Digital Commons Network^™

Exploratory Prompting Of Large Language Models To Act As Co-Pilots For Augmenting Business Process Work In Document Classification, Jose Ramon Ilagan, Joseph Benjamin R. Ilagan, Claire Louisse Basallo, Zachary Matthew Alabastro

Quantitative Methods and Information Technology Faculty Publications

Businesses deal with different types of documents containing unstructured documents. The data in these documents must be converted into digital forms other automated systems could only process. One generic use case is document classification, which usually involves manual transformation due to human understanding needed in the process. These documents go beyond those generated through regular business transactions and operations and also include web-based content such as online news, blogs, e-mails, and various digital libraries. Recent developments in robotic process automation (RPA) and artificial intelligence (AI) aim to automate the otherwise expensive, time-consuming, and repetitive manual steps. Through more powerful natural …

Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers For Applications In Multi-Photon Imaging And Microwave Photonics, Srinivas Varma Pericherla

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation 2023-2024

Semiconductor lasers are considered essential for the advancement in the field of photonics where compact and energy-efficient lasers are necessary. Advancements in integrated photonic technologies will help push the performance of semiconductor lasers in the coming years and expand the technology to several other applications. Semiconductor lasers offer several key features such as high energy efficiency, mass production, availability at a myriad of wavelengths, and high integration capabilities. However, limitations in noise performance, pulse energy, and duration hold back semiconductor lasers from being utilized to their full potential. This dissertation reviews the utilization and development of external techniques that enable …

Otfs Modulation For High Mobility Wireless Channels, Sandip K C

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

In today's world, billions of devices are being connected to the internet primarily through wireless means, making this connectivity increasingly important. Managing these connections becomes complex, especially for moving devices such as drones and high-speed trains, which require seamless and reliable connectivity even at high speeds. Maintaining a stable connection in fast-moving environments is challenging but essential for the operation of these technologies. Traditional communication systems like OFDM face significant challenges in high mobility environments, struggling to cope with the rapid changes and dynamic conditions that high-speed movements introduce. To address this, OTFS is proposed as a solution. This novel …

Design Of Circular Piecewise Mimo Antenna For 5g Applications, Hassan Ali Ragheb, Faris Gamal, Mariam Housam

Electrical Engineering

The study under consideration demonstrates that optimally designed and executed mobile antenna are necessary to provide the remarkable performance that 5G networks are expected to offer. This work demonstrates the design and implementation of a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna which is important for wireless communications. For increased coverage, efficacy, and capacity Beamforming, polarization diversity, and MIMO capabilities are among the important design components that are emphasized here. The design is simulated using HFSS and consists of 4 elements of antenna that combine to form a piecewise circular-shaped patch. Each element acts as a monopole. The single-element results show a resonance …

Efficient Super-Ultra-Wideband Monopole Antenna Design For Multi-Band Wireless Applications, Hassan Ali Ragheb, Mariam Housam, Mostafa Salah, Angie El-Damak

Electrical Engineering

The paper describes the design of a novel super ultra-wide band antenna based on frequency independent structure and defected ground plane principles. The antenna is intended to be used for applications in WLAN, WI-MAX, S band, C band, X band, K band, and 5G mm Wave frequencies. Its compact size of 55× 40 × 1.6mm3 and utilization of FR-4 substrate, offers cost-effective manufacturing. The partial ground plane configuration enhances the antenna's bandwidth. The designed antenna was fabricated and tested where the results for S11 and VSWR were compared with those obtained from the simulation. An excellent agreement was observed between …

A Comprehensive Exploration Of Fundamental And Experimental Characteristics Of Nanophotonic Metasurfaces, Nasrin Razmjooei

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The advent of diffraction gratings with periodic unit cells has led to numerous advancements in theoretical studies and practical applications. Recently, these structures have been recognized as subsets of “meta-surfaces” or “meta-materials”, employing periodically aligned features at the wavelength scale to manipulate electromagnetic wave properties for diverse applications. This manipulation extends to controlling amplitude, phase, spectral distribution, polarization state, and the local mode structure of light across various spectral expressions. A significant characteristic of these metasurfaces is their ability to couple incident light to laterally propagating leaky Bloch modes in the subwavelength regime, resulting in resonance at specific wavelengths known …

