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Mymoney: A Program That Leverages Digital And Artificial Intelligence Tools For Improving The Financial Wellbeing Of Hispanic Families, Luisa Blanco, Kamila Campos, Jessica Gonzalez, Jorge Macias Sep 2025

Mymoney: A Program That Leverages Digital And Artificial Intelligence Tools For Improving The Financial Wellbeing Of Hispanic Families, Luisa Blanco, Kamila Campos, Jessica Gonzalez, Jorge Macias

School of Public Policy Working Papers

Abstract: Our Community-Based Digital Intervention (CBDI) MyMoney was designed to meet the informational needs and promote behavioral change among Hispanic adults. We leverage Digital and Artificial Intelligence (DAI) tools to provide participants access to content that is linguistically and culturally tailored and structured to be delivered in short, accessible modules. MyMoney program provided an introductory experience to financial education with a mobilephone based approach, offering a four-week experience for improving money management skills. We conducted an extensive quantitative and qualitative data analysis of participants’ and stakeholders’ program experience and perspectives, which provides important insights for the design, evaluation, and implementation …


Women’S Mba Peers Affect Their Course Choices, Career Paths, And The Gender Pay Gap, Mallika Thomas Sep 2025

Women’S Mba Peers Affect Their Course Choices, Career Paths, And The Gender Pay Gap, Mallika Thomas

Upjohn Institute Policy and Research Briefs

No abstract provided.


Tokenization And Interconnectedness: A Numerical Exploration, Alessandro Gioffré, Gabriele Camera Sep 2025

Tokenization And Interconnectedness: A Numerical Exploration, Alessandro Gioffré, Gabriele Camera

ESI Working Papers

Tokenization of assets has multiple implications for the operation of financial markets, among which are mitigating trade frictions and improving the interconnectedness of financial firms. This feature—if not properly managed—can propagate shocks more widely as compared to a traditional system. We study this double-edged aspect of tokenization using a matching model that makes explicit how firms are exposed to counterparty risk. We propose a way to manage this increased risk, through Financial Transactions Limiters, which exploit the technical advantages of tokenization in monitoring financial transactions of individual firms. We numerically analyze the possible social welfare consequences of tokenization, in …


Large-Scale Curve Time Series With Common Stochastic Trends, Degui Li, Yuning Li, Peter C. B. Phillips Sep 2025

Large-Scale Curve Time Series With Common Stochastic Trends, Degui Li, Yuning Li, Peter C. B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper studies high-dimensional curve time series with common stochastic trends. A dual functional factor model structure is adopted with a high-dimensional factor model for the observed curve time series and a low-dimensional factor model for the latent curves with common trends. A functional PCA technique is applied to estimate the common stochastic trends and functional factor loadings. Under some regularity conditions we derive the mean square convergence and limit distribution theory for the developed estimates, allowing the dimension and sample size to jointly diverge to infinity. We propose an easy-to-implement criterion to consistently select the number of common stochastic …


Pentingkah Pekerjaan Ibu Dalam Literasi Anak Di Indonesia?, Dien Amalina Nur Asrofi, Muhammad Salahudin Al Ayyubi Sep 2025

Pentingkah Pekerjaan Ibu Dalam Literasi Anak Di Indonesia?, Dien Amalina Nur Asrofi, Muhammad Salahudin Al Ayyubi

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

This study aims to analyze the impact of maternal employment status and job type on children's literacy skills in Indonesia, using data from the 2023 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) and a binary logistic regression approach. The results show that working mothers, particularly those in the formal sector, are positively and significantly correlated with children's literacy, especially in non-poor households. These findings highlight the important role of maternal employment contribution in strengthening educational investment within families. In contrast, among poor households, formal employment of mothers does not significantly influence children's literacy, indicating that economic constraints remain a major barrier. In addition, …


Upper Peninsula Regional Economic Development Strategy, Iryna V. Lendel, Chloe Wieber, Gerrit Anderson, Sevrin Williams Sep 2025

