Digital Commons Network^™

On The Capillary Electrophoresis Of Monohydroxy Metabolites Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons And Its Application To The Analysis Of Biological Matrices, Gaston Knobel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of environmental pollutants consisting of a minimum of two fused aromatics rings originating from the incomplete combustion of organic matter and/or anthropogenic sources. Numerous possible anthropogenic and natural sources make the presence of PAH ubiquitous in the environment. The carcinogenic nature of some PAH and their ubiquitous presence makes their chemical analysis a topic of environmental and toxicological importance. Although environmental monitoring of PAH is an important step to prevent exposure to contaminated sites, it provides little information on the actual uptake and subsequent risks. Parent PAH are relatively inert and need metabolic …

Electrical, Optical And Chemical Properties Of Organic Photo Sensitve Materials, Zheng Shi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Light as a “green” source of energy has become increasingly attractive throughout the past century and has shown versatility for the application of activating chemical reactions. Compared with traditional energy sources, it provides a more direct, selective and controllable method. My PhD study was focused on the study of photochemistry of organic materials in two different systems. The first system is regarding reversible photoacids which generate protons on irradiation. With the aim of systematically studying these novel types of long lived photoacids, a series of photoacids was designed, synthesized and whose chemical mechanism was thoroughly investigated. This type of photoacid …

Development Of Novel Redox Sensors And Processes Towards Biological Applications, Jigna Patel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Research on the cure and early detection of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's is becoming of great interest due to the increasing number of people affected by them every year. An accurate and quick detection of various damaging species is highly critical in treatments of such diseases not only for exploring possible cures but also for early detection. If these diseases are detected during the initial stages than the possibility of curing them is much higher. Motivated by this, many researchers today have developed numerous types of sensing devices that can detect various physiological and biological compounds. However, …

Biochemical Characterization Of The Nifb Enzyme And Nifb-Cofactor, Jirair Gevorkyan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Mo-nitrogenase complex is composed of two components, Fe-protein and MoFe-protein. This complex is able to catalyze the reduction of N2 through the MgATP dependent transfer of electrons from the Fe-protein Fe4S4 cluster to the MoFe-protein P-cluster and, subsequently, to the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco). FeMo-co is a Fe7S9MoC-(R)-homocitrate cluster and has two biosynthetic precursors, NifB-co and L-cluster, of unknown structure and composition. The biosynthesis of FeMo-co is an enigmatic process that minimally requires NifB, NifEN, Fe-protein, MoO4 2- , (R)-homocitrate and S-adenolsylmethionine. A means to isolate the NifB enzyme for characterization has been developed through use of a GST-fusion tag. …

Plastic Deformation, Wrinkling, And Recovery In Microgel Multilayers, Jeffrey C. Gaulding, Mark W. Spears Jr., L. Andrew Lyon

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Microgel multi-layer films assembled from anionic particles and linear polycation were prepared on elastomeric substrates and their self-healing properties studied. Dried films were imaged in situ during mechanical deformation and were determined to undergo plastic deformation in response to linear strain, leading to film buckling upon strain relaxation. Hydration leads to rapid reorganization of the film building blocks, permitting recovery of the film to the undamaged state. Additionally, films were determined to heal in the presence of high relative humidity environments, suggesting that film swelling and hydration is a major factor in the restoration of film integrity, and that full …

Conical Intersection And Potential Energy Surface Features Of A Model Retinal Chromophore: Comparison Of Eom-Cc And Multireference Methods, Samer Gozem, Anna I. Krylov, Massimo Olivucci

Chemistry Faculty Publications

This work investigates the performance of equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) methods for describing the changes in the potential energy surfaces of the penta-2,4-dieniminium cation, a reduced model of the retinal chromophore of visual pigments, due to dynamical electron correlation effects. The ground-state wave function of this model includes charge-transfer and diradical configurations whose weights vary along different displacements and are rapidly changing at the conical intersection between the ground and the first excited states, making the shape of the potential energy surface sensitive to a balanced description of nondynamical and dynamical correlation. Recently, variational (MRCISD) and perturbative (MRPT2) approaches for including …

Lomustine Analogous Drug Structures For Intervention Of Brain And Spinal Cord Tumors: The Benefit Of In Silico Substructure Search And Analysis, Ronald Bartzatt