A Wearable Sensing System For High-Speed Interface Of Wide Range Electrochemical Sensor Array, Shanthala Lakshminarayana

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Electrochemical sensing systems have emerged as indispensable tools in various fields due to their remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility. They play a pivotal role in modern research, industry, environmental monitoring, and healthcare devices. In environmental monitoring, these systems are deployed for detecting pollutants, heavy metals, and toxic gases, facilitating real-time monitoring, and ensuring environmental safety. Whereas, in the biomedical field, electrochemical sensing systems play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases, monitoring biomarkers etc, thereby revolutionizing healthcare practices.

Cost-effective wearable electrochemical sensing devices are significant for democratizing healthcare and improving public health outcomes. These devices enable continuous monitoring of physiological parameters, …

Li-Ion Battery Resistance During External Short Circuits And Cyclic Ageing, Kaynat Zia

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

External short circuit testing (ESCT) is one of the many steps towards ensuring lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are safe for different applications. The nature of testing is sensitive due to the concern of safety and data integrity. Great care and planning must be done before conducting these tests. Bouncing in recorded data is observed in literatures with high sampling rates due to switching and moving mechanical parts. This impacts the estimation accuracy of battery internal parameter values especially the effective ohmic resistance (Ro). This dissertation proposes a zero bouncing circuit design to eliminate this problem. Multi-rate Pulse Discharge Testing (MPDT) is …

All-Optical Signal Processing With Fiber-Based Parametric Wavelength Converters, Cheng Guo

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The optical signal degradation by optical amplifier noise set the fundamental limit of link reach in the fiber-optics networks. The industrial solution is to use the optical-electrical-optical (OEO) regenerator to clean up the noise at the expense of high-speed electronics and extra cost of laser and photodetectors. All-optical signal processing, enabled by nonlinear optics and optical fiber, intrinsically provides 2-order of magnitude higher processing bandwidth and seamless interface to fiber communication channels. However, there is no robust phase-preserving regenerator that has been experimentally demonstrated without sophisticated polarization tuning and without instable interferometric structure. In this project, we explore the applications …

Advanced Digital Wideband Receiver Design: High Dynamic Range And Enhanced Multi-Signal Detection With Fpga-Based Custom Fft And Nyquist Folding, Kiran Jayarama

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

In modern wideband receiver standards, efficient frequency spectrum utilization is essential to meet demands for high data rates, reduced latency, and enhanced connectivity. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) stands as a pivotal technology, particularly in radar signal processing, where it supports tasks such as target detection, range estimation, and velocity estimation by analyzing the frequency content of the received radar signals. This dissertation introduces the design of an advanced digital wideband receiver featuring a high dynamic range for multiple signals, with a focus on improved performance, compact size, and reduced power consumption, implemented on an FPGA using custom hardware. Key …

Intelligent Millimeter-Wave System For Human Activity Monitoring For Telemedicine, Abdullah K. Alhazmi, Mubarak A. Alanazi, Awwad H. Alshehry, Saleh M. Alshahry, Jennifer Jaszek, Cameron Djukic, Anna Brown, Kurt Jackson, Vamsy P. Chodavarapu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Telemedicine has the potential to improve access and delivery of healthcare to diverse and aging populations. Recent advances in technology allow for remote monitoring of physiological measures such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood glucose, and blood pressure. However, the ability to accurately detect falls and monitor physical activity remotely without invading privacy or remembering to wear a costly device remains an ongoing concern. Our proposed system utilizes a millimeter-wave (mmwave) radar sensor (IWR6843ISK-ODS) connected to an NVIDIA Jetson Nano board for continuous monitoring of human activity. We developed a PointNet neural network for real-time human activity monitoring that can …