Upper Peninsula Regional Economic Development Strategy, Iryna V. Lendel, Chloe Wieber, Gerrit Anderson, Sevrin Williams

Upjohn Institute Technical Reports

This comprehensive report describes the economy of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, outlining both persistent issues and emerging opportunities. The region faces several structural challenges, including a decline in prime-age workers and bachelor’s degree attainment that falls below state and national averages, while shortages in housing and healthcare further limit its ability to attract and retain residents. Despite those challenges, the U.P.’s universities, longstanding industries, abundant natural resources, and robust outdoor recreation economy provide strong foundations for future development. The report recommends strategies such as strengthening retention of the talent pipeline, expanding housing and healthcare capacity, fostering small and mid-sized firms in …


Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure And Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence From Vietnam, Nguyen T. Tran, Nhung T. Le, Tung D. Nguyen Sep 2025

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure And Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence From Vietnam, Nguyen T. Tran, Nhung T. Le, Tung D. Nguyen

Economic and Business Review

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and firm performance, with particular attention to CSR's role as a mitigating mechanism during periods of economic crisis, notably the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing a unique hand-collected dataset comprising CSR disclosures from Vietnamese publicly listed firms in the VNR500 index between 2014 and 2021, the analysis employs both accounting-based (return on equity) and market-based (Tobin's Q) performance indicators. The empirical findings indicate a positive association between CSR disclosure and firm performance across both measures. Disaggregated analysis reveals that governance-related disclosures significantly enhance market valuation, whereas the presence of a …


The Cost Of Malnutrition In Older Adults In The Mountain West, 2020, Taylor Volk, Anirudh Polagani, Olivia K. Cheche, Kristian Thymianos, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr. Sep 2025

The Cost Of Malnutrition In Older Adults In The Mountain West, 2020, Taylor Volk, Anirudh Polagani, Olivia K. Cheche, Kristian Thymianos, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Health

This fact sheet presents 2020 data on the annual costs of disease-associated malnutrition for adults aged 65 years and older across the five Mountain West states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. The data are sourced from “Advancing Policies for Quality Malnutrition Care in Older Adults: A Toolkit for State Legislators,” a report published by Defeat Malnutrition Today and Women in Government.


Exploring The Landscape Of Teacher Applications, Dan Goldhaber, Cyrus Grout, Constance A. Lindsay, Elton Mykerezi, Aaron Sojourner, Lauren Dachille Sep 2025

Exploring The Landscape Of Teacher Applications, Dan Goldhaber, Cyrus Grout, Constance A. Lindsay, Elton Mykerezi, Aaron Sojourner, Lauren Dachille

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Despite widespread concern about teacher shortages, there is little evidence on when teaching positions are posted and how many people apply for them. Using detailed job-posting and application data on nearly 57,000 applicants from 19 traditional school districts and 24 charter organizations, we provide descriptive evidence on the timing of job postings, the supply of applicants, and the characteristics of applicants, emphasizing how each varies across organizations and between the district and charter sectors. We find that late hiring is less prevalent than prior single-district studies suggest—about 11% of openings are posted late—but varies widely across organizations. Applicant supply differs …


The Jokowi Effect On The Victory Of Prabowo: Do People Vote For Continuity?, Cakra Yudi Putra, Dyah Ayu Febriani, Andri Tantyo Cahyo Nugroho, Teguh Dartanto Sep 2025

The Jokowi Effect On The Victory Of Prabowo: Do People Vote For Continuity?, Cakra Yudi Putra, Dyah Ayu Febriani, Andri Tantyo Cahyo Nugroho, Teguh Dartanto

Economics and Finance in Indonesia

The 2024 Indonesian presidential election marked a striking realignment as Prabowo Subianto—a former opposition leader—secured victory with the tacit endorsement of outgoing President Joko Widodo (Jokowi). This study investigates how the enduring popularity and policy achievements of Jokowi shaped voter preferences in favor of Prabowo, effectively positioning the election as a referendum on political continuity. Building on theories of economic voting and retrospective performance evaluation, the analysis explores the impact of district-level economic indicators, social media penetration, ideological orientation, social assistance distribution, and sociocultural characteristics on electoral outcomes. Employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression on data from 481 administrative regions, …