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Lomustine is a nitrosourea anticancer agent shown to be effective for treatment of childhood medulloblastoma. In silico substructure searches produced 17 novel nitrosourea agents analogous to lumustine and retaining activity for DNA alkylation and cytotoxic activity. The mean values for Log P, polar surface area, formula weight, number of oxygens & nitrogens, and rotatable bonds were 2.524, 62.89 Anstroms2, 232.8, 5, and 2, respectively. All 17 agents have formula weight less than 450 and Log P less than 5, two criteria preferred for blood-brain barrier penetration.These agents have a polar surface area less than 90 Angstroms2. Each show zero violations …

The Critical Role Of Mechanism-Based Models For Understanding And Predicting Liposomal Drug Loading, Binding And Release Kinetics, Sweta Modi

Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy

Liposomal delivery systems hold considerable promise for improvement of cancer therapy provided that critical formulation design criteria can be met. The main objective of the current project was to enable quality by design in the formulation of liposomal delivery systems by developing comprehensive, mechanism-based mathematical models of drug loading, binding and release kinetics that take into account not only the therapeutic requirement but the physicochemical properties of the drug, the bilayer membrane, and the intraliposomal microenvironment.

Membrane binding of the drug affects both drug loading and release from liposomes. The influence of bilayer composition and phase structure on the partitioning …

Amalgamation Of Nucleosides And Amino Acids In Antibiotic Biosynthesis, Sandra H. Barnard

Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy

The rapid increase in antibiotic resistance demands the identification of novel antibiotics with novel targets. One potential antibacterial target is the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan cell wall, which is both ubiquitous and necessary for bacterial survival. Both the caprazamycin-related compounds A-90289 and muraminomicin, as well as the capuramycin-related compounds A-503083 and A-102395 are potent inhibitors of the translocase I enzyme, one of the key enzymes required for cell wall biosynthesis. The caprazamycin-related compounds contain a core nonproteinogen b-hydroxy-a-amino acid referred to as 5’-C-glycyluridine (GlyU). Residing within the biosynthetic gene clusters of the aforementioned compounds is a shared open reading …

Antimicrobial Activity And Chemical Composition Of The Essential Oils Of Mosses (Hylocomium Splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. And Leucodon Sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr.) Growing In Turkey, Tayyi̇be Beyza Cansu, Büşra Yayli, Turan Özdemi̇r, Nevzat Batan, Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu, Nuretti̇n Yayli

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In the present work, the volatiles of mosses [Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. (Hylocomiaceae) and Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr. (Leucodontaceae)] have been investigated by GC-FID and GC/MS. Fifty-eight compounds in the oil of H. splendens, representing 75.4%, and 41 compounds in the oil of L. sciuroides, representing 87.6%, were identified. The major components were found to be \beta-pinene (11.6%) and \alpha-pinene (8.9%) in the oil of H. splendens, and nonanal (26.8%) and heptanal (13.7%) in the oil of L. sciuroides. The essential oil of H. splendens was rich in monoterpenes (30.8%), and aldehydes (49.9%) were the major constituents in the oil …

Synthesis And Characterization Of New Chromogenic Substrates For Exoglycosidases: \Alpha-Glucosidase, \Alpha-Mannosidase, And \Beta-Galactosidase, Dumitru Petru Iga, Richard Schmidt, Silvia Iga, Corina Loredana Hotoleanu, Florentina Duica, Alina Nicolescu, Silvia Stefania Gitman

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Glycosides of 4-nitrocatechol (1,2-dihydroxy 4-nitrobenzene) with \alpha-D-glucopyranose and \alpha-D-mannopyranose were synthesized by the glycosylation of phenol with peracetylated sugars in the presence of BF_3\cdot OBu_2. The glycoside of 4-nitrocatechol with \beta-D-galactopyranose was prepared by the glycosylation of this phenol as sodium phenoxide with tetra-O-benzoyl-\alpha-D- galactopyranosyl bromide. The structure of the reaction products was confirmed by ^1 H and ^{13}C NMR spectra and by chemical analysis. The latter consisted of acidic hydrolysis, followed by ethyl ether extraction and colorimetric determination of 4-nitrocatechol in the ether phase and application of the anthrone method for the sugar in the water phase. The synthetic …

