Digital Commons Network^™

Predicting Sleep And Sleep Stage In Children Using Actigraphy And Heartrate Via A Long Short-Term Memory Deep Learning Algorithm: A Performance Evaluation, Robert Weaver Med, Phd, James White, Olivia Finnegan, Hongpeng Yang, Zifei Zhong, Keagan Kiely, Catherine Jones, Yan Tong, Srihari Nelakuditi, Rahul Ghosal, David E. Brown, Russell R. Pate Ph.D., Gregory J. Welk, Massimiliano De Zambotti, Yuan Wang, Sarah Burkart, Elizabeth L. Adams Phd, Bridget Armstrong, Michael Beets Med, Mph, Phd

Faculty Publications

Children's ambulatory sleep is commonly measured via actigraphy. However, traditional actigraphy measured sleep (e.g., Sadeh algorithm) struggles to predict wake (i.e., specificity, values typically < 70) and cannot predict sleep stages. Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a machine learning algorithm that may address these deficiencies. This study evaluated the agreement of LSTM sleep estimates from actigraphy and heartrate (HR) data with polysomnography (PSG). Children (N = 238, 5–12 years,52.8% male, 50% Black 31.9% White) participated in an overnight laboratory polysomnography. Participants were referred be-cause of suspected sleep disruptions. Children wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer and two of three consumer wearables(i.e., Apple Watch Series 7, Fitbit Sense, Garmin Vivoactive 4) on their non-dominant wrist during the polysomnogram. LSTM estimated sleep versus wake and sleep stage (wake, not-REM, REM) using raw actigraphy and HR data for each 30-s epoch. Logistic regression and random forest were also estimated as a benchmark for performance with which to compare the LSTM results. A 10-fold cross-validation technique was employed, and confusion matrices were constructed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to assess the agreement between research-grade and consumer wearables with the criterion polysomnography. For sleep versus wake classification, LSTM outperformed logistic regression and random forest with accuracy ranging from 94.1to 95.1, sensitivity ranging from 94.9 to 95.9 across different devices, and specificity ranging from 84.5 to 89.6. The addition of HR improved the prediction of sleep stages but not binary sleep versus wake. LSTM is promising for predicting sleep and sleep staging from actigraphy data, and HR may improve sleep stage prediction.

An Acoustofluidic Device For Sample Preparation And Detection Of Small Extracellular Vesicles, Jessica F. Liu, Jianping Xia, Joseph Rich, Shuaiguo Zhao, Kaichun Yang, Brandon Lu, Ying Chen, Tiffany Wen Ye, Tony Jun Huang

Faculty Publications

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as powerful vectors for liquid biopsy, offering a noninvasive window into the dynamic physiological and pathological states of the body. However, to fully leverage the clinical potential of sEV biomarkers, it is imperative to develop robust and efficient technologies for their isolation and analysis. In this study, we introduce a novel sharp-edge acoustofluidic platform designed for rapid and effective sample preparation, coupled with sensitive detection of specific sEV populations based on their surface markers. Our approach utilizes acoustically activated sharp-edge microstructures to concentrate bead-bound sEVs within the microfluidic device, facilitating immediate visualization by fluorescence …

Fresh And Mechanical Properties Of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Kaolin Limestone Blend And Hybrid Slag Blend, Selesca Devi S

Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the consequences of mono and hybrid natural fibers on the mechanical and fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC), in response to the growing demand for environmentally friendly building materials. In mono fiber, Abaca fiber (AF) at 0.25% and 0.5% dosage, basalt fiber (BF) from 0.25% to 2% at 0.25% increments, and sisal fiber (SiF) from 0.25% to 1.5% at 0.25% increments were evaluated through slump flow diameter, T500, compressive and tensile strength. AF at 0.25% ensured good flow with 6.6% and 4.16% higher compressive and tensile strength over 0.5% AF. SiF up to 1% improved strength but …