The Basics Of The Mundlak And Chamberlain Projections, Badi H. Baltagi, Tom Wansbeek Sep 2025

The Basics Of The Mundlak And Chamberlain Projections, Badi H. Baltagi, Tom Wansbeek

Center for Policy Research

One of the best-known results in panel data econometrics, due to Mundlak (1978), is the equality of the random-effects and fixed-effects estimators when the individual effects are correlated with the means over time of the regressors. Chamberlain (1980) showed that the same result holds when the individual effects are correlated with the regressors for all moments in time separately. In this chapter, we review basic elements of the Mundlak and Chamberlain projections. We emphasize the simplicity that is often obtained when the model is transformed into the within and between-model, following Arellano (1993). Topics that we discuss include the augmented …


Spatial Stochastic Frontier Model With Stochastic Weighting Matrix, Ming-Yu Deng, Levent Kutlu Sep 2025

Spatial Stochastic Frontier Model With Stochastic Weighting Matrix, Ming-Yu Deng, Levent Kutlu

School of Economics and Finance Faculty Publications

This paper develops a spatial autoregressive stochastic frontier model that allows the spatial weighting matrix to be stochastic. This approach captures spatial heterogeneity in the interactions among production units and quantifies random spatial dependencies arising from this variability. The model parameters are estimated using a simulated maximum likelihood approach. We propose a method to simulate spillover-corrected direct, indirect, and total efficiency estimates. Additionally, we conduct Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the proposed model. Finally, an empirical application to the efficiency of Spanish dairy farms is presented to demonstrate the practical implementation of our methodology.


Dampak Jumlah Kredit Yang Dimiliki Rumah Tangga Terhadap Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (Kdrt) Pada Anak Di Indonesia, Anjar Maulitfiani, Dwini Handayani Sep 2025

Dampak Jumlah Kredit Yang Dimiliki Rumah Tangga Terhadap Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (Kdrt) Pada Anak Di Indonesia, Anjar Maulitfiani, Dwini Handayani

Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi

This study examines the impact of intensity of household debt on domestic violence (DV) towards children in Indonesia. There is a positive relationship between the amount of household debt and the likelihood of domestic violence towards children based on literature review. This research uses a quantitative method with multinomial logistic regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that households with more than one household debt are correlated with an increased likelihood of both psychological and physical domestic violence towards children compared to the likelihood of no domestic violence, both before and after controlling variables added.


Exploring Successful Financing Strategies For Developing Real Estate In Cameroon, Esoh Etebe Elah Sep 2025

Exploring Successful Financing Strategies For Developing Real Estate In Cameroon, Esoh Etebe Elah

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Financing constraints have become a significant problem for leaders of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) developing real estate in Cameroon. Cameroon SME real estate development leaders often lack knowledge of financing strategies to mitigate financial barriers and improve business sustainability. Grounded in the financing constraint theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore the successful financing strategies Cameroon SME real estate development leaders used. Seven leaders of Cameroon real estate development SMEs were interviewed, and public documents were reviewed. The semistructured interview and document data were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in five themes: (a) financing strategies, (b) funding …


Estimation Of Serially Correlated Error Components Models Using Whittle’S Approximate Maximum Likelihood Method, Badi H. Baltagi, Georges Bresson, Jean-Michel Etienne Sep 2025

Estimation Of Serially Correlated Error Components Models Using Whittle’S Approximate Maximum Likelihood Method, Badi H. Baltagi, Georges Bresson, Jean-Michel Etienne

Center for Policy Research

This chapter studies the estimation of error components models with serial correlation of the 𝐴𝑅𝑀𝐴(𝑝, 𝑞) type using Whittle’s (Whittle, 1953) approximate maximum likelihood method. This is done for the one-way and two-way error components panel data model. Monte Carlo simulations are performed that investigate the small sample performance of this method.