Anticholinesterase Furocoumarins From Heracleum Platytaenium, A Species Endemic To The Ida Mountains, Demet Di̇ncel, Seda Damla Hatipoğlu, Ahmet Ceyhan Gören, Gülaçti Topçu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The petroleum ether extract of Heracleum platytaenium afforded 8 furocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, pimpinellin, isopimpinellin, sphondin, byakangelicin, and heraclenol) and the methanol extract of H. platytaenium gave only 1 glycosylated dihydrofurocoumarin, apterin. In addition, stigmasterol was also obtained from petroleum ether extract. Structure identification of the isolated compounds has been achieved by using spectroscopic methods, namely 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectral analyses. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and pure compounds was investigated by 2 methods, including DPPH free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity by \beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. The anticholinesterase activity of petroleum ether …

Optimization Of Synthesizing Glucose 1-Phosphate By Sodium Tripolyphosphate As A Phosphorus Acylating Agent Using Response Surface Methodology, Li 'E Jin, Fenfen Chang, Xiao Juan Wang, Qing Cao

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

With glucose as the starting material, sodium tripolyphosphate as the phosphorus acylating agent, and urea as the catalyst, glucose 1-phosphate was synthesized and its properties were analyzed. The synthesis conditions were selected according to the phosphorus content and optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM), based on a 3-level, 3-variable Box--Behnken experimental design. The results showed that the phosphorus content of glucose 1-phosphate was 8.12% using a reaction temperature of 70 °C, a molar ratio of glucose to sodium tripolyphosphate of 1.54:1, and catalyst amount of 3.7 g. It coincided well with the experimental value (8.34%). The structure of the …

Biodegradability Of Degradable Mulching Film In A Laboratory-Controlled Composting Test, Xuemei Zhang, Yaxi Huang, Deqiang Li, Zicheng Wen, Baoxun Sui, Zhiyong Liu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A series of degradable films was prepared, and 2 formulas of polyethylene (PE) films with the highest degradable performance were experimentally determined. These films contained 3.43% and 0.44% stearate, and were denoted as PE-3 and PE-4, respectively. Their biodegradability was studied in a laboratory-controlled composting test using ordinary PE film (OPEF) as a control. Contrast composting experiments indicated that the biodegradability of untreated samples was very low, and that the biodegradation rates of PE films after natural aging were significantly higher. FT-IR analysis showed that OPEF changed little after the composting experiment, and that PE-3 and PE-4 showed a carbonyl …

Synthesis Of New N-[3-(Benzo[D]Thiazol-2-Yl)-4-Methylthiazol-2(3h)-Ylidene] Substituted Benzamides, Aamer Saeed, Hummera Rafique

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A series of novel N-[3-(2-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-methylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene] substituted benzamides (2a--k) were efficiently synthesized by heterocyclization of the corresponding 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-aroylthioureas (1a--k). The cyclization was achieved by the reaction of \alpha-bromoacteone produced in situ using bromine in dry acetone in the presence of triethylamine.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, And Biological Screening Of Binuclear Transition Metal Complexes Of Bicompartmental Schiff Bases Containing Indole And Resorcinol Moieties, Mahendra Raj Karekal, Mruthyunjayaswamy Bennikallu Hire Mathada

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A series of binucleating Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes of bicompartmental ligands with ONO donors were prepared. The ligands were synthesized by the condensation of 5-substituted-3-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carboxyhydrazides and 4,6-diacetylresorcinol. The newly synthesized ligands and their complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and various spectral studies like IR, ^1H NMR, ESI-mass, UV-Vis, ESR, thermal studies, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, and powder-XRD data. All the complexes were binuclear and monomeric in nature. Cu(II) complexes have octahedral geometry, whereas Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes have square planar and tetrahedral geometry, respectively. The redox property of the Cu(II) complex was investigated by electrochemical method using cyclic …

Air-Sea Dimethylsulfide (Dms) Gas Transfer In The North Atlantic: Evidence For Limited Interfacial Gas Exchange At High Wind Speed, T. G. Bell, Warren J. De Bruyn, S. D. Miller, B. Ward, K. Christensen, E. S. Saltzman

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Shipboard measurements of eddy covariance dimethylsulfide (DMS) air-sea fluxes and seawater concentration were carried out in the North Atlantic bloom region in June/July 2011. Gas transfer coefficients (k(660)) show a linear dependence on mean horizontal wind speed at wind speeds up to 11 m s(-1). At higher wind speeds the relationship between k(660) and wind speed weakens. At high winds, measured DMS fluxