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Elucidating The Structure And Regulatory Interactions Of The Hotair Non-Coding Rna And The Bacterial Rnase P. Holoenzyme, Ainur Abzhanova

Dissertations (1934 -)

RNA structures and RNA-protein interactions are studied as potential drug targets, biomarkers in cancer, and can be administered as vaccines. The cancer associated HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA) exists in higher vertebrates and interacts with chromatin remodeling enzymes. We examined the thermodynamic folding properties and structural propensity of the exonic regions of HOTAIR using biophysical methods and NMR spectroscopy. Different exons of HOTAIR contain variable degrees of structural heterogeneity. We identify one exonic region, exon 4, that adopts a stable and compact fold under low magnesium concentrations. Close agreement of NMR spectroscopy and chemical probing confirm conserved base pair interactions …

Scope And Mechanistic Studies Of Ruthenium Catalyzed C-C And C-N Bond Activation Reactions, Dulanjali Thennakoon

Dissertations (1934 -)

Transition metal catalyzed selective C–C and C–N bond activation reactions emerged as an effective synthetic tool in organic chemistry. Reorganization of these bond connections allows access to complex molecular scaffolds from readily available starting materials which are immensely useful for organic synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. While enormous progress has been achieved to date, major challenges still remain in desigining broad applicable catalytic bond activation methods. The well-defined cationic Ru–H complex with a benzoquinone ligand was found to be an effective catalytic system for the deaminative coupling reaction of enones with amines which enable regioselective cleavage of unstrained Cα–Cβ bond of …

Identification Of The Autoregulatory Properties And Molecular Interactions Of The Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1 Enzyme, Dulmi Senanayaka

Dissertations (1934 -)

The conserved chromatin-remodeling enzyme, Lysine-Specific histone1/2 Demethylase 1 (LSD1) primarily demethylates Histone H3K4me , acting as a transcriptional repressor. It plays pivotal roles in various physiological processes including cancer and interacts with many regulatory proteins, non-coding RNAs, and small metabolites. However, little biochemical information is known about LSD1’s N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and how LSD1 interacts with various biomolecules in the context of nucleosome. I present evidence that the IDR of LSD1, containing multiple post translational modifications (PTMs) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS), can act as a reversible competitive autoinhibitor of LSD1’s activity. This autoinhibition can be relieved …

Adsorption Performance Of Mg0.33ni0.33co0.33fe2o4 Nanoparticles Doped With Gadolinium And Lanthanum For Lead (Ii) Removal, Mariam Rabaa, Amani Aridi, Ghassan Younes, Ramadan Awad

BAU Journal - Science and Technology

The issue of water pollution has become a major concern in recent times, and the need for effective strategies for treating contaminated water sources has become more urgent. One promising approach that has been gaining attention in the field of wastewater treatment is the use of nano-ferrites. In this regard, novel Mg_0.33Ni_0.33Co_0.33La_xFe_2-xO₄ and Mg_0.33Ni_0.33Co_0.33Gd_xFe_2-xO₄ nanoparticles (NPs), where x = 0.00, 0.01 and 0.08, were synthesized to test their adsorption performance for the removal of Pb (II). The structural …

Exploring The Influence Of Online Inquiry Learning With E-Scaffolding Prompting Question On Problem-Solving Skills In The Work And Energy Topic For Islamic Senior High School Students, Arrika Wifqotu Lailin Nafisah, Supriyono Koes Handayanto, Sunaryono Sunaryono, Chokchai Yuenyong

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This comprehensive investigation delves into the impact of integrating e-scaffolding prompting questions into online inquiry learning on students' problem-solving skills (PSS). With an explanatory design and a mixed-methods approach, the study focuses on XI-MIPA class students at MAN 1 Kediri City during the academic year 2022-2023. Utilizing meticulously crafted learning instruments, five problem-solving skills questions, and precise interview guidelines, the research employs triangulation through pre-tests, post-tests, and in- depth interviews. Quantitative data undergoes rigorous scrutiny via Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The primary objective is to unveil the discernible influence of online inquiry learning complemented by e-scaffolding on the nuanced domain …

