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Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

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Articles 17641 - 17670 of 19683

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A New Bruchophagus From Glycyrrhiza Lepidota Pursh In The Northern Great Plains (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea : Eurytomidae), Burruss Mcdaniel, Arvid A. Boe Jan 1991

A New Bruchophagus From Glycyrrhiza Lepidota Pursh In The Northern Great Plains (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea : Eurytomidae), Burruss Mcdaniel, Arvid A. Boe

Native Plant Focused Publications

A new species, Bruchophagus grisselli McDaniel and Boe, which infests seeds of Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh (American licorice), is described and illustrated. It's known from South Dakota and North Dakota in the USA. A field study at 8 sites showed that B. grisselli has a wide distribution throughout the Dakotas.

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Decreased Sprint Speed As A Cost Of Reproduction In The Lizard Scelopours Occidentalis: Variation Among Populations, Barry Sinervo, Richard Hedges, Stephen C. Adolph Jan 1991

Decreased Sprint Speed As A Cost Of Reproduction In The Lizard Scelopours Occidentalis: Variation Among Populations, Barry Sinervo, Richard Hedges, Stephen C. Adolph

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

Decreased mobility of gravid females is thought to be an important cost of reproduction in lizards. We measured sprint speeds of female western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard) before and after they had oviposited. Females from two California populations were about 20% slower when gravid, females from an Oregon population were about 30% slower, and females from a Washington population were about 45% slower, compared to their speeds after recovering from reproduction. The decrease in sprint speed persisted for several weeks after oviposition, suggesting that reproduction impairs sprint performance by affecting body condition in addition to the burdening …

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Vegetation Of Greenbottom Swamp, Cabell County, West Virginia, Honggang Liu Jan 1991

Vegetation Of Greenbottom Swamp, Cabell County, West Virginia, Honggang Liu

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

This research is a study of wetland vegetation in Greenbottom Swamp, Cabell County, West Virginia. Based on the field data and computer data processing, seven plant community types were recognized: Salix nigra-Acer saccharinum, Salix nigra-Plantanus occidentalis, Acer saccharinum-Plantanus occidentalis, Acer saccharinum-Salix nigra, Typha latifolia-Saururus cernuus, Cephalanthus occidentalis and Leersia oryzoides. Several species, Acer saccharinum, Salix nigra, Plantanus occidentalis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Saururus cernuus, Hibiscus moscheutos, Leersia oryzoidse, Lemna minor and Spirodella polyrhiza are dominate plants in different plant community layers. Each community type occupies an area with certain environmental …

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Landowner Reports Of Deer Hunter Damage In Arkansas, Richard A. Kluender, T. Bentley Wigley Jr. Jan 1991

Landowner Reports Of Deer Hunter Damage In Arkansas, Richard A. Kluender, T. Bentley Wigley Jr.

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Damage to property from deer hunters, though usually not discovered immediately, is a problem for many Arkansans. A questionnaire survey was mailed to 3,773 rural landowners in Arkansas to determine the type and cost of damage suffered from hunters. Thirty-five percent reported minor problems, and 15% reported severe damage from hunters. The most common problems caused by hunters were fence cutting (33%), severe littering (16%), road damage (13%), crop damage (10%), cattle shot (8%), gates left open (6%), and trespassing (6%). Eighty-three (5%) of the landowners reported damage costs of $500 or more; one sustained a $15,000 loss. Total state-wide …

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Distribution And Habitat Of Utilization Of The Four-Toed Salamander, Hemidactylium Scutatum, In The Ouachita Mountains Of Arkansas, David A. Saugey, Stanley E. Trauth Jan 1991

Distribution And Habitat Of Utilization Of The Four-Toed Salamander, Hemidactylium Scutatum, In The Ouachita Mountains Of Arkansas, David A. Saugey, Stanley E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Four-toed salamanders in Arkansas represent a disjunct population separated from their main range in the eastern United States and Canada. Until recently, the distribution of this species was documented by a few individual specimens collected or observed from widely spaced localities which has resulted in its being considered rare and vulnerable. Recent investigations of distribution and habitat utilization indicate this species may be more common than previously believed, but also reaffirms the need to protect riparian habitat, springs, ponds, woodland seeps and other preferred, moist habitats containing mossy areas used as primary egg deposition sites.

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Five-Year Study Of Geocarpon Minimum At Warren Prairie Natural Area Bradley County, Arkansas, William M. Shepherd, Charles R. Preston, Robert Steinauer Jan 1991

Five-Year Study Of Geocarpon Minimum At Warren Prairie Natural Area Bradley County, Arkansas, William M. Shepherd, Charles R. Preston, Robert Steinauer

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Geocarpon minimum, listed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service as threatened, was monitored at Warren Prairie Natural Area, Bradley County, Arkansas, 1986-90. Selected environmental variables were compared with Geocarpon productivity plot by plot. Principal components (PC) analysis generated two eigenvectors that jointly accounted for 30% of the variation among plots. PC-l describes an exposure gradient; high-productivity plots had less litter and grass cover, more cryptogamic lip, and more iron nodules lying on the surface than most other plots. PC-II was more useful for separating highly productive plots from all other plots; the highly productive plots lay in close proximity …

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Development And Evaluation Of Tracer Particles For Use In Microzooplankton Herbivory Studies, Mary Putt Jan 1991

Development And Evaluation Of Tracer Particles For Use In Microzooplankton Herbivory Studies, Mary Putt

OES Faculty Publications

Two methods of preparing algae for use as tracer particles in single species measurements of microzooplankton herbivory were evaluated. Algae were either heat-killed and labelled with 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl amino fluorescein) (DTAF) (Rublee & Gallegos 1989; Mar, Ecol. Prog. Ser. 51: 221-227) or stained with hydroethidine (HYD). Both DTAF and HYD-stained algae were readily visible within the digestive vacuoles of most microzooplankton collected in estuarine and coastal waters of Massachusetts (USA) and preserved with Lugol's iodine. However, DTAF was ineffective at staining several chromophytic algae and the heat-kill process reduced cell volume by ≥ 50% in several of the algae which were …

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Factors Affecting Parental Investment Strategies In Male Waterbugs, Scott Kight Jan 1991

Factors Affecting Parental Investment Strategies In Male Waterbugs, Scott Kight

Masters Theses

Male giant waterbugs (Belostoma flumineum Say) brood eggs oviposited on their dorsi by conspecific females. Preliminary observations indicate that viable egg pads are sometimes discarded before hatching. Theory predicts that such behavior should occur only if costs incurred by brooding exceed benefits of hatching the egg pad. The amount of paternal investment per pad should be similar for both large and small pad sizes, but as egg pads become smaller, investment per egg increases. Thus, smaller pads should be more likely to be discarded unhatched than larger ones. Similarly, egg pads containing inviable eggs should also be more frequently …

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Slope Effects On Shortwave Radiation Components And Net Radiation: Interim Report For Period April 1, 1991- December 31, 1991, E. A. Walter-Shea, B. L. Blad, C. J. Hays, M. A. Mesarch Jan 1991

Slope Effects On Shortwave Radiation Components And Net Radiation: Interim Report For Period April 1, 1991- December 31, 1991, E. A. Walter-Shea, B. L. Blad, C. J. Hays, M. A. Mesarch

School of Natural Resources: Documents and Reviews

No abstract provided.

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Wildlife Corridors In The Wheatbelt, Richard Hobbs, Denis Saunders Jan 1991

Wildlife Corridors In The Wheatbelt, Richard Hobbs, Denis Saunders

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Native vegetation in the Western Australian wheatbelt now persists mostly in small areas that remained uncleared for various reasons. (See 'Remnant vegetation on farms is a valuable resource' on page 43.) On their own, most of these remnant areas are difficult to manage, and too small to retain viable populations of many of the birds and other animals found in the wheatbelt. These patches of vegetation can be linked by wildlife corridors, which may increase the ability of the wildlife to move about and persist in the area

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Organochlorine Pesticide Concentrations In Various Species Of Migratory Passerines In Louisiana, Ragupathy Kannan Jan 1991

Organochlorine Pesticide Concentrations In Various Species Of Migratory Passerines In Louisiana, Ragupathy Kannan

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Twenty-four specimens of southbound migratory passerines comprising 13 species were collected in northeastern Louisiana during 1986, and were subjected to gas-chromatography analyses for organochlorine pesticide compounds. Eleven of the specimens analyzed (46%) were positive for pesticides. The compounds detected were in trace amounts ranging from 1.37 to 200.14 ppb. The data indicated a further decline in pesticide burdens in birds since the ban on DDT. It also supported the hypothesis that a post-mortem breakdown of DDT to DDE may occur in avian tissues. Itis hypothesized that northbound migrants may have higher pesticide burdens than fall migrants considering the continued usage …

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Past And Present Distribution Of The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Picoides Borealis And Its Habitat In The Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, Joseph C. Neal, Warren G. Montague Jan 1991

Past And Present Distribution Of The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Picoides Borealis And Its Habitat In The Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, Joseph C. Neal, Warren G. Montague

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Within the past 15 years, at least 41 and probably more active cavity tree clusters (or colonies) of Red cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) have existed in remnant, mature shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) woodlands in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. These clusters were located on both private timberlands and in the Ouachita National Forest. Fewer than half of this number were still active in early 1991, and none remained on private timberlands. The species is presently restricted to the xeric, western margins of the Ouachitas in Scott and Polk counties within the confines of the Ouachita National Forest where it receives …

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An Analysis Of Stomach Contents Of The Ouachita Madtom In Three Streams Of The Upper Saline River Drainage, Arkansas, Tim M. Patton, Mark L. Zornes Jan 1991

An Analysis Of Stomach Contents Of The Ouachita Madtom In Three Streams Of The Upper Saline River Drainage, Arkansas, Tim M. Patton, Mark L. Zornes

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

A study was conducted to identify typical foods eaten by the Ouachita madtom (Noturus lachneri), an endemic ictalurid of central Arkansas, and to compare these foods to the invertebrate community. Fish and invertebrate samples were collected in August and October, 1990, from a pool and adjacent riffle habitat in each of 3 streams in the upper Saline River drainage. Kick-net and electrofishing samples were collected at each site and the invertebrate organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxa. Stomachs from the N. lachneri specimens were removed and the contents were identified to order. Frequency of occurrence of each taxon …

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Distribution, Scutellation, And Reproduction In The Queen Snake, Regina Septemvittata (Serpentes: Colubridae), From Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth Jan 1991

Distribution, Scutellation, And Reproduction In The Queen Snake, Regina Septemvittata (Serpentes: Colubridae), From Arkansas, Stanley E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The queen snake, Regina septemvittata, has a disjunct portion of its distribution in Arkansas. This rare, crayfish-eating species is best known from only a few isolated populations from several major streams that flow out of the Boston Mountains of the Ozark Plateau. A field study of this species was conducted during the summer of 1990, and only 4 specimens were documented. Gravid females were collected in July; sperm production was also noted in July. Parturition presumably takes place in August or early September. This species may qualify as threatened or endangered in Arkansas.

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Aggressive Interactions Between Male Cotton Mice (Peromyscus Gossypinus) And Male Texas Mice (P. Attwateri), John A. Peppers, David W. Royal, Gary A. Heidt Jan 1991

Aggressive Interactions Between Male Cotton Mice (Peromyscus Gossypinus) And Male Texas Mice (P. Attwateri), John A. Peppers, David W. Royal, Gary A. Heidt

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

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Ecología Profunda, Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 1991

Ecología Profunda, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

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El Mundo Se Desertifica A Pasos Agigantados, Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 1991

El Mundo Se Desertifica A Pasos Agigantados, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

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Auditoría Ambiental De Venezuela 1990. Reporte De La Situación Ecológica Del País Hasta El 31 De Diciembre De 1990, Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 1991

Auditoría Ambiental De Venezuela 1990. Reporte De La Situación Ecológica Del País Hasta El 31 De Diciembre De 1990, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

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Specimen Catalog, Robert W. Dickerman Jan 1991

Specimen Catalog, Robert W. Dickerman

Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs

No abstract provided.

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Introgression Of Coyote Mitochondrial Dna Into Sympatric North American Gray Wolf Populations, Niles Lehman, Andrew Eisenhawer, Kimberly Hansen, L. David Mech, Rolf O. Peterson, Peter J. P. Gogan, Robert K. Wayne Jan 1991

Introgression Of Coyote Mitochondrial Dna Into Sympatric North American Gray Wolf Populations, Niles Lehman, Andrew Eisenhawer, Kimberly Hansen, L. David Mech, Rolf O. Peterson, Peter J. P. Gogan, Robert K. Wayne

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes of gray wolves and coyotes from localities throughout North America were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Of the 13 genotypes found among the wolves, 7 are clearly of coyote origin, indicating that genetic transfer of coyote mtDNA into wolf populations has occurred through hybridization. The transfer of mtDNA appears unidirectional from coyotes into wolves because no coyotes sampled have a wolf-derived mtDNA genotype. Wolves possessing coyote-derived genotypes are confined to a contiguous geographic region in Minnesota, Ontario, and Quebec, and the frequency of coyote- type mtDNA in these wolf populations is high (> 500%). The …

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Searching Image In The Pigeon: A Test Of Three Hypothetical Mechanisms, Alan B. Bond, Donald A. Riley Jan 1991

Searching Image In The Pigeon: A Test Of Three Hypothetical Mechanisms, Alan B. Bond, Donald A. Riley

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

The searching image hypothesis was originally proposed to account for the observation that animals selecting among disparate foods often consume an excess of the more common types. The hypothesis states that animals searching for a particular cryptic food item focus on visual features that are characteristic of that item, thereby facilitating its discrimination from the background. A change in stimulus discriminability is not, however, the only feasible explanation for the effect. One alternative is a simple change in response bias, an increased predisposition to respond to food-related stimuli. Another possible hypothesis derives from the fact that the amount of time …

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Social Behavior And The Ontogeny Of Foraging In The Kea (Nestor Notabilis), Judy Diamond, Alan B. Bond Jan 1991

Social Behavior And The Ontogeny Of Foraging In The Kea (Nestor Notabilis), Judy Diamond, Alan B. Bond

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

Kea are omnivorous parrots endemic to the high mountains of the South Island of New Zealand. Over a two-year period, we recorded quantitative behavioral data from 38 banded male kea foraging at a refuse dump outside Arthur's Pass National Park and analyzed the effects of social factors on the ontogeny of foraging. Members of the four distinguishable age classes — fledglings, juveniles, subadults, and adults — displayed characteristic differences in foraging ability and in the social behavior used to obtain access to resources. Adults performed most of the excavation that uncovered new food resources. Fledglings explored and manipulated objects almost …

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Sexual Dimorphism In The Kea Nestor Notabilis, Alan B. Bond, Kerry-Jayne Wilson, Judy Diamond Jan 1991

Sexual Dimorphism In The Kea Nestor Notabilis, Alan B. Bond, Kerry-Jayne Wilson, Judy Diamond

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

Morphological differences between the sexes in Keas Nestor notabilis were quantified from a sample of 86 sexed museum specimens, nine sexed zoo captives and 129 live, wild-caught birds. The results demonstrate that Kea are sexually dimorphic. Males are about 5% larger than females in linear measurements of body size and their upper bills are on average 12-14% longer, with a slightly larger radius of curvature. The dimorphism in bill size was statistically independent of the difference in overall body size, suggesting the possibility of intersexual differences in niche utilisation. Culmen length appears to be a useful means for distinguishing sexes …

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Eumeces Septentrionalis (Prairie Skink): Piscivory., Louis A. Somma Jan 1991

Eumeces Septentrionalis (Prairie Skink): Piscivory., Louis A. Somma

Papers in Herpetology

The prairie skink is a North American lizard characterized by a diet that is primarily insectivorous (Breckenridge 1943. Amer. MidI. Nat. 29:591-606). Fish have not been previously recorded as a food item (reviewed in Somma and Cochran 1989. Great Basin Nat. 49:525-534). On 3 June 1990 between 0930 and 1030 h, six Eumeces septentrionalis (three gravid females, one male, and two juveniles) were captured from amongst riprap and beneath stone slabs on the earthen dam forming the windward shoreline of Burchard lake, Pawnee Co., Nebraska (T.12N., R.10E., Sec. 4). The three females and one juvenile were placed in the …

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Herbivore-Plant Interaction: Temperate And Tropical Patterns: Review Of Peter W. Price Et Al., Eds., Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology In Tropical And Temperate Regions, Svata M. Louda Jan 1991

Herbivore-Plant Interaction: Temperate And Tropical Patterns: Review Of Peter W. Price Et Al., Eds., Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology In Tropical And Temperate Regions, Svata M. Louda

Svata M. Louda Publications

This book is an interesting compendium of old and new thoughts on the interactions of herbivores, especially insect herbivores, with plants; the title, however, seems a bit more ambitious. Pollination, for example, surely an important "plant-animal interaction" in both temperate and tropical regions, is mentioned only in passing. This most likely reflects the book's origins in an international symposium on the evolutionary ecology of tropical herbivores. As usual in such a collection of papers, the papers vary in purpose, length, and new insights; even papers that are reviews of previously published information, however, seem to me to present the authors' …

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Dietary And Parasitological Analysis Of Coprolites Recovered From Mummy 5, Ventana Cave, Arizona, Karl Reinhard, Richard H. Hevly Jan 1991

Dietary And Parasitological Analysis Of Coprolites Recovered From Mummy 5, Ventana Cave, Arizona, Karl Reinhard, Richard H. Hevly

Karl Reinhard Publications

Four coprolites were excavated with Burial 5 at Ventana Cave. a partially mummified five-year-old child. Two coprolites were granular and dark in color and two were fibrous and light in color. The coprolites are remains of the child's intestinal contents and were submitted for dietary and parasitological analysis. No parasites were found. The fibrous coprolites proved to be remains of highly masticated mesquite pods (Prosopis). The granular coprolites consist of seeds of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea). Pollen analysis reveals two dietary pollen types, both derived from cactus. No evidence of cultivated plants except for a trace amount of …

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Littoral And Limnetic Zooplankton Communities In Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona, Usa, Patrick J. Sollberger, Larry J. Paulson Jan 1991

Littoral And Limnetic Zooplankton Communities In Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona, Usa, Patrick J. Sollberger, Larry J. Paulson

Publications (WR)

Zooplankton were collected from adjacent littoral and limnetic sites in Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona, USA. Limnetic species dominated both littoral and limnetic zooplankton communities; littoral species rarely exceeded 2% of monthly total zooplankton densities. Low species richness of littoral taxa and high similarity in species composition between littoral and limnetic habitats appeared to result from uniform horizontal physical and chemical environments, due to horizontal mixing, and from the absence aquatic macrophytes. Significant differences in spatial distribution occurred in phytoplankton biomass, total zooplankton density, and fish "abundances; highest concentrations of these factors occurred nearest an inflow high in nutrients and progressively declined …

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Observations Of The Phytoplankton Standing Crop At The Shelf Margin Of The Mid Atlantic Bight, Bruce B. Wagoner, Harold G. Marshall Jan 1991

Observations Of The Phytoplankton Standing Crop At The Shelf Margin Of The Mid Atlantic Bight, Bruce B. Wagoner, Harold G. Marshall

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

A comparison of the total percentage cell abundance and cell biovolume relationships of major phytoplankton categories was made between two station sets across the shelf margin. Diatom values for abundance and biovolume were greater at oceanic stations compared to the outer shelf stations, with dinoflagellates having the reverse pattern. The composite contributions to biovolume and abundance in the standing crop from other phytoplankton categories were greater over the outer shelf than beyond the shelf margin. The major source of biovolume (biomass) from the outer shelf and these oceanic stations came from the diatoms and dinoflagellates, with an average mean of …

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The Distribution And Reproductive Phenology Of The Milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias And Cynanchum) In Nebraska, Robert B. Kaul, Steven B. Rolfsmeier, Jeffrey J. Esch Jan 1991

The Distribution And Reproductive Phenology Of The Milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias And Cynanchum) In Nebraska, Robert B. Kaul, Steven B. Rolfsmeier, Jeffrey J. Esch

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

The Asclepiadaceae are represented in Nebraska by seventeen native species of Asclepias and one of Cynanchum. Two species are here added to the State's flora: Asclepias asperula and A. purpurascens. Detailed county distribution maps are presented for all species based upon our extensive field and herbarium work, and numerous additions and corrections are made to the maps published in the Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains in 1977. A map is presented showing the zone of hybridization of A. speciosa with A. syriaca in central Nebraska. Data are given on flowering and fruiting phenology for each …

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New And Corrected Floristic Records For Nebraska, Steven B. Rolfsmeier, Robert B. Kaul, David M. Sutherland Jan 1991

New And Corrected Floristic Records For Nebraska, Steven B. Rolfsmeier, Robert B. Kaul, David M. Sutherland

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Nineteen species (including eight Eurasian ones) are newly recorded for Nebraska: Alopecurus arundinaceus, Amaranthus californicus, Asclepias asperula, A. purpurascens, Cardamine {lexuosa*, Centaurea diffusa, Dipsacus laciniatus, Eriochloa villosa, Euclidium syriacum, Gentiana alba, Geranium viscosissimum, Geum vernum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Haplopappus multicaulis, Heterotheca latifolia, Lathyrus tuberosus, Polygonum douglasii, Scirpus saximontanus, Veronica biloba. Twenty-one others are shown to be more widespread in Nebraska than previously known, one has a more restricted range than previously reported, two (Scirpus smithii, S. torreyi) are deleted from the flora based upon corrected identifications, and the status of some rarely-collected species is updated. Thirty-two additions, two …

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