Abundance Strategies Should Promote Abundant Jobs In Distressed Places, Timothy J. Bartik Sep 2025

Abundance Strategies Should Promote Abundant Jobs In Distressed Places, Timothy J. Bartik

Upjohn Institute Policy Papers

A prominent recent policy debate is about “abundance policies”: policies to make it easier to build housing or infrastructure, deliver government services more quickly and more efficiently, and expedite the public funding of the most innovative and socially impactful research. In this essay, I argue that abundance advocates often mistakenly ignore or have a negative attitude toward “place-based policies.” These place-based policies would seek to increase employment rates, particularly in good jobs, in two types of distressed places that lack abundant job opportunities: distressed local labor markets and distressed neighborhoods. Both the goals and means of place-based policies fit into …


Impacts Of U.S. Environmental Regulations On Industry, Xiao Ji, Mengyu Wang, Tianyi Zhang Sep 2025

Impacts Of U.S. Environmental Regulations On Industry, Xiao Ji, Mengyu Wang, Tianyi Zhang

Sim Kee Boon Institute for Financial Economics

This paper analyzes the impacts of U.S. environmental regulations on industry, focusing on command-and-control environmental regulations (CCER) and market-based environmental regulations (MBER). Drawing on empirical data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) spanning over four decades, we examine key legislation such as the Clean Water Act (CWA), Clean Air Act (CAA), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), while also discussing more recent frameworks like the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Our findings suggest that although penalties under CCER contribute to immediate compliance, they often fail to elicit long-term changes in corporate behavior. In contrast, MBER, exemplified by the IRA, …


Nowcasting Disruptions To Human Capital Formation: Evidence From High-Frequency Household And Geospatial Data In Rural Malawi, E. J. Tennant, Aleksandr Michuda, J. B. Upton, A. Chamorro, R. Engstrom, M. L. Mann, D. Newhouse, M. Weber, C. B. Barrett Sep 2025

Nowcasting Disruptions To Human Capital Formation: Evidence From High-Frequency Household And Geospatial Data In Rural Malawi, E. J. Tennant, Aleksandr Michuda, J. B. Upton, A. Chamorro, R. Engstrom, M. L. Mann, D. Newhouse, M. Weber, C. B. Barrett

Economics Faculty Works

Exposure to extreme weather events and other adverse shocks has led to an increasing number of humanitarian crises in developing countries in recent years. These events cause acute suffering and compromise future welfare by adversely impacting human capital formation among vulnerable populations. Early and accurate detection of adverse shocks to food security, health, and schooling is critical to facilitating timely and well-targeted humanitarian interventions to minimize these detrimental effects. Yet monitoring data are rarely available with the frequency and spatial granularity needed. This paper uses high-frequency household survey data from the Rapid Feedback Monitoring System, collected in 2020–23 in southern …


Regulatory Impacts On Us Hazardous Waste Exports, Xiaofan Ji, Mengyu Wang, Tianyi Zhang Sep 2025

Regulatory Impacts On Us Hazardous Waste Exports, Xiaofan Ji, Mengyu Wang, Tianyi Zhang

Sim Kee Boon Institute for Financial Economics

This paper examines the impact of key domestic and international regulations on US hazardous waste exports, focusing on shifts in export destinations and waste types from 2002 to 2023. Since 2005, OECD countries and US Trade Agreement Partners have become primary destinations for US hazardous waste, with significant surges after 2018 and a notable decline in 2022. An analysis of the regulatory landscape reveals that, while international frameworks such as the Basel Convention of 2021 have had a relatively limited impact on reducing US hazardous waste exports, domestic policies—particularly those in California—have more directly influenced export behaviors. Additionally, the US …


Borderplex Business Barometer, Volume 9, Number 9, Thomas M. Fullerton, Steven L. Fullerton, Robert Sandoval Sep 2025

Borderplex Business Barometer, Volume 9, Number 9, Thomas M. Fullerton, Steven L. Fullerton, Robert Sandoval

Border Region Modeling Project

No abstract provided.