Utilization Of Palm Waste Charcoal Briquettes (Abls) As Thematic-Based Integrated Science Learning Materials For Middle School Students, Sausan Fatin Nurazizah, Rendy Wikrama Wardana, Bhakti Karyadi, Henny Johan, Deni Parlindungan, Fitri Mulyani, Lasriani Lasriani

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This investigation was conducted with the objective of evaluating the efficacy of ABLS ignition and formulating instructional materials for junior high school science education through the integration of e-booklets containing thematic-based science content. The research design employed herein adheres to the principles of experimentation and model development, falling under the category of Research and Development (R&D). The experimental cohort was stratified into three groups denoted as A1 (70% shell charcoal: 30% bunch charcoal), A2 (50% shell charcoal: 50% bunch charcoal), and A3 (30% shell charcoal: 70% bunch charcoal). The development of science learning materials was realized through integration with cobwebs, …

The Effect Of Online Discovery-Inquiry Learning On Improving Critical Thinking Ability And Concept Mastery In Temperature And Heat Materials, Fildzah Purvita Dewi, Lia Yuliati, Edi Supriana

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

The research endeavors to investigate the impact of implementing discovery-inquiry learning concerning the topic of temperature and heat on the enhancement of students’ critical thinking abilities and concept mastery. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design, employing a pretest-posttest control group framework. A cluster random sampling technique was applied to select the research sample, which comprised 36 students from class XI MIPA 3 (control group) and class XI MIPA 4 (experimental group) at SMA Negeri Rambipuji. The assessment instruments employed were two essay-shaped tests, specifically designed for evaluating critical thinking ability and concept mastery. Data analysis involved the utilization of independent …

Exploring High School Students' Concept Mastery Of Work And Energy Topics: A Quantitative Descriptive Study With Insights For Stem Learning, Maharani Karunia Putri, Parno Parno, Nuril Munfaridah, Marlina Ali

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This quantitative descriptive study investigates the concept mastery of work and energy among high school students, specifically focusing on 105 students from the XI MIPA Laboratory UM High School. The research employs a concept mastery test, adapting Bloom's taxonomy indicators from C2 to C6, comprising 15 reasoned multiple-choice questions with a reliability value of 0.704. Student responses, categorized into No Response (NR), No Understanding (NU), Incorrect Understanding (IU), Partial Understanding (PU), and Sound Understanding (SU), reveal a prevalent mastery level in the category of Incorrect Understanding or partial comprehension of misconceptions. Specifically, NR, NU, IU, PU, and SU categories are …

Study Of Scientific Reasoning And Concept Mastery Of Students Through Guided Inquiry Learning Model Assisted By Formative Assessment, Selvina Visbad Saiya, Sentot Kusairi, Sunaryono Sunaryono

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This study endeavors to assess the impact of guided inquiry learning, complemented by formative assessment, on students’ scientific reasoning (SR) and concept mastery (CM). The research involved 20 students from class XI A at SMA Muhammadiyah 02 Sumberpucung, utilizing questions adapted from the modified Lawson classroom test of scientific reasoning (MLCTSR) to measure SR, and the force concept inventory (FCI) to gauge CM. The instructional focus was Newton’s law of motion. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed for data interpretation. The findings revealed a substantial influence of the guided inquiry learning model on SR, with a d-effect size value …

Zinc-Mediated Reductive Acylation And Silylation Of Various P-Quinone Derivatives, Katrinah I. Tirado

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Quinones are compounds containing cyclohexadiene diones and can be found in a variety of biological systems. Quinones participate in redox cycling to initiate the formation of free radicals which contributed to their overall biological activity. When quinones are reduced by either biological or chemical reductants, they can become unstable and undergo autoxidation back to their quinoidal form. One way to avoid autoxidation is the use of protected hydroquinones. Many protected hydroquinones in literature have been shown to be efficient in drug delivery as probes or molecular containers or they can act like prodrugs to be released into active forms to …

