration of Giardia Iamblia cysts are based upon microscopic methods requiring individuals proficient in this area. It is a tedious process which consumes time that could be constructively used elsewhere. This project attempts to alleviate that burden by employing a computer to automatically process Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) prepared slides using digital image processing techniques. A computer controlled frame grabber, in conjunction with a CCD TV camera mounted on the epi-fluorescence microscope phototube, captures the light intensities of the objects in view under the microscope objective. The captured image is stored as pixels, with each pixel …

Scatchard Analysis Of Methane Sulfinic Acid Production From Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A Method To Quantify Hydroxyl Radical Formation In Physiologic Systems, Charles F. Babbs, David W. Griffin

Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

A major impediment to the confirmation of free radical mechanisms in pathogenesis is a lack of direct, chemical evidence that oxygen centered free radicals actually arise in living tissues in quantities sufficient to cause serious damage. This investigation was conducted to validate the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a quantitative molecular probe for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (HO*) under physiologic conditions. Reaction of HO* with DMSO produces methane sulfinic acid (MSA) as a primary product, which can be detected by a simple colorimetric assay. To develop a method for estimating total HO* production, we studied two model systems: …

Quantitative Effects Of Iron Chelators On Hydroxyl Radical Production By The Superoxide-Driven Fenton Raction, Jean Blair Smith, Joanne C. Cusumano, Charles F. Babbs

Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Iron bound to certain chelators is known to promote the conversion of superoxide radicals (O2) to hydroxyl radicals (HO') by the superoxide-driven Fenton reaction. The production of HO' by various iron chelates was studied using the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide and HO' to produce methane sulphinic acid. Methane sulphinic acid was quantified by use of a simple colorimetric assay and used to determine the amounts of HO' produced. Superoxide was generated from 200 M hypoxanthine and 0.05 U/ml xanthine oxidase in the presence of 0-100 M iron and 100 M of each chelator. The results of this preliminary investigation illustrate …

Effect Of Oxygen Concentration On The Formation Of Malondialdehyde-Like Material In A Model Of Tissue Ischemia And Reoxygenation, Steven C. Salaris, Charles F. Babbs

Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

This study was conducted to explore the functional relationship between oxygen concentration during tissue reoxygenation after ischemia and the extent of postischemic lipid peroxidation, an indicator of reoxygenation injury. Excised rat liver or kidney tissue was rendered ischemic for 1 h at 37°C, minced into 1 mm3 fragments, and then reoxygenated for 1 h in flasks of buffered salt solution containing various amounts of oxygen. Production of malondialdehyde-like material (MDA) was measured to indicate lipid peroxidation. MDA production was minimal at oxygen tensions less than 10 mmHg, increased sharply from 10 to 50 mmHg, and plateaued at approximately 100 mmHg. …

Lethal Hydroxyl Radical Production In Paraquat-Treated Plants, Charles F. Babbs, Jo Ann Pham, Ronald C. Coolbaugh

Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Bipyridinium herbicides, including paraquat and diquat, are believed to act by generating highly reactive, oxygen-centered free radicals within chloroplasts when treated plants are exposed to sunlight. This hypothesis has not yet been confirmed by direct chemical measurements of specific free radicals. We studied paraquat-treated plants using a new method able to detect and quantify formation of highly reactive and deleterious hydroxyl radicals (HO*), in which dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a molecular probe. DMSO is oxidized by HO* to form the stable, nonradical compound, methane sulfinic acid, which can be easily extracted from plant tissue and measured spectrophotometrically. Initial …

Coordinating Institutional Approaches To Assure Sustainable Groundwater Of Adequate Quality And Quantity In Utah, Richard C. Peralta, A. W. Peralta, K. Wyatt, Robert W. Hill

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Utah is an arid state, without the abundant surface water resources enjoyed by states in the humid east. Most precipitation in the state falls in the higher elevations of the Uinta and Wasatch mountains of northern and central Utah. Much of this precipitation ultimately ends up in alluvial deposits at the base of these ranges, from which the vast majority of pumping wells draw their water (Barnes and Croft, 1986). This groundwater is an essential resource for use by the people of Utah. About sixty-three percent of Utah's population is at least partially reliant on groundwater for domestic use. In …

Adsorption Of Organic Compounds By Microbial Biomass, Ariamalar Selvakumar

Dissertations

The adsorption of hazardous organic compounds such as phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, chlorobenzene, and ethylbenzene onto two types of inactive microbial biomass (activated sludge and nitrifying bacteria) was studied. The adsorption isotherms could be expressed by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and were found to be nearly linear over the range of concentrations (50 - 200 mg/1) studied. Desorption studies showed that the adsorption process was partially reversible. Heat of sorption was estimated and indicate that the biosorption process involves a physical rather than a chemical mechanism. The adsorptive capacity of biomass is about two to three orders of magnitude less than …

Unsaturated Column Studies Of Silty Sand Using A Conservative Tracer, Canagasabapathy Nallianathan

Theses

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the flow and mass transport of a conservative tracer in the unsaturated phase. For this purpose, a relatively "large-scale" cylindrical column(12 in. O.D. x 4 feet long) was fabricated and equipped with tensiometer and psychrometer sensors.