Retrospective Study And Predictive Modeling Of The Impact Of Social Determinants Of Health On Sepsis Outcomes, Mwembezi Aaron Nyelele

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Sepsis, a life-threatening organ failure caused by the body’s abnormal and harmful response to an infection, remains a major global and national health challenge. In the United States, it contributes significantly to hospital mortality and imposes a substantial economic burden, with billions spent annually on treatment. Early diagnosis is difficult due to the nonspecific nature of sepsis symptoms, often leading to delays in care and poorer outcomes. As the incidence and severity of sepsis rise, identifying factors that influence outcomes is increasingly critical. Emerging research has shown that Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), including economic stability, education, neighborhood and built …

Towards Leveraging Social Media Data For Fostering Collaborations Among Non-Profits, Monazil Chowdhury

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Nonprofit organizations serve a crucial role in tackling a wide range of significant social, environmental, and economic issues. But it is often hard to get a clear picture of their work because their information is spread out and it is difficult to see how they are collaborating. To address this issue we developed a web-based tool to collect scattered data—from a variety of sources, such as the IRS, social media, and the Census, into one easy-to-use resource. The tool begins by taking IRS records and geocoding each nonprofit’s physical address With its coordinates. It then retrieves census tract information from …

Vibration-Based Detection For The Monitoring Of Neonatal Bcpap Respiratory Support To Minimize Duration Of Disconnections, Kaitlyn G. Calabresi, Meera R. Bhat, Lavinia L. Kong, Eli J. Foster, Jonathan Wang, Sangeeta Koilada, Angela Mak, Aastha Kapadia, Niam Mohseni, W. Keith Leung, Suneetha Desiraju, Constanza Miranda

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is a minimally invasive respiratory support for neonates experiencing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It exerts continuous, oscillatory air pressure to encourage lung function and development. Neonates’ movement may cause disconnections at the nasal interface. These disconnections are characterized by the cessation of bubbling at the bCPAP respiratory circuit output and frequently go unnoticed until hypoxia develops. Common Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) bCPAP systems lack a built-in alarm or accessory device to monitor for disconnections. As a result, nursing personnel must exercise extreme caution utilizing current bCPAP procedure. If a neonate is disconnected, it …

Design & Development Of Efficient Biometric Authentication And Key Agreement Schemes For Wireless Body Area Network, Aarthi S

Theses and Dissertations

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) play a vital role in continuous health monitoring, where sensitive biometric and physiological data must be protected from privacy breaches and emerging quantum-based threats. Conventional security mechanisms are often inadequate due to resource constraints, scalability issues, and vulnerability to advanced attacks. To address these challenges, this research proposes a lightweight, scalable, and future-proof security framework tailored for WBAN applications, focusing on secure communication, privacy preservation, and quantum resilience.

An anonymous Certificate-Based Signcryption–Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement (CBS-MAKE) protocol is introduced to secure extra-body communications while ensuring patient anonymity. The protocol integrates Elliptic Curve Cryptography with …

Impactor Displacement As A Predictor Of Thoraco-Abdominal Organ Injury: Comparison Of Isolated Organ To Whole Body Tests, Jack Seifert, Jared Michael Koser, Alok Shah, Lance Frazer, Frank A. Pintar, Narayan Yoganandan, Dan Nicolella, Timothy B. Bentley, Brian D. Stemper

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

Body armor is used to protect the wearer from penetrating injuries. However, when the armor defeats the projectile, it deforms at high rates into the wearer, referred to as back face deformation (BFD). This deformation can cause a variety of superficial and internal injuries and consequently should be considered when designing body armor. However, current design standards do not adequately consider the effects of BFD, and new data are necessary to inform future design thresholds for BFD. The objective of this study was to develop blunt impact injury risk curves for in vitro thoraco-abdominal organs and determine their applicability …

The Relative Importance Of Wind And Hydroclimate Drivers In Modulating Wind-Blown Dust Emissions In Earth System Models, Xinzhu Li, Longlei Li, Yan Feng, Xin Xi