Development And Application Of Γ-Aa Peptide On Enzyme Mimetic And Biomolecular Agents, Meng Gu

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation investigates the multifaceted utility of γ-AA peptides in various biological contexts, highlighting their capability in mimicking bioactive proteins, facilitating novel drug discovery, and obstructing protein-protein interactions. Initially, we introduced the design of an ingenious γ-AA peptide scaffold that replicates the hydrolysis capabilities of natural enzymes, with the intention to overcome their stability limitations. Notably, the designed catalyst exhibited excellent esterase activity with the coordination of Zn2+. Subsequently, optimization of a linear γ-AA peptide compound through a dimeric strategy resulted in P3-1, a potent inhibitor of amyloid-β 42. Evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro experiments, its potential …

An Aptamer-Based Microelectrode With Tunable Linear Range For Monitoring Of K+ In The Living Mouse Brain, Yuan-Dong Liu, Jia-Run Li, Li-Min Zhang, Yang Tian

Journal of Electrochemistry

Potassium ion (K⁺) is widely involved in several physiopathological processes, and its abnormal changes are closely related to the occurrence of brain diseases of cerebral ischemia. In vivo acquirement of K⁺ variation is significant to understand the roles of K⁺ playing in brain functions. A microelectrode based on single-stranded DNA aptamers was developed for highly selective detection of K⁺ in brain, in which the aptamer probes were designed to contain an aptamer part for specific recognition of K⁺, an alkynyl group used for stable confinement of aptamer probe on the gold surface, and …

Boronate Affinity-Assisted Electrochemically Controlled Atrp For Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Aptasensing Of Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Qiong Hu, Shi-Qi Li, Yi-Yi Liang, Wen-Xing Feng, Yi-Lin Luo, Xiao-Jing Cao, Li Niu

Journal of Electrochemistry

As an acidic glycoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is of great value as a broad-spectrum tumor marker in the differential diagnosis and surveillance of malignant tumors. In this work, we report an electrochemical aptasensor for the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of CEA, taking advantage of the dual amplification by the boronate affinity-assisted electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (BA-eATRP). Specifically, the BA-eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensing of CEA involves the capture of target antigens by nucleic acid aptamers, the covalent crosslinking of ATRP initiators to CEA antigens via the selective interactions between the phenylboronic acid (PBA) group and the cis-diol group of …

Modeling Exciton Migration In Two-Dimensional Space, Christian D. Etnyre

DePaul Discoveries

Computational analysis through density matrix quantum mechanics was performed to model exciton migration in two-dimensional space for a zinc-substituted tetraazaphthalocyanine. The model produced resembles a two-dimensional sheet of molecules. Energy transport mechanisms, controlled by point dipole couplings, were evaluated while altering the size of the crystal lattice. It was determined that energy transport was much more significant with a decreasing size of the crystal lattice. Likewise, the result of increasing the size of the crystal lattice had the effect of dampening the rate of energy transport. It was of interest to determine, with varying crystal lattice dimensions, the time that …

Synthesis Of Constrained N-Heterocyclic Peptidomimetics And Development Of Strain-Release Reagents, Kyle P. Pedretty

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Part 1:The initial portion of this dissertation delves into the enhancement of β-sheet secondary structure stability through modification of the peptide backbone while examining the conformational characteristics of peptides featuring N-amino substituents. The investigation consists of two major studies, presented in separate sections. The first study outlines various approaches to achieve stable β-hairpin folds by introducing N-amino substituents to peptide strands. A novel method utilizing on-resin Mitsunobu cyclization between α-hydrazino acid residues and a serine or homoserine side chain was utilized to incorporate pyrazolidinone and tetrahydropyridazinone dipeptide constraints. To evaluate the impact of cyclic N-amino peptide building blocks on β-hairpin …

