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Who Do I Say I Am: A Review Of Catholic Teachers’ Spiritual Identity And Factors Affecting Its Formation, Nancy Lourdes U. Toledo Jan 2025

Who Do I Say I Am: A Review Of Catholic Teachers’ Spiritual Identity And Factors Affecting Its Formation, Nancy Lourdes U. Toledo

Journal of Catholic Education

Teachers in Catholic schools are not only required to provide quality education through mastering the essential skills of pedagogy; they are also called to “be a reflection, albeit imperfect but still vivid, of the one Teacher” (Gravissimum educationis, 1965, para. 23). Thus, the spiritual identity of all teachers in Catholic schools, not only those who teach religious education, must be integrated with their professional identity. This review draws from 20 empirical peer-reviewed articles on Catholic school educators to understand how Catholic teachers see their spiritual identity as teachers and how these spiritual identities are formed. The results show …


Transforming Workforce Pipelines: Equity, Credentialing, And Drone-Integrated Apprenticeships In Missouri, Linda S. Stinson Jan 2025

Transforming Workforce Pipelines: Equity, Credentialing, And Drone-Integrated Apprenticeships In Missouri, Linda S. Stinson

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

This study examines how Missouri integrates drone technology into Registered Youth Apprenticeship and Career and Technical Education programs to develop equitable, credentialed pathways into high-skill careers. Grounded in Human Capital Theory, Credential Signaling Theory, and Transformational Leadership Theory, the research explores how emerging technologies intersect with labor market demands, credential access, and instructional leadership. The literature review highlights both national and international models of scalable apprenticeship systems, emphasizing the role of intermediaries, credential alignment, and early STEM exposure. Missouri’s initiatives, including the Top Drone Academy, serve as a case model for workforce-aligned innovation, yet challenges persist in infrastructure, teacher certification, …


From Data To Action: Leading Assessment In Polarizing Times, Julene L. Jones, Ciji Heiser, Renée Delgado-Riley, Heather Strine-Patterson, Kevin Wright Jan 2025

From Data To Action: Leading Assessment In Polarizing Times, Julene L. Jones, Ciji Heiser, Renée Delgado-Riley, Heather Strine-Patterson, Kevin Wright

Library Presentations

In an era of increasing political and social polarization, assessment professionals lead within complex landscapes to ensure data is used to drive meaningful change. This session features a panel of professionals exploring how to move from data collection to organizational change while leading assessment efforts with integrity and impact. Participants will answer a series of questions focused on current and evolving challenges, examples of their practice, and strategies they use to center student and organizational success in the assessment journey.


Dominance Of Leading Business Schools In Top Journals: Insights For Increasing Institutional Representation, Rodrigo Romero-Silva, Erika Marsillac, Sander De Leeuw Jan 2025

Dominance Of Leading Business Schools In Top Journals: Insights For Increasing Institutional Representation, Rodrigo Romero-Silva, Erika Marsillac, Sander De Leeuw

Information Technology & Decision Sciences Faculty Publications

The competitive push for business schools to publish in prestigious journals has resulted in a disproportionate number of papers in prestigious Management and Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) journals coming from a select group of institutions. Our analysis shows the Matthew effect of prestigious journals favors established schools with 51.2% of papers in 18 Management ABS 4* journals and 61.3% of papers in 3 OR/MS ABS 4* journals involving authors from the 100 top business schools identified by the University of Texas at Dallas (UTD). Citation patterns are similarly concentrated among papers authored by scholars from UTD-listed business schools, with nearly …


Candidates' Perceptions Of A University's Consultancy Requirements With For-Profit/Nonprofit Partnering Organizations, Candace S. Parson Jan 2025

Candidates' Perceptions Of A University's Consultancy Requirements With For-Profit/Nonprofit Partnering Organizations, Candace S. Parson

Doctor of Education Dissertations

This dissertation in practice is an action research study that investigated the perceptions of students within the Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership (DEOL) program under the University College of Education experiences in consultancy organizational partnerships in terms of key benefits, key factors, and barriers/limitations that existed in the partnership. This study provided feedback to the University College of Education that was used to understand candidates’ experiences, it identified continuous improvement and developmental opportunities that will be used to evaluate consultancy organizational partnerships. A qualitative research design was used to collect data from 10 DEOL students via one-on-one interviews. The …