Policy Evaluation With Nonlinear Trended Outcomes: Covid-19 Vaccination Rates In The United States, Lynn Bergeland Morgan, Peter C. B. Phillips, Donggyu Sul Sep 2025

Policy Evaluation With Nonlinear Trended Outcomes: Covid-19 Vaccination Rates In The United States, Lynn Bergeland Morgan, Peter C. B. Phillips, Donggyu Sul

Research Collection School Of Economics

This paper discusses pitfalls in two way fixed effects (TWFE) regressions when the outcome variables contain nonlinear and possibly stochastic trend components. If a policy change shifts trend paths of outcome variables, TWFE estimation can distort results and invalidate inference, especially in a context of evolving policy decisions. A robust solution is proposed by allowing for dynamic club membership empirically using a relative convergence test procedure. The determinants of respective club memberships are assessed by panel ordered logit regressions. The approach allows for policy evolution and shifts in outcomes according to a convergence cluster framework with transitions over time and …


Horses And The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism., Thomas E. Lambert Sep 2025

Horses And The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism., Thomas E. Lambert

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Many scholarly articles and books have been written about the transition from feudalism to capitalism over the decades. The various points of views on what is the “main driver” or “prime mover” of the transition have been debated in various forums by historians and economic historians with a different major factor being advocated by different proponents or schools of thought. This paper tries to offer another analysis of how the horse could have been an important “means to an end” in the development of capitalism, and this analysis possibly can lead to support for more than one view of what …


(Wp 2025-05) Expanding Black Reparations With Human And Social Capital Investments, John B. Davis Sep 2025

(Wp 2025-05) Expanding Black Reparations With Human And Social Capital Investments, John B. Davis

Economics Working Papers

Disadvantaged social groups in the US suffered disproportionately in the covid pandemic and Great Recession, worsening high levels of inequality associated with their post-1980 declining intergenerational income mobility. For black Americans this reflects the long history of racial discrimination beginning with slavery. Reparations paid to descendants of enslaved individuals to eliminate the black-white wealth gap is a step toward addressing this history. A further needed step is to build predominantly black communities human and social capital through public investments in community health care centers (CHCs) and historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). There is considerable evidence that investments in early …


Clark Fork River Pedal & Farm Tour 2025, Trout Creek, Montana, Ava Worbets, Kika Bradford, Megan Schultz Sep 2025

Clark Fork River Pedal & Farm Tour 2025, Trout Creek, Montana, Ava Worbets, Kika Bradford, Megan Schultz

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

This study was conducted for Kaniksu Land Trust to provide insight into the characteristics of attendees of the 2025 Clark Fork River Pedal & Farm Tour hosted in Trout Creek, Montana. Forty-two attendees of the event completed the survey. Results show that the majority of respondents resided outside of Sanders County, with 71% from Montana (but only 7% from Sanders County itself) and 29% visiting from other US states, primarily Idaho. Out-of-county respondents spent an average of 2.3 nights in Sanders County, reporting a total spending of $8,732.00, mostly in hotel/motel/bed and breakfasts and restaurants/bars. Results provide event organizers with …


2025 Montana Tourism Outlook: Balancing Innovation And Tradition - Montana Economic Seminar Presentation, Melissa Weddell Sep 2025

2025 Montana Tourism Outlook: Balancing Innovation And Tradition - Montana Economic Seminar Presentation, Melissa Weddell

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

No abstract provided.


(When) Can Trade Wars Be Good?, Henry S. Gao, Weihuan Zhou Sep 2025

(When) Can Trade Wars Be Good?, Henry S. Gao, Weihuan Zhou

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

‘Trade wars are good, and easy to win,’ tweeted Donald Trump in 2018. The US–China trade war that followed proved otherwise – especially when confronting a major economic power. Yet, can trade wars ever be good? While the academic consensus holds they harm all participants, we argue that under certain circumstances they can produce positive outcomes. Set against the backdrop of the Liberation Day tariffs announced on April 2, 2025, this paper examines the limits of the Ricardian free trade model underpinning the current multilateral trading system, identifies when trade wars may serve strategic goals, and explores alternative rules to …