Metal-Organic Frameworks For Electrochemical And Electrochemiluminescent Immunoassay, Xiao-Li Qin, Zi-Ying Zhan, Sara Jahanghiri, Kenneth Chu, Cong-Yang Zhang, Zhi-Feng Ding

Journal of Electrochemistry

Development of ultrasensitive, highly accurate and selective immunosensors is significant for the early diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of diseases. Electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassays have both attracted great attention and become a current research hotspot due to their advantages such as good stability, high sensitivity and selectivity, wide linear range, and good controllability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new class of porous crystalline materials, have been widely applied in electrochemical and ECL immunosensors owing to their large specific surface area, good chemical stability, as well as adjustable pore size and nanoscale framework structures. Various MOF nanomaterials with different properties for …

Colorful "Stars" In The Dark, Chao Jing, Yi-Tao Long

Journal of Electrochemistry

Plasmonic nanoparticles such as Au and Ag with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property exhibit unique scattering and absorption features. The plasmonic scattering and absorption bands are mainly located at visible light region which can be easily applied in visual detections. By modulating the size, shape, and composition of gold and silver colloid solutions, plenty of colorimetric methods have been constructed for the detection of metal ions, biomolecules, and environmental contaminants, etc. For many years, the LSPR-based measurements are implemented in reagent tubes. Since 2000, the plasmon resonance scattering (PRS) light of metal nanoparticles captured by dark-field microscopy enables the …

Recent Advances In Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Pathogenic Bacteria Sensing, Tao Chen, Yuan-Hong Xu, Jing-Hong Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

Pathogenic bacteria have been throwing great threat on human health for thousands of years. Their real-time monitoring is in urgent need as it could effectively halt the spread of pathogenic bacteria and thus reducing the risk to human health. Up till now, diverse technologies such as electrochemistry, optics, piezoelectricity and calorimetry have been developed for bacteria sensing. Therein, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based sensors show great potential in point-of-care bacterial analysis because of their low-cost, short read-out time, good reproducibility, and portable equipment construction. In this review, we will primarily summarize the typical applications of electrochemical impedance technology in bacteria sensing …

N–((2–Acetylphenyl)Carbamothioyl)Benzamide: Synthesis, Crystal Structure Analysis, And Theoretical Studies, Akin Oztaslar, Hakan Arslan

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

N–((2–Acetylphenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide has been synthesized and characterized. The molecular conformation of the investigated compound is stabilized by C16–H16B⋅⋅⋅O2ⁱ (i: 1+x, y, z) intermolecular and C14–H14⋅⋅⋅S1, N2–H2⋅⋅⋅O2, and N2–H2⋅⋅⋅O1 intramolecular H–bonds. All DFT calculations have been implemented at the B3LYP level with the 6–311G(d,p) basis set. The optimized molecular structure parameters have been compared with the experimental one in the solid phase. The energy gap, global chemical reactivity descriptor parameters, MEP, Fukui functions, DoS, NLO, and NBO analysis were also computed and investigated. The intermolecular interactions and their energies are evaluated using Hirshfeld surface and energy framework analyses. To determine …

Eutectic Formation And Cutaneous Wound Healing By Binary Allantoin- Octadecenedioic Acid System, Syed Waqar Hussain Shah, Farah Ali, Iram Bibi, Kashif Ali, Neelam Pervaiz, Mariyum Yousaf

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Eutectic formation in allantoin-octadecenedioic acid system (AOM) has been studied. The binary phase diagram revealed the existence of eutectic at X_allantoin = 0.7. Dioic acid caused disruption of network in allantoin and induced defects, ultimately causing the reduction in crystallinity as shown by XRD and SEM analysis. The thermal stability in TGA graphs of allantoin was negligibly altered after mixture formation. Classical hydrogen bonding and alkyl interactions were predicted using software Avogadro and BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The functionalities involved in interactions taking place in the system were studied through in-depth FT-IR spectroscopy. The eutectic showed efficacy for cutaneous wound …