Understanding The Challenges And Satisfaction Among The Medical Professional Preceptors, Cornelia Ko Jan 2025

Understanding The Challenges And Satisfaction Among The Medical Professional Preceptors, Cornelia Ko

West Chester University Doctoral Projects

This study evaluates the Penn Medicine Family Medicine Clerkship program through a mixed-methods approach, exploring the challenges and factors influencing the satisfaction of medical professional preceptors when precepting students. A quantitative survey with 54 preceptor participants reveals the top challenges preceptors face: workload, conflicts with patient care, and limited clinical space. Despite this, there is strong support for the program, with 89% of preceptors enjoying the role and 85% expressing willingness to continue to precept for the next three years. Finally, data analysis shows no statistical correlation between preceptor motivation with gender, ethnicity, age group, years of serving, or total …


The Effects Of Curriculum Changes On Teacher Instruction And Teacher Perceptions On How These Changes Impact Student Learning, Seon Sloley Jan 2025

The Effects Of Curriculum Changes On Teacher Instruction And Teacher Perceptions On How These Changes Impact Student Learning, Seon Sloley

Doctor of Education Dissertations

Curriculum across North Carolina has seen many changes over the past few years. It is necessary for changes to take place in the curriculum, as an updated curriculum allows for success. Although teachers do not have a voice in these changes, changes are made to improve classroom instruction and adapt to the mission, vision, and goals of schools focusing on teaching and learning. A study on the effects of curricular changes on teacher instruction and teacher opinions on how these changes impact student learning in North Carolina was conducted with teachers from across North Carolina in elementary, middle, and high …


A Mixed Methodology Study On Effective Products And Services For Consulting Firms, Doc S. Dillard Jan 2025

A Mixed Methodology Study On Effective Products And Services For Consulting Firms, Doc S. Dillard

Doctor of Education Dissertations

This study evaluated organizational effectiveness within small- to medium-sized educational technology and technology-adjacent organizations for consulting firms to develop appropriate products and services for clients. This allowed consulting firms to develop innovation in their approaches. More specifically, this research supported consulting firms specializing in educational technology in developing products and services for industry leaders to improve organizational effectiveness. The research employed a mixed methodology consisting of 10 educational technology leaders. Data were collected from survey questions and through evaluating related literature. The literature compiled included organizations across education, technology, and technology-adjacent industries. The research evaluated organizations through McKinsey’s 7S framework. …


An In-Depth Interview Study On Needed Professional Development For Assistant Principals Within One Rural School District In North Carolina, Jeffery N. Webb Jan 2025

An In-Depth Interview Study On Needed Professional Development For Assistant Principals Within One Rural School District In North Carolina, Jeffery N. Webb

Doctor of Education Dissertations

The purpose of this interview study was to gain better insight and understanding into what professional development is needed for assistant principals to be successful in the principalship. During this study, 17 participants were interviewed across three different groups: central office administrators, principals, and assistant principals within one rural school district. Based on the three different groups interviewed, the data provided that the perception is that assistant principals need more development in budget/finance, K-12 curriculum knowledge, school improvement, evaluations/observations, day-to-day operations, policy/law, curriculum/instruction, and professional development. It was determined that professional development in those areas needed to be continuous throughout …


Factors That Motivate Special Education Teachers To Stay In Their Profession In A Rural South Carolina School District, Sherrod J. Davis Jan 2025

Factors That Motivate Special Education Teachers To Stay In Their Profession In A Rural South Carolina School District, Sherrod J. Davis

Doctor of Education Dissertations

This study was designed to contribute to our understanding of the different motivating factors that contribute to the long-term retention of special education teachers after they have been in the field for over 5 years. They set out to ascertain predominant mechanisms that motivate these teachers to stay in their positions as well as to inform on the associated struggles and support structures that are helping to both retain their teaching workforce as well as to support their commitment to their teaching lives. Using a descriptive convergent parallel mixed methods design, the study combined quantitative data from online surveys with …


How Inclusive Are Degree Programs In Operations Research And Analytics In The U.S.?, Michael P. Johnson Jr., Tayo Fabusuyi, Elham Hesari, Salina Chu Jan 2025