Cooling Protocols Impact On Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments Cyclic Fatigue Resistance Under Extreme Curvatures And Sodium Hypochlorite, Palak Ravjibhai Ranparia, Chintan Joshi, Mona Somani, Aashray Patel, Urooj Desai, Janki Prajapati Aug 2025

Cooling Protocols Impact On Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments Cyclic Fatigue Resistance Under Extreme Curvatures And Sodium Hypochlorite, Palak Ravjibhai Ranparia, Chintan Joshi, Mona Somani, Aashray Patel, Urooj Desai, Janki Prajapati

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: In this work, Hyflex CM, TruNatomy, and Plex V heat-treated nickel titanium rotary instruments were evaluated at body temperature (36 °C ± 1 °C) with and without a cooling protocol to assess the cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods: A 90° curved stainless-steel block was used for cyclic fatigue tests on 60 randomly selected rotary instruments, divided into two groups of 30: body temperature (n = 10) and body temperature with cooling (n = 10). Instruments were further subdivided into 6 groups of 3 different instruments. Cooling protocol group instruments received 5-second spray cooling every 30 seconds, along with continuous 5% …


Neutral Zone Vs. Conventional Denture Fabrication: A Randomized Crossover Study On Denture Performance, Karthik Kannaiyan, Arunima Chauhan, Vijayendranath Nayak, Riyshmaa Devendaran, Dashmita Peterson, Pavittra Kanesan, Vityaa Lakshmi Aug 2025

Neutral Zone Vs. Conventional Denture Fabrication: A Randomized Crossover Study On Denture Performance, Karthik Kannaiyan, Arunima Chauhan, Vijayendranath Nayak, Riyshmaa Devendaran, Dashmita Peterson, Pavittra Kanesan, Vityaa Lakshmi

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objectives: It is challenging to achieve satisfactory outcomes in a complete denture for patients with resorbed residual ridges. Utilization of neutral zone techniques to guide posterior denture tooth arrangement and denture base contouring has been considered for many decades. However, the evidence is still not enough to revise protocols. This study aimed to compare patient satisfaction and stability of neutral zone denture with conventional denture. Methods: A crossover clinical trial was conducted among patients with resorbed mandibular ridges. Each participant received two sets of dentures: one fabricated using the neutral zone technique and one using the conventional method, in a …


A Critical Review Of Theory Of Planned Behavior In Knowledge Payment, Tang Yunlong, Anusuyah Subbarao, Aaron Aw Teik Hong Aug 2025

A Critical Review Of Theory Of Planned Behavior In Knowledge Payment, Tang Yunlong, Anusuyah Subbarao, Aaron Aw Teik Hong

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a widely applied theoretical framework for predicting individual intentions and behaviors. However, its application in the knowledge payment domain remains limited. Existing studies primarily focus on TPB’s three core constructs while overlooking emerging factors. Additionally, most studies rely on quantitative methods, particularly cross-sectional surveys, lacking longitudinal and experimental research, which may result in an incomplete understanding of consumer knowledge payment behavior. This study utilizes a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology to thoroughly examine the current research based on the TPB within the domain of knowledge payment. A systematic search method was employed to …


Employee Turnover Intentions: An Empirical Study On Five-Star Hotels In Malaysia, Chin Wei Chong, Li Joe Ang, Mohammad Khaleel Okour Aug 2025

Employee Turnover Intentions: An Empirical Study On Five-Star Hotels In Malaysia, Chin Wei Chong, Li Joe Ang, Mohammad Khaleel Okour

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This research aims to explore how economic, social, psychological, and training and development factors influence employee turnover intentions in five-star Malaysian hotels. Data was collected through questionnaires and distributed to 120 employees using convenience sampling, and SPSS was used to perform the data analysis. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that economic factors (including pay, reward, and benefits), social factors (including co-workers, manager or supervisor, and working environment), and training and development factors (including training opportunity and career development) are significantly related to employee turnover intentions. In contrast, psychological factors (including job involvement, personal characteristics, personal life, and …