The soil used in the study was a New Jersey based silty sand compacted to an average dry density of 93 lb/ft³. The soil was permeated with a 0.5 M NaCl solution infiltrated at the top of the column using a perforated spiral tube assembly. The permeant was applied at a constant rate of approximately …

A Dynamic Model Of Fill-And-Draw Reactor Utilizing An Inhibitory Substrate, Yun-Fei Ko

Theses

A dynamic model of a fill-and-draw reactor has been developed, which includes a number of operational parameters, the fraction of total cycle time devoted to fill, reaction and draw, and the concentration of the toxic substance in the feed to the reactor.

Operating diagrams have been generated, from which one can choose suitable operating parameters.

The model has been solved numerically for Andrews kinetics ( substrate inhibition ), and tested experimentally, using a 5-liter fill-and-draw reactor with phenol as sole carbon source and a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida. Results compared very well to the model predictions.

Co-Metabolism Of Pentachlorophenol With Glucose Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Activated Carbon Fluidized Beds, Zen Wang

Theses

Abstract - Detoxification of pentachlorophenol by using a two-stage anaerobic biological activated carbon fluidized bed has been investigated. Glucose was introduced as a cosubstrate to determine the relationship between the glucose/PCP ratio and the extent of PCP detoxification in such a system. This system has been proved to be effective in the removal of both PCP and COD. Ratio of glucose to PCP predominates the performance of the system throughout the whole course of this experiment. At a glucose/PCP ratio of 0.33, the system has a highest reduction of both PCP and COD. Addition of glucose to the highly PCP …

Degradation Of Dichloromethane, Trichloromethane & Carbon Tetrachloride In A Photoreactor, Sanjay Wadhwa

Theses

A SS 304 photoreactor has been designed to study the degradation of EPA priority pollutants. This newly designed system was used to study the kinetics of degradation of dichloromethane, trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride under O₂/UV, O₃/O₂/UV and H₂O₂/UV schemes. These compounds have been found to exhibit similar kinetics. The experimental data obtained was. analyzed for pollutant concentration using gas chromatography. The rate constants and mass transfer coefficients were found using a mathematical model to fit the experimental data. A computer program based on the Rosenbrock Hillclimb method in conjunction with …

Anaerobic Biodegradation Of Trichloroethylene By Activated Carbon Fluidized-Bed, Jiunn-Horng Chern

Theses

The synthetic wastewater containing trichloroethylene (TCE) was anaerobically degraded with glucose using activated carbon fluidized-bed.

The range of TCE concentration from 26 ppb to 10.8 ppm was examined. The ratio of glucose to TCE in the influent wastewater was ranged from 26 to 805, while the TCE loading ranged from 0.025 to 1.510 mg/hr-L.

The TCE removal efficiency under these treatment conditions was found to be of 99.4%. However, the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased when the TCE loadings was over 0.38 mg/hr-L.

The Role Of The Peripheral Vascular Bed In Arterial Pulse Wave Propagation, L. S. Baker, F. A. Anderson, Jr., H. B. Wheeler, William W. Durgin

Office of the Provost Scholarship

An analytical model was developed to simulate human arterial pulse wave propagation in major arteries. It was verified with an experimental model. The models investigated the effects of the peripheral vascular bed on pressure pulse morphology. The models revealed that the capillary bed in normal humans acts as a high resistance, low reflectance, boundary condition.

Irish Building Services News

Building Services Engineering

No abstract provided.

Financing Future Transportation, Merl Hackbart, Kevin Hable, Mike Moloney, Joe Clark

Kentucky's Annual Forum on Transportation

No abstract provided.

Opening Remarks [1988], Calvin G. Grayson

Kentucky's Annual Forum on Transportation

No abstract provided.

Industrialized Housing With Cold-Formed Sheet-Steel Elements, J. O. Bats, J. F. G. Janssen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

No abstract provided.

Wright State University College Of Engineering And Computer Science Bits And Pcs Newsletter, November 1988, College Of Engineering And Computer Science, Wright State University

BITs and PCs Newsletter

A fourteen page newsletter created by the Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science that addresses the current affairs of the college.