Exponential Fusion Of Interpolated Frames Network (Efif-Net): Advancing Multi-Frame Image Super-Resolution With Convolutional Neural Networks, Hamed Elwarfalli, Dylan Flaute, Russell C. Hardie

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become instrumental in advancing multi-frame image super-resolution (SR), a technique that merges multiple low-resolution images of the same scene into a high-resolution image. In this paper, a novel deep learning multi-frame SR algorithm is introduced. The proposed CNN model, named Exponential Fusion of Interpolated Frames Network (EFIF-Net), seamlessly integrates fusion and restoration within an end-to-end network. Key features of the new EFIF-Net include a custom exponentially weighted fusion (EWF) layer for image fusion and a modification of the Residual Channel Attention Network for restoration to deblur the fused image. Input frames are registered with subpixel …

Psu Esi Review (Doe-Psu-0000922-6), Tylor Slay, Jaime Kolln, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

A guide to developing an Energy Service Interface (ESI) was created as part of the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium 2.5.2 ESI project. The approach applies device-agnostic and service-oriented ESI principles and leverages documents such as the Interoperability Maturity Model and Common Grid Service Definitions to provide a methodology to review, develop, and update standards and profiles to engage distributed energy resources to provide grid services. This document evaluates the ESI developed by Portland State University’s Power Engineering Group under the Electric Grid of Things project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The evaluation explores the compliance of this specific …

Trust Model Utilization For Energy Grid Communication, N. Sonali Fernando, John M. Acken, Robert B. Bass

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The internet information that is used by the Energy Grid of Things requires both preventative security measures as well as surveillance measures. The preventative security measures include certificates, encryption, and all of the basic security protocols as defined by published standards. The surveillance measures include monitoring information flow activities and evaluating these messages for indications of potential security attacks. We describe in this paper the utilization of a Distributed Trust Model that was developed specifically for monitoring communication within an Energy Grid of Things. The goal for the Distributed Trust Models is to provide a level of aggregate trust that …

Gnss Software Defined Radio: History, Current Developments, And Standardization Efforts, Thomas Pany, Dennis Akos, Javier Arribas, M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Pau Closas, Fabio Dovis, Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez, Carles Fernandez-Prades, Sanjeev Gunawardena, Todd Humphreys, Zaher M. Kassas, Jose A. Lopez Salcedo, Mario Nicola, Mario L. Psiaki, Alexander Rugamer, Yong-Jin Song, Jong-Hoon Won

Faculty Publications

Taking the work conducted by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) software-defined radio (SDR) working group during the last decade as a seed, this contribution summarizes, for the first time, the history of GNSS SDR development. This report highlights selected SDR implementations and achievements that are available to the public or that influenced the general development of SDR. Aspects related to the standardization process of intermediate-frequency sample data and metadata are discussed, and an update of the Institute of Navigation SDR Standard is proposed. This work focuses on GNSS SDR implementations in general-purpose processors and leaves aside developments conducted on …

Enhancing Water Safety: Exploring Recent Technological Approaches For Drowning Detection, Salman Jalalifar, Andrew Belford, Eila Erfani, Amir Razmjou, Rouzbeh Abbassi, Masoud Mohseni-Dargah, Mohsen Asadnia

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Drowning poses a significant threat, resulting in unexpected injuries and fatalities. To promote water sports activities, it is crucial to develop surveillance systems that enhance safety around pools and waterways. This paper presents an overview of recent advancements in drowning detection, with a specific focus on image processing and sensor-based methods. Furthermore, the potential of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning algorithms (MLAs), and robotics technology in this field is explored. The review examines the technological challenges, benefits, and drawbacks associated with these approaches. The findings reveal that image processing and sensor-based technologies are the most effective approaches for drowning detection …

Enhancing Energy Efficiency With A Dynamic Trust Measurement Scheme In Power Distribution Network, Yilei Wang, Xin Sun, Guiping Zheng, Ahmar Rashid, Sami Ullah, Hisham Alasmary, Muhammad Waqas