Michigan Tech Publications

Windblown dust emissions are subject to large uncertainties in Earth system models (ESMs), yet model discrepancies in dust variability and its physical drivers remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the consistency of 21 ESMs in simulating the climatological distribution and interannual variability of global dust emissions and applies dominance analysis to quantify the relative influence of near-surface wind speed and five hydroclimate variables (precipitation, soil moisture, specific humidity, air temperature, leaf area index) across different climate zones. In hyperarid regions, the models exhibit poor agreement in dust variability, with only 10 % of pairwise comparisons showing significant positive correlations. Most …

Exploring The Effect Of Led-To-Photodetector Spacing On Subcutaneous Photoplethysmography For Continuous Blood Pressure Measurement, Dario Cabal, Brian Nguyen, David B. Green, Kevin Kilgore, Varun Thakkar, Michael J. Fu, Steve J. Majerus

Student Scholarship

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is widely used to measure heart rate, blood oxygenation, and more recently, blood pressure. Implanted PPG systems offer the possibility to measure similar real-time measures of cardiovascular health, however, the detection method may vary due to a lack of capillary vessels for PPG sensors to observe in muscle tissue. To improve volumetric blood detection in large muscles, without relying on the capillary density of skin, a flexible PPG sensor was developed. The sensor included multiple spacing of illuminating infrared (IR) light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a single IR photodetector. This arrangement was expected to enable detection of blood …

The Potential Of Microbial Fuel Cells As A Dual Solution For Sustainable Wastewater Treatment And Energy Generation: A Case Study, Shajjadur Rahman Shajid, Monjur Mourshed, Md. Golam Kibria, Bahman Shabani

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Student Publications and Presentations

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical systems that harness microorganisms to convert organic pollutants in wastewater directly into electricity, offering a dual solution for sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. This paper presents a holistic techno-economic and environmental feasibility assessment of largescale MFC deployment in Dhaka’s industrial zone, Bangladesh, as a relevant case study. Here, treating 100,000 cubic meters of wastewater daily would require a capital investment of approximately USD 500 million, with a total project cost ranging between USD 307.38 million and 1.711 billion, depending on system configurations. This setup has an estimated theoretical energy recovery of 478.4 …

Conceptualizing The Research Cycle For The Field Of Materials Science And Engineering, Jennifer L.W. Carter

Faculty Scholarship

Abstract: Early-career materials researchers often receive guidance from their individual advisors on best practices for conducting research, but the materials science community lacks an explicit model of the research process. As a result, the lived experience of an individual researcher can be quite different from their peers since they may be exposed to a different unique set of implicit research steps. In this article, we translate an existing research heuristic from other fields and make explicit the steps, methodologies, and strategies materials science engineering researchers utilize to advance our collective materials science knowledge. This newly proposed research cycle can improve …

Type-2 Neutrosophic Set With Mcdm Methodology For Fire Safety Estimation In Healthcare Services, Eman Sayed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Fire safety represents a critical priority in healthcare facilities, where complex infrastructures and the vulnerability of patients present significant challenges to evacuation and emergency response. Traditional fire risk assessment methods often fall short in addressing the linguistic variability, uncertainty, inconsistency, and indeterminacy inherent in expert evaluations. While fuzzy and Neutrosophic approaches have been applied in broader healthcare decision-making contexts, no existing study has utilized Type-2 Neutrosophic Numbers Sets (T2NNs) for prioritizing hospital departments based on fire risk. To address this gap, this study introduces a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that integrates T2NNs for expert modeling, the Entropy method for …

Low Temperature Methane Coupling With Co And Co2, A K M Kazi F.M. Aurnob

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Methane is the smallest hydrocarbon and the most abundant component in natural gas. Despite its availability, its chemical utilization has remained limited due to the challenges associated with direct methane activation and conversion. Most of the methane oxidation and oxidative carbonylation reactions in literature have been carried out at high-pressure using batch reactors or at ambient pressure using flow reactors. While batch reactors have been shown to have higher product yields, they are limited in their capability to provide real-time kinetic insights and comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the reactions involved due to the long residence time. This limits rationalization of …