Methods Of Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy And Analysis For Porphyrins And Polymer Thin-Films, Emigdio E. Turner

Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs

This dissertation describes the construction of two high precision magneto-polarimeters for performing Faraday rotation and Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) measurements of polymer thin-films. There is a focus in materials science on the development of thin-film magneto-optically active materials. These materials could allow for the construction of a thin-film optical diode, an important device for next-generation photonic technology. Upon completion of the Faraday rotation spectrometer, two publications were generated from Faraday rotation measurements of novel polymer thin-film materials.

With growing interest by materials scientists in magneto-optically active transition-metal containing materials, an MCD spectrometer was constructed to study these materials. This spectrometer …

Investigating The Activity Of Alternative Warheads For Targeted Covalent Inhibition Of The Inhibitor Vertebrate Lysozyme Protein From Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Katie Hambrick

Master of Science in Chemical Sciences Theses

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes blood and lung infections in hospital environments due to its ability to survive on improperly sterilized medical equipment. P. aeruginosa has developed several multi-drug resistance mechanisms that make it very difficult to treat with current antibiotics.¹ This presents the need for a new class of antibiotics that cannot be overcome by P. aeruginosa’s mechanisms of resistance.

The primary goal of this project was to develop a small library of inhibitors that could later be incorporated into lead compounds for novel antibiotic drug discovery. One of P. …

Study Of Antioxidant Activity Of The Derivatives Of Quinoline-4-Carboxylic Acids By The Modification Of Isatin Via Pfitzinger Reaction, Sakti Hidayati Fikriya, Antonius Herry Cahyana

Makara Journal of Science

In this study, a quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivative was synthesized through Pfitzinger reaction. In this reaction, isatin is modified via its reaction with ketone and refluxed for 24 h to obtain quinoline-4-carboxylic acid. The presence of a carboxylic group was identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The results showed that the absorption peaks of C=O and O–H stretching’s were detected in the range of 1724–1708 and 3436–3242 cm⁻¹, respectively. In the UV-vis spectrum, a shift in the absorption peak was observed toward a larger wavelength, which is referred as a bathochromic shift. The formation …

Physicochemical Changes And Role Of Analytical Chemistry In Black Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Processing, Surjani Wonorahardjo, Dian Puspita Sari, Arini Salsabila, Estiyawati Estiyawati, Dewi Yuliani, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, Suharti Suharti, Irma Kartika Kusumaningrum, Chariztya Anggita Maharani, Thjiong Angelina Noviyanti

Makara Journal of Science

Black garlic is a traditional spice having potential of herbal medicine; however, continuous heating darkens its color and changes its taste due to chemical processes and new equilibrium in the system. In this study, fresh garlic was processed into black garlic at 60 °C for 24 days. Changes in physical and chemical parameters, such as browning and protein content, reducing sugar content, and antioxidative components were recorded. Protein content was measured by Kjeldahl method, brown color development was analyzed using a color reader, reducing sugar was examined using a dinitro salicylic DNS reagent, and antioxidative activities were studied with a …

Symbiotic Ucyn-A Strains Co-Occurred With El Niño, Relaxed Upwelling, And Varied Eukaryotes Over 10 Years Off Southern California, Colette Fletcher-Hoppe, Yi-Chun Yeh, Yubin Raut, J. L. Weissman, Jed A. Fuhrman

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Biological nitrogen fixation, the conversion of N₂ gas into a bioavailable form, is vital to sustaining marine primary production. Studies have shifted beyond traditionally studied tropical diazotrophs. Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium thalassa (or UCYN-A) has emerged as a focal point due to its streamlined metabolism, intimate partnership with a haptophyte host, and broad distribution. Here, we explore the environmental parameters that govern UCYN-A’s presence at the San Pedro Ocean Time-series (SPOT), its host specificity, and statistically significant interactions with non-host eukaryotes from 2008-2018. 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequences were amplified by “universal primers” from monthly samples and resolved into Amplicon …