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The application of Intelligent Internet of Things (IIoT) in constructing distribution station areas strongly supports platform transformation, upgrade, and intelligent integration. The sensing layer of IIoT comprises the edge convergence layer and the end sensing layer, with the former using intelligent fusion terminals for real-time data collection and processing. However, the influx of multiple low-voltage in the smart grid raises higher demands for the performance, energy efficiency, and response speed of the substation fusion terminals. Simultaneously, it brings significant security risks to the entire distribution substation, posing a major challenge to the smart grid. In response to these challenges, a …

Modeling And Mitigating Power Grid Vulnerabilities: A Comprehensive Analysis Of Renewable Energy Integration, Cascading Failures, And Microgrid Resilience, Saikat Das

Theses and Dissertations

In modern power systems, rapid integration of renewable energy and the emergence of microgrid technology emphasize the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of vulnerabilities and robust defense mechanisms. The research begins with an exploration of power grid vulnerabilities to cascading failure amidst the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. A novel power balance technique is employed for cascading failure analysis and power grid vulnerability measurement. Simulation results indicate that the growing penetration of renewable energy has a proportionally higher impact on grid vulnerability to cascading failures. After a certain level of renewable energy penetration, some systems may deteriorate rapidly, necessitating …

Enhancing Microwave Disinfection: Impact Of Sodium Chloride On Microbial Inactivation, Saleh A. Alfawaz, Ibrahim Nasser I. Alquaydheb, Amirreza Ghadimi Avval, Sara Ghayouraneh, Samir M. El-Ghazaly, Jianhong Zhou

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

This study explores the role of sodium chloride (NaCl) in enhancing the efficiency of microbial inactivation using microwave energy with two distinct methods: temperature-controlled treatment and predefined cycle. The primary objective is to maintain a stable temperature within the biological samples during treatment. Detailed descriptions of the treatment system’s design and the function of each element are provided. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the heating behavior of liquids with and without NaCl, revealing significant differences in temperature profiles between the two media. The experimental design and the objective behind each iteration are discussed. The experimental design includes three different power …

Underwater Nitrate Monitoring With Wireless Flexible Sensor Networks, Shah Zayed Riam

Electrical Engineering Theses

This study introduces a sophisticated sensor array engineered for comprehensive monitoring of water quality, thereby addressing the pressing need for effective environmental conservation and water resource management. The array encompasses sensors for nitrate, pH, and temperature, seamlessly integrated into a unified flexible platform capable of wireless data transmission for real-time monitoring applications. Employing potentiometric detection methods, the nitrate and pH sensors offer robust analytical capabilities, while the temperature sensor operates on resistive principles.

The nitrate sensor, constructed using a novel nanocomposite comprising poly(3-octyl-thiophene) (PoT) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), exhibits a sensitivity of -50 mV against every decade change …

Energy Efficiency In Additive Manufacturing: Condensed Review, Ismail Fidan, Vivekanand Naikwadi, Suhas Alkunte, Roshan Mishra, Khalid Tantawi

Engineering Technology Faculty Publications

Today, it is significant that the use of additive manufacturing (AM) has growing in almost every aspect of the daily life. A high number of sectors are adapting and implementing this revolutionary production technology in their domain to increase production volumes, reduce the cost of production, fabricate light weight and complex parts in a short period of time, and respond to the manufacturing needs of customers. It is clear that the AM technologies consume energy to complete the production tasks of each part. Therefore, it is imperative to know the impact of energy efficiency in order to economically and properly …