How Inclusive Are Degree Programs In Operations Research And Analytics In The U.S.?, Michael P. Johnson Jr., Tayo Fabusuyi, Elham Hesari, Salina Chu

Public Policy and Public Affairs Faculty Publication Series

Academic programs in colleges and universities in the United States have increasingly embraced principles of equity and inclusion to support student success and diversity within professions. Innovations in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in university programs require baseline data on students, faculty and administrators, curricula, and programmatic support. A review of data shows that underrepresented groups in the US workforce have limited visibility in operations research and analytics. A review of DEI-related research reveals some relevant insights including a gap in studies specific to operations research and analytics.

To provide evidence in support of DEI initiatives in OR/analytics, we describe …


Exploring Adaptive University President Narratives To Generate Growth And Sustainability, Ryan Charles Weber Jan 2025

Exploring Adaptive University President Narratives To Generate Growth And Sustainability, Ryan Charles Weber

Theses and Dissertations

This mixed-methods study explores how university presidents leverage adaptive leadership principles and learning organization frameworks to generate institutional growth and sustainability in higher education. Through analysis of presidential narratives, the research examines the intersection of Heifetz et al.’s (2009) adaptive leadership theory and Senge’s (2006) five disciplines of learning organizations, revealing patterns in leadership communication that drive change. The study analyzed narratives from eight university presidents who demonstrated success through their institutions’ minimum 30% endowment growth over five years. Using thematic analysis and frequency counts, the research identified 198 references to learning organization disciplines, 90 adaptive leadership phases, and 100 …


Artful Approaches For The Study Of Multiracial Student Experiences: Not Artifact, But Aperture, Orkideh Mohajeri, Victoria Malaney-Brown Jan 2025

Artful Approaches For The Study Of Multiracial Student Experiences: Not Artifact, But Aperture, Orkideh Mohajeri, Victoria Malaney-Brown

Educational Leadership & Higher Education Administration Faculty Publications

Within higher education, various methodologies are used to collect data on student experiences, including both quantitative and qualitative approaches. This paper highlights the importance of attending to artful methodologies particularly when learning with/from mixed and multiracial postsecondary students. We share three artful productions generated by multiracial undergraduate and graduate students from three separate studies, conducted over a range of time from 2017 to 2020. We argue that in each case, the art itself goes far beyond an artifact or "thick description" and instead serves as an aperture to new possibilities for inquiry and analysis. Not only are artful methods a …


Reframing Equity Gaps: A Descriptive Analysis Of Reported Spending For Underrepresented Minorities At Illinois Community Colleges, Terrance Marshall Bond Jan 2025

Reframing Equity Gaps: A Descriptive Analysis Of Reported Spending For Underrepresented Minorities At Illinois Community Colleges, Terrance Marshall Bond

Theses and Dissertations

This quantitative descriptive analysis investigates reported institutional spending and associated equity gaps for underrepresented minority (URM) students in Illinois community colleges from FY2017-FY2021. Guided by Critical Sensemaking (CSM) theory, the study examines correlations between targeted expenditures and enrollment and completion outcomes for Black and Latinx undergraduate students. Utilizing data from Illinois Community College Board (ICCB) Underrepresented Groups (URG) reports, this research identifies patterns in institutional financial commitments toward equity initiatives, analyzing their relationship to enrollment and completion disparities. Key findings reveal substantial variability in institutional spending directed toward underrepresented minorities, despite statewide mandates and strategic goals focused on reducing equity …


Change Is People: How Faculty, Staff, And Administrators Engage With And Shape A Substantive Organizational Change Process, Karen Bellnier Jan 2025

Change Is People: How Faculty, Staff, And Administrators Engage With And Shape A Substantive Organizational Change Process, Karen Bellnier

Open Access Dissertations

Creating substantive organizational change (SOC) in higher education can face numerous challenges including navigating complex sets of rules and relationships, negotiating potentially conflicting perspectives, and balancing the motivations and goals of peers (Engeström, 2018b; Kezar, 2018). Each SOC change agent brings a unique perspective, identity and motivation (Eteläpelto et al., 2013; Gess-Newsome et al., 2003) to their conception of and relationship to the planned change (Hay et al., 2021; Weick, 1995). This dynamic nature makes SOC difficult to conceptualize as a whole - either as a researcher or a change agent - and therefore difficult to understand how change processes …