Zkipv: Zero-Knowledge Proofs For Image Provenance Verification, Bibek Ghosh

Master’s Dissertations

Recent advances in generative AI have significantly improved the ability to create photorealistic synthetic images, including so-called deepfakes, raising concerns about misinformation and the erosion of trust in digital media. Ensuring the integrity and authenticity of images, especially in sensitive domains like journalism, is thus increasingly critical. Existing solutions such as the C2PA (Content Provenance and Authenticity) framework provide origin verification through cameragenerated digital signatures, but fail to account for image modifications that invalidate these signatures. To address this limitation, we propose a zero-knowledge approach to verifiable image editing that preserves both integrity and privacy. This system, ZK-IPV, introduces a …

The Rise Of Foss In India: Empirical Evidence And Insights From Cross-Sectoral Case Studies, Arul George Scaria, Suryaprakash Mishra, Shubham Shinde, Rashi Singhal

Research Reports

The report analyses the adoption of FOSS in India, primarily through case studies across four sectors (healthcare, education, finance, and software and IT services) and different types of organisations (start-ups, non-profits, medium, large, and public sector organisations). The study highlights both the benefits and challenges experienced by organisations using FOSS. The study illustrates that while organisations benefit from increased innovations, cost/ time savings, flexibility, and enhanced security, they also face challenges such as lack of enough skilled personnel and limited community support. Organisations are also seen taking a cautious approach to licensing, favouring permissive licenses over restrictive ones. Based on …

Ergonomic And Biomechanical Assessment Of Vertical Ladder Climbing For Exoskeleton Integration In Construction Tasks, Ehsan Shourangiz

LSU Master's Theses

Active exoskeletons are increasingly utilized in physically demanding industries such as construction and manufacturing to reduce strain and lower the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, supporting worker safety and long-term health. However, most existing systems are designed for repetitive tasks like lifting or prolonged standing, with limited consideration for dynamic activities such as vertical ladder climbing. Ladder climbing is common and physically demanding in industrial environments, often required to access elevated areas like scaffolding, tanks, or rooftops. Since exoskeletons are intended to remain worn throughout multiple tasks, requiring workers to remove and re-don the device during ladder climbing would reduce …

Integrating Recycled Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Plastics From Electronic Waste With Carbon Black For Sustainable Asphalt Production, Sepehr Mohammadi, Dongzhao Jin, Zhanping You

Michigan Tech Publications

As the global demand for electronic equipment continues to grow, many devices are being replaced more frequently, resulting in a rapid rise in electronic waste (e-waste), now the fastest growing waste stream worldwide. Motivated by this, the objective of this study is to present an environmentally friendly method to recycle acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), one of the most common e-waste plastics, by using it for asphalt production. In contrast to earlier methods of plastic-modified asphalt production involving complex pretreatments or complimentary additives unsuitable for plant-scale use, this study aims to demonstrate a practical, low-cost solution through the use of carbon black. This …

Prospects For Telemedicine Adoption: Prognostic Modeling As Exemplified By Rural Areas Of Usa, Jisun Kim, Hamad Alanazi, Tugrul Daim

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

Experts predict that in the majority of countries state healthcare expenditures will continue to rise. Usage of telemedicine applications – the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) in order to provide clinical health care at a distance – will help optimize the costs of healthcare in the long-term. The main advantages of telemedicine include reducing the number of doctor’s errors, saving both patients and physicians time, and improving the efficiency of healthcare organizations. It also ensures timely and quality services for large segments of the population living in remote territories with difficult socio-economic conditions, particularly rural areas.The paper forecasts …

Modifications To The Spiral Array: A Computational Approach To Music Analysis, Rose Bittle