การศึกษาแนวทางการลดปริมาณก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ในภาคขนส่งทางอากาศของประเทศไทย, วริศรา สุริยะสิงห์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อประเมินปริมาณการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกและวิเคราะห์ศักยภาพในการลดการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกของภาคการบินของประเทศไทย ทั้งในเที่ยวบินภายในประเทศและระหว่างประเทศ โดยเน้นสองแนวทางหลักได้แก่ การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพพลังงานของอากาศยาน และการใช้เชื้อเพลิงอากาศยานแบบยั่งยืน (SAF) โดยใช้หลักเกณฑ์ประเมินของ IPCC ร่วมกับแบบจำลองการประมาณการใช้เชื้อเพลิง โดยเป็นการคำนวณในระดับ Tier 3 ซึ่งครอบคลุมทั้งช่วงการขึ้นลง (LTO) และช่วงขณะทำการบิน (Cruise) การศึกษานี้ได้วิเคราะห์ภาพอนาคตในช่วงปี พ.ศ. 2568–2593 ผ่าน 3 ภาพอนาคตได้แก่ (1) ภาพการเติบโตตามปกติ (Business as Usual, BAU) (2)ภาพ Efficiency and SAF Adoption Scenario (ESS) และ (3)ภาพ Accelerated Decarbonization Scenario (ADS) โดยแต่ละภาพอนาคตมีสมมติฐานที่แตกต่างกันในด้านการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของอากาศยานและสัดส่วนการใช้ SAF โดยในภาพ ESS และภาพ ADS สมมติให้มีการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพอากาศยานสูงสุด 15% และใช้ SAF ในสัดส่วน 50% และ 70% ภายในปี พ.ศ. 2593 ตามลำดับ ในขณะที่ BAU มีการปรับปรุงในระดับต่ำ ผลการศึกษาระบุว่า ภาพอนาคต BAUที่ไม่มีมาตรการเพิ่มเติม การปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกในปี พ.ศ. 2593 จะอยู่ที่ประมาณ 32 ล้านตันคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เทียบเท่า (million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, MtCO2e) ขณะที่ภาพ ESS และภาพ ADS จะสามารถลดการปล่อยได้เหลือประมาณ 14 MtCO2e และ 9 MtCO2e ตามลำดับ โดยมีการใช้ SAF ประมาณ 5,612 ล้านลิตรในภาพ ESS และ 7,854 ล้านลิตรในภาพ ADS จากผลการศึกษานี้แสดงให้เห็นว่า SAF …

Tunable Metasurface For Efficient Harmonic Generation And Amplitude Modulation, Steve Mares

Masters Theses

The manipulation of microwave signals is critical in the information and communication technology industry. This research investigates the application of time-coding techniques on metasurfaces to achieve tunable control of electromagnetic signal transmission. The integration of mounted PIN diodes facilitates dynamic modulation of signal behavior. Both passive (without PIN diodes) and active (with PIN diodes) metasurfaces were analyzed through simulations using Ansys HFSS and validated with experimental measurements. A major contribution of this work is the design and testing of active metasurfaces that leverage PIN diodes for harmonic generation and amplitude modulation. The study reveals a clear relationship between modulating signal …

Non-Linearity Modeling And Quantifications For Practical Rf Interference Control, Shengxuan Xia

Doctoral Dissertations

"Radio frequency (RF) interference can degrade the receiving sensitivity of antennas (desense problem). It is essential to model the nonlinearity as it is the root-cause of the unwanted frequency components. Understanding the electromagnetic (EM) coupling or radiated emissions is also important.

Nonlinearity causes modulation-involved desense problems, and it consists of two categories: upconvertion of the baseband noise by the transmitting (TX) signal, and the passive intermodulation (PIM) of the transmitting signal itself. The upconvertion caused desense can be modeled and analyzed with the dipole-moment based coupling framework. PIM has been identified as another nonlinear distortion mechanism, specifically in the metallic …

In Situ High Temperature Fiber-Optic Raman Sensor For Industrial Applications, Bohong Zhang

Doctoral Dissertations

"Continuous casting in steel production uses specially developed oxyfluoride glasses (mold fluxes) to lubricate a mold and control the solidification of the steel in the mold. The composition of the flux impacts properties, including basicity, viscosity, and crystallization rate, all of which affect the stability of the casting process and the quality of the solidified steel. However, mold fluxes interact with steel during the casting process, resulting in flux chemistry changes that must be considered in the flux design. Currently, the chemical composition of mold flux must be determined by extracting flux samples from the mold during casting and then …

Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Strategies For Inverter Dominated Microgrids, Oroghene Oboreh-Snapps

Doctoral Dissertations

The integration of inverter-based distributed generators (IBDGs) in modern power systems has ushered in a new era of renewable energy utilization, prompting the rise of Microgrid (MG) architectures. Nevertheless, as IBDG penetration increases, a host of challenges surface. Foremost among these challenges are issues related to frequency stability stemming from the inherent lack of inertia in IBDGs, and inaccurate sharing of reactive and active power, particularly evident in parallel IBDG networks with mismatched feeder impedance. This research presents novel solutions to these challenges by adopting deep reinforcement learning (DRL), specifically, the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm, to …

Reinventing Integrated Photonic Devices And Circuits For High Performance Communication And Computing Applications, Venkata Sai Praneeth Karempudi

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

The long-standing technological pillars for computing systems evolution, namely Moore's law and Von Neumann architecture, are breaking down under the pressure of meeting the capacity and energy efficiency demands of computing and communication architectures that are designed to process modern data-centric applications related to Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Internet-of-Things (IoT). In response, both industry and academia have turned to 'more-than-Moore' technologies for realizing hardware architectures for communication and computing. Fortunately, Silicon Photonics (SiPh) has emerged as one highly promising ‘more-than-Moore’ technology. Recent progress has enabled SiPh-based interconnects to outperform traditional electrical interconnects, offering advantages like high bandwidth density, …

Design And Control Of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Coreless Machines With Special Windings, Yaser Chulaee

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), particularly those of the axial flux type, are being researched and developed for various applications such as HVAC systems, aviation propulsion, and electric vehicles. The coreless (air-cored) stator axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine topology offers notable advantages over conventional designs by eliminating magnetic cores and their associated losses. These advantages include potentially higher efficiency, zero cogging torque, and reduced audible noise and vibration. Eliminating the magnetic core also allows for more effective cooling systems, as coolants can be in direct contact with the stator windings, potentially improving power density and specific torque.

The absence …

Photoluminescence Switching In Quantum Dots Connected With Carboxylic Acid And Thiocarboxylic Acid End-Group Diarylethene Molecules, Ephraiem S. Sarabamoun, Pramod Aryal, Jonathan M. Bietsch, Maurice Curran, Sugandha Verma, Grayson Johnson, Lucy U. Yoon, Amelia G. Reid, Esther H. R. Tsai, Charles W. Machan, Christopher Paolucci, Guijun Wang, Joshua J. Choi

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

We contrast the switching of photoluminescence (PL) of PbS quantum dots (QDs) cross-linked with photochromic diarylethene molecules with different end groups, 4,4′-(1-cyclopentene-1,2-diyl)bis[5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid] (1C) and 4,4′-(1-cyclopentene-1,2-diyl)bis[5-methyl-2-thiophenethiocarboxylic acid] (2T). Our results show that the QDs cross-linked with the carboxylic acid end group molecules (1C) exhibit a greater amount of switching in photoluminescence intensity compared to QDs cross-linked with the thiocarboxylic acid end group (2T). We also demonstrate that regardless of the molecule used, greater switching amounts are observed for smaller quantum dots. Varying these parameters allows for the fabrication of photoswitches with tunable PL change. We relate these observations to the …

Semiconductor Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers For High Power, High Brightness And High Speed Applications, Chhabindra Gautam

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser (PCSEL) is the promising third generation semiconductor laser technology as it addresses the challenges of the conventional semiconductor lasers (EEL/VCSEL) by providing single mode high power output with good beam quality (thus high brightness). The large area in plane coupling resulting from the multiple Bragg’s diffraction conditions in the periodic 2D photonic crystal cavities in the lasing cladding region leads to single mode operation over very large area. By model design engineering, such in plane lasing cavity can leak the light out of the plane, which result in surface emission. The ability to scale the …