Synthesis, Characterization, And Separation Of Loaded Liposomes For Drug Delivery, Sandra Khalife

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Liposomes are viable candidates for drug delivery vehicles due to their ability to protect loaded compounds, dampen side effects of drugs, and be delivered to target sites in the body. The amphipathic nature of these lipid vesicles makes them very customizable through careful selection of bilayer and aqueous core components as well as synthetic and downsizing methods. However, synthetic methods may result in unencapsulated compounds remaining present alongside loaded liposomes, which require removal before the liposome suspension can be used.

This work explores the use of model DOPC as well as DOPC and CHOL liposomes and the methods that were …

Computational Qsar & Molecular Docking Of Anti- Inflammatory Asthma Drugs Against Human Serum Albumin: A Computational Approach Towards Drug Design & Drug Discovery, Sara Alkarimy

Theses and Dissertations

There is a growing need for medications to fight deep-rooted and new diseases because of their socioeconomic consequences, as evidenced by the COVID-19 epidemic which slowed down the economy and affected the social life of mankind globally. This work is a step among many other steps undertaken by research around the world in order to achieve this objective. Asthma is one of the diseases that causes the death of thousands of lives every year. This work aims at the development of novel anti-inflammatory asthma drugs where the quantum chemical descriptors of eleven anti-inflammatory asthma drugs including Ambroxol, Amoxicillin, Budesonide, Fluticasone, …

Effect Of Dual Inhibition Of Atypical Pkc Signaling And Pi3k/Akt Signaling On Cell Viability And Apoptosis In Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (Ccrcc)., Khandker M. Khalid

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer (85%); 75% of the cases involve conventional clear cell RCC (ccRCC). The choice of treatments recommended for clear cell carcinoma and non-clear cell carcinoma include partial nephrectomy (Stage I), radical nephrectomy (Stages II and III), and chemotherapy (stage IV). Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors can be a viable candidate in the chemotherapy of ccRCC because the PI3K/Akt pathway is frequently activated in RCC. Hence, PI3K inhibitors like Alpelisib (BYL719) can be chosen as a treatment. In addition, aPKCs (PKC-ί and PKC ζ) are overexpressed in most cancer cells, and they …

Investigation Of Challenging Transformations In Gold Catalysis, Qi Tang

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation mainly contains three parts: 1) Divergent gold catalysis for alkyne trifunctionalization, encompassing three distinct modes to achieve the simultaneous formation of C-N, C-O, and C-C bonds in a single step 2) the study and development of a new method to synthesize azaborine derivatives; and 3) the construction of benzotriazole boranes (BTAB) as stable four-coordinate N-B heterocycles through gold-catalyzed alkyne hydroboration.

In the first part, alkyne trifunctionalization via divergent gold catalysis will be introduced. This novel approach involves a sequence of reactions that combine gold π-activation, vinyl gold nucleophilic addition, and gold (III) reductive elimination. By utilizing this methodology, …

Square-Wave Voltammetry Enables Measurement Of Light-Activated Oxidations And Reductions On N-Type Semiconductor/Metal Junction Light-Addressable Electrochemical Sensors, Enock G. Arthur, Hana Ali, Armeen Hussain, Glen D. O’Neil

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

Light-addressable electrochemical (LAE) sensing is a photoelectrochemical technique that enables high-density, individually addressed electrochemical measurements using light to activate an electrochemical reaction at the surface of a semiconducting photoelectrode. However, one major challenge is that only one electrochemical reaction (oxidation or reduction) will be activated by light. Here, we used square-wave voltammetry (SWV) to enable measurement of both types of electrochemical reactions using n-Si/Au NP LAE sensors. We demonstrated this approach for the oxidation of ferrocene methanol and the reduction of ruthenium hexamine and methylene blue. We found that for all molecules, SWV showed dramatic improvements in current under illumination …