Examining The Impact Of Conceptual Mathematics Instructional Practices On Middle School Achievement For Low-Income Public-School Students, Tracy L. Donath Jan 2025

Examining The Impact Of Conceptual Mathematics Instructional Practices On Middle School Achievement For Low-Income Public-School Students, Tracy L. Donath

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation in practice investigates the persistent decline in mathematics proficiency between the fourth and fifth grades, particularly among low-income compared to high-income students in a large, urban public school district in central Illinois. Using Mintrop’s Cycle of Inquiry and the CPED framework in a 90-day intervention, seven fifth-grade teachers implemented small group lessons designed to build students’ conceptual understanding of grade level mathematics. This data-driven intervention encouraged the teachers to use a variety of manipulatives and visual representations to improve students’ mathematics proficiency on four grade level Common Core standards. Data collected through classroom pretests, posttests, and exit tickets, …


Leadership Communication And Symbolic Language In Organizational Change: A Study In Higher Education, Christine Fischer Jan 2025

Leadership Communication And Symbolic Language In Organizational Change: A Study In Higher Education, Christine Fischer

Dissertations

Higher education institutions face growing pressures related to affordability, accessibility, and trust. In this environment, leadership communication, especially symbolic language that frames transformation as mission-aligned, plays a central role in shaping organizational change. This qualitative single-case study examined how leaders at a private Christian liberal arts college used metaphors, narratives, and values-based discourse to communicate an innovative tuition model and how this language influenced stakeholder perceptions, engagement, and resistance. Data included 26 leadership communication documents, a metaphor-based faculty and staff survey, and eight semi-structured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis and metaphorical analysis were used to interpret symbolic language, meaning-making processes, and …


Teacher Stress, Well-Being, And Adaptation To Innovation, Amanda Leanore Pelloth Jan 2025

Teacher Stress, Well-Being, And Adaptation To Innovation, Amanda Leanore Pelloth

Theses and Dissertations

Teachers face many sources of stress; however, a consistent source is prompted by the need to cope with change as districts adapt to shifting paradigms. This study intended to fill Rogers’ (2003) KAP gap and the failure of innovations by infusing the study of well-being and emotion into the narrative by incorporating the transactional relationship between technostress and implementation efforts into the technochange process. The study investigated teachers’ cognitive appraisals of technochange (primary appraisal) and their adaptational coping processes (secondary appraisal) to understand how implementation impacts teachers’ well-being and their adaptive processes. A parallel convergent mixed methods approach with an …


The Professional Backgrounds And Experiences Of Higher Education Trustees And Its Influence On Decision Making, Jade J. Irving Jan 2025

The Professional Backgrounds And Experiences Of Higher Education Trustees And Its Influence On Decision Making, Jade J. Irving

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There are many complex decisions that must be made among the board of governors within institutions of higher education. Recent headlines on the decisions of trustees regarding campus closures and consolidations, program cuts, and presidential appointments have put a spotlight on the individuals responsible for making such decisions. This study examined how trustees of public 4-year institutions in the state of West Virginia perceive the value of their professional backgrounds and experiences in fulfilling their governance responsibilities. Using an explanatory sequential design, this study investigated how trustees’ professional experiences shape their decision-making processes through the theoretical lenses of sensemaking theory …


Cultural Competence In Pre-Medical Education: Examining Preparedness For Cross-Cultural Care, Fiza N. Khan Jan 2025

Cultural Competence In Pre-Medical Education: Examining Preparedness For Cross-Cultural Care, Fiza N. Khan

Honors Undergraduate Theses

As the U.S. population continues to grow more diverse, there is an urgent need for future healthcare providers to develop strong cultural competence. This study investigates undergraduate pre-medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and comfort levels toward caring for diverse patient populations, including immigrants, refugees, and individuals from varied cultural backgrounds. The goal was to assess how well students are prepared to provide culturally responsive care before entering medical school. Recognizing that the foundation for medical training begins at the undergraduate level, this study aims to identify specific gaps in readiness that may hinder equitable patient care in the future.