DePaul Discoveries

The Spiral Array is a geometric model of musical tonality and exists as a tool in computer-aided music analysis. The model was first published in 2000 by Elaine Chew, PhD, in her thesis, Towards a Mathematical Model of Tonality. This project aimed to restructure the Spiral Array, limiting user ambiguity and optimizing the application of musical key finding. The existing model defines pitch, chord, and key location to form a series of spirals dependent on a set of flexible weights. In our research we were able to identify potential issues with the pitch definitions themselves and experiment with methods …

Transmission: Works Of Sarah Rose Weaver And Collaborations (2022–2024), Sarah Rose Weaver

Journal of Network Music and Arts

The Transmission Series took place between 2022 and 2024, primarily in a virtual network music setting. The series consists of my compositions and collaborations for solo, chamber, and large ensemble performance, building on my works and essays since 1998 that engage in-person, hybrid, and virtual spaces. This essay details the artistic and technological strategies employed in the Transmission Series, including audio, video, and score excerpts. The technologies discussed include networked audio and video, along with streaming and recording methods. The works featured in the discussion are “Transcendence Transmission” (2022) for large ensemble, “Sub Way” (2022) for chamber ensemble, “Here Mirror” …

Non-Invasive Near-Field Microwave Sensors For Industrial Internet Of Things Applications, Abirami K

Theses and Dissertations

The industrial sector has been revolutionized by Industrial Revolution 4.0 with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) which integrates the physical environment using smart sensors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) mechanisms. This demands the design of smart sensors and actuators to improve the quality of services in Industrial IoT (IIoT). The sensor design using the microwave resonating principle has attracted the research and industrial community for portable, non-invasive, non-destructive and hygienic means to evaluate the quality of substances in the food and farming industry. The microwave planar sensor has advantages in terms of low footprint, low cost, and ease …

Enhancing Image Denoising Performance Through Cosine Similarity-Based Block Matching And Adaptive Thresholding - Ca-Ebm3d, R. Padmapriya, A. Jeyasekar

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Image denoising plays a vital role in enhancing visual quality by effectively suppressing noise while retaining critical image structures and textures. Traditional Block-Matching and 3D (BM3D) Filtering techniques, although widely adopted, often encounter challenges in achieving an optimal trade-off between noise reduction and feature preservation due to limitations in fixed-thresholding strategies and suboptimal block matching. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces a novel Cosine Adaptive BM3D (CA-BM3D) approach, which integrates cosine similarity for more accurate block matching and incorporates adaptive thresholding to enhance denoising efficiency. The proposed method was evaluated on six standard 8-bit grayscale images such as Leena …

From Industrial Automation To Intelligent Automation: The Impact Of Iiot On Process Control - A Review?, Ali S. Allahloh, Mohammad Sarfraz, Duraid Y. Mohammed, Nadeen Khaleel Ibrahim, Hayder Hussein Thary

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is reshaping process control, turning torrents of plant data into near-instant insight. Field evidence already shows unplanned-downtime cuts of 55%, maintenance-budget savings of 40%, and gains in overall-equipment-effectiveness of roughly 15%; nevertheless, fewer than 30% of facilities have pushed beyond pilot scale to full, always-on predictive maintenance. To clarify why, this review screens 312 Scopus records published between 2010 and 2023, then subjects 62 peer-reviewed studies and a broad set of industry reports to deep content analysis, bibliometric mapping, and thematic clustering.The results reveal four tightly connected research fronts—IIoT/Industry 4.0 core technologies, classical process-control …

Diagnosis Of Covid-19 And Viral Pneumonia With Chest X-Ray Images Using Resnet-34, Sudhir Anakal, Krishna Prasad K, Chandrashekhar Uppin, Dileep Kumar M

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as high fever, cough, and severe respiratory distress. Early detection of the disease is of utmost importance to control the spread and severity. Common diagnostic methods include Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), antigen tests, chest X-rays, and computed tomography (CT) scans. Similarly, viral pneumonia, another severe lung infection, leads to fluid or pus accumulation in the lungs, causing symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, excessive sweating, and nausea. The elderly and young children are particularly vulnerable to severe complications. Similarly, viral pneumonia, another …