A modified …


Professional Learning Partnerships: An Exploratory Study Into How Institutions Of Higher Education Can Support Pk–12 Educators, Eleonore E. Cardinell, Nora Bryant, Danielle Terrell, Alexandra Javna, Megan Wood Jan 2025

Professional Learning Partnerships: An Exploratory Study Into How Institutions Of Higher Education Can Support Pk–12 Educators, Eleonore E. Cardinell, Nora Bryant, Danielle Terrell, Alexandra Javna, Megan Wood

Doctor of Education Capstones

Dr. Jonathan Becker, a Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Associate Professor in the School of Education (SOE), submitted a request for assistance from a Doctorate of Educational Leadership team at VCU. Dr. Becker was tasked with establishing a professional studies program that would offer non-credit bearing professional learning experiences to PK–12 educators. The VCU SOE wanted to learn how to design an accessible and relevant non-credit bearing program for PK–12 educators that maximized the value of the VCU SOE while generating revenue. To support the VCU SOE, the team conducted research using an exploratory sequential mixed methods model. The team gathered …


Sealing The Deal: A Case Study Of A Private, Southeastern, Regional College’S Student Onboarding Practices, Alicia R. Gaston, Kristen Meyer, Tyler Ogden, Jennifer Perkinson, Casey Yocum Michaels Jan 2025

Sealing The Deal: A Case Study Of A Private, Southeastern, Regional College’S Student Onboarding Practices, Alicia R. Gaston, Kristen Meyer, Tyler Ogden, Jennifer Perkinson, Casey Yocum Michaels

Doctor of Education Capstones

Each year, higher education institutions offer support to new, incoming students through an onboarding process that requires dedication and collaboration across multiple departments. Offering streamlined guidance and clear communication throughout the onboarding process is essential to ensure incoming students understand action steps without becoming overwhelmed with new terminology, processes, and environments. This explanatory case study is set to understand the current communication practices and technology use across onboarding departments at Brightside College – also referred to as Brightside or BC (pseudonym). The research team aimed to understand Brightside's onboarding staff's perspective of current processes and practices. With emphasis on the …


Improving The Diabetic Foot Screening Process And Foot Care Patient Education In A Primary Care Setting, Keelie Tillett Jan 2025

Improving The Diabetic Foot Screening Process And Foot Care Patient Education In A Primary Care Setting, Keelie Tillett

DNP Projects

Background: Foot ulcerations are a common diabetes-associated complication that can lead to significant morbidity, mortality, and financial burden for patients and health care systems. Health care providers (HCPs) play an important role in providing diabetic foot care. Despite national guidelines recommending HCPs perform an annual foot exam in all individuals with diabetes to recognize at-risk feet, research shows that many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) do not receive routine diabetic foot exams (DFE) in the primary care setting.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of provider education, a standardized DFE template, an electronic health record (EHR) alert, and online educational …


Examining The Practice Of Teacher Leadership Across Nevada: How Is Context Associated With Practice?, Peter Wiens, Kaavonia Hinton, Ami Pritchard Jan 2025

Examining The Practice Of Teacher Leadership Across Nevada: How Is Context Associated With Practice?, Peter Wiens, Kaavonia Hinton, Ami Pritchard

Teaching & Learning Faculty Publications

Teacher leadership (TL) is recognized as vital to creating effective schools with demonstrated benefits to principals, teachers, and students. Teacher leadership is defined in this study as teachers leading from within and beyond the classroom in both formal and informal capacities. TL can take the form of a variety of behaviours such as professional learning, the leading of professional development, collaboration, shared leadership, and equity leadership. While there are commonalities, the practical applications of TL can vary greatly from context to context. Even within specific policy contexts, TL can vary from school to school. This article analyzed the responses of …


Transforming Online Courses: Practical Strategies For Educators, Jacqueline A. Gilbert, Kelly G. Manix, Kristie A. Abston Jan 2025

Transforming Online Courses: Practical Strategies For Educators, Jacqueline A. Gilbert, Kelly G. Manix, Kristie A. Abston