Soft-Polymeric Contact Lenses Brands Evaluation According To User Preferences, Lina M. Shaker, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak

AUIQ Technical Engineering Science

The development of soft-polymeric contact lenses (SPCLs) has significantly enhanced vision correction by integrating advanced polymeric materials with optimized optical properties. This study examines the impact of refractive index (RI), oxygen permeability (Dk/t), and water content (EWC%) on visual quality and ocular health, correlating material properties with user-reported experiences. A survey of 5,585 medical SPCL users revealed that 31% experienced ocular fatigue and redness, often linked to optical aberrations and replacement frequency. Notably, commercially available SPCLs exhibit RI values ranging from 1.37 to 1.43, deviating from the natural ocular tissue RI (∼1.33), which contributes to light distortions and reduced visual …

Internet Of Things In Sustainable Agriculture Systems, Ataguba E. Hillary, Ayodeji A. Okubanjo, Nurudeen. S. Lawal, Abisola A. Olayiwola

AUIQ Technical Engineering Science

The agriculture industry has evolved toward intelligent, data-driven processes due to the growing need for food worldwide, environmental sustainability, and effective resource use. A thorough analysis of smart agriculture as a game-changing element of the industry 4.0 revolution is provided in this study, with a focus on the incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT)-based technologies for sustainable farming. To optimize agricultural processes including irrigation, crop health monitoring, climate and weather tracking, animal management, and disease detection, it investigates the functions and uses of smart sensors and IoT devices. The study demonstrates how smart agriculture may meet important issues like food …

Internet Of Things For Sustainable Transportation Systems, Ayodeji Akinsoji Okubanjo, Ignatius Kema Okakwu, Oluyinka Esther Olaifa, Matthew Babatunde Olajide, Olufemi Peter Alao, Olayiwola Abisola

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

This paper highlights the opportunities for the Internet of Things in the transportation industry. The need for the Internet of Things and its architecture to address various complex challenges in the transportation sector are discussed. Various smart applications of the Internet of Things and its noticeable benefits over the existing technology are well articulated. In addition, the role of new and emerging technology such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data, cloud, data storage, and analysis for future sustainable transportation are highlighted with specific cases. Furthermore, smart areas of the Internet of Things in transportation are pictorially discussed. In addition, …

Pollution And Biodiversity Loss: A Comprehensive Review Of Impacts And Mechanisms, Great Iruoghene Edo, Agatha Ngukuran Jikah, Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie, Joseph Oghenewogaga Owheruo, Endurance Fegor Isoje, Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku, Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing essential ecosystem services. However, human activities, including pollution and overexploitation, have led to significant biodiversity loss. Pollution has particularly emerged as a major threat to biodiversity, impacting various species and ecosystems worldwide. This article synthesizes evidence on pollution-driven biodiversity loss, emphasizing industrial, agricultural, and urban sources. We discuss cascading ecosystem impacts and propose mitigation strategies to inform policy making. Overall, the article highlights the importance of addressing the impact of pollution on biodiversity to ensure the preservation of our planet's ecology and the sustainability of our natural resources.

Biosynthesis Of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: Mechanisms, Advances, And Sustainable Applications, Alice Njolke Mafe, Great Iruoghene Edo, Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie, Endurance Fegor Isoje, Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku, Joseph Oghenewogaga Owheruo, Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

Growing concerns over the environmental and health impacts of conventional nanoparticle synthesis have driven a shift toward green, plant-based methods. This review highlights the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts as a sustainable, economical and non-toxic alternative. Plant-derived phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids serve dual roles as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, enabling the production of nanoparticles typically ranging between 10 and 100 nm. Several studies have demonstrated up to 80% yield improvement when using optimized extracts from plants like Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum. The review outlines recent progress, including the use of novel botanical sources, …