Journal of Excellence in College Teaching and Learning

In this article, we examine strategies for enhancing student engagement in online higher education courses through targeted course restructuring. Given the increased demand for high-quality online learning, it is essential for institutions to adopt a proactive, student-focused approach to course design and delivery. The paper highlights research underscoring the critical connection between active student participation in online courses and improved academic performance. It emphasizes the fundamental need for strategic organization and consistent course design to foster engagement and optimize student learning. Our research explores the value of soliciting and implementing student feedback through multiple mechanisms, including pre-term and midterm surveys, …


Mandatory Grade Retention: A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Principals During The Implementation Of The Alabama Literacy Act, Kiana Billings Coleman Jan 2025

Mandatory Grade Retention: A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Principals During The Implementation Of The Alabama Literacy Act, Kiana Billings Coleman

All ETDs from UAB

ABSTRACT For over 40 years, the standards-based reform movement has significantly influenced educational policy in the United States (Shanahan, 2014). Educators across the country are under increasing pressure to improve student achievement as states implement policies that link test scores to accountability measures. Recently, the adoption of mandatory grade retention policies has emerged as a popular intervention for addressing low academic performance. Effective leadership is vital to the success of policy initiatives. However, there is limited research on how school principals experience mandatory retention policies. Understanding how administrators navigate retention policies is essential for identifying effective leadership strategies that facilitate …


A Mixed Method Case Study Of Leadership For Change: Authentic Transformational Leadership In A Local Baptist Church, Hui Sun Jan 2025

A Mixed Method Case Study Of Leadership For Change: Authentic Transformational Leadership In A Local Baptist Church, Hui Sun

Theses and Dissertations

This convergent parallel mixed methods case study explores how a local Baptist church navigated organizational change during and after the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of authentic and transformational leadership. Grounded in organizational leadership and open systems framework of organizational change, the study examined two primary hypotheses: (1) RBC demonstrated an authentic transformational leadership paradigm in its change processes since 2020, and (2) this paradigm significantly and positively influenced perceived leadership effectiveness.

Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six leaders (three pastors, one minister, one staff leader, and one deacon) and 11 raters (five lay leaders, five congregants, …


Investigating Trauma-Informed Practices Impact On Teacher Well-Being And Burnout, Philip Walter Schonebaum Jan 2025

Investigating Trauma-Informed Practices Impact On Teacher Well-Being And Burnout, Philip Walter Schonebaum

Dissertations and Theses

Trauma-informed practices are a way to reduce the negative impacts of trauma without retraumatizing trauma victims (SAMHSA, 2014). Using trauma-informed training for staff, this study herein sought out to examine the overall impacts on utilizing trauma-informed care strategies on teacher well-being and burnout. The action research project, relying on qualitative data collection techniques, was an immersive approach to impact change in the educational landscape of a small, rural school district. Findings showed implementing trauma-informed practices in the school district led to a greater job satisfaction, reduced stress, and a sense of camaraderie with the students within the school. This study …


Empowered Margins: Women, Work, And Justice In Educational Labor, Erin Woodford Jan 2025

Empowered Margins: Women, Work, And Justice In Educational Labor, Erin Woodford

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This dissertation examines economic justice and employment precarity faced by educators in both K-12 and post-secondary education systems. While literature explores themes of changing demographics in union membership, collective bargaining, labor activism, and gendered and intersectional inequities in academia, and women in leadership in unions, a critical gap of disabled women’s voices and solutions to the inequities remains. This study highlights how job insecurity, unequal pay, hiring biases, limited recognition of prior learning, and inadequate institutional support exacerbates mental health challenges, professional invisibility, and economic instability. In the K-12 unionized system, systemic barriers such include disregard for substitute teaching as …


Instructional Design And Technology Professionals: Why Are Some Laggards?, Hayley Mendelson Smith Jan 2025

Instructional Design And Technology Professionals: Why Are Some Laggards?, Hayley Mendelson Smith

Theses and Dissertations

Laggards are often thought of as aloof and uninformed late adopters, as traditionalists living in the past (Rogers,2003). Laggards represent the last 16% of a population to adopt an innovation, and, as a result, they are often depicted for their resistance to adopt an innovation much later than the rest of the population, if ever (Jahanmir et al., 2020; Rogers, 2003). The present study attempted to expand the research on laggards, specifically laggard Instructional Design and Technology (IDT) professionals.

IDT professionals were the target group because of their perceived innovativeness as a result of their high exposure to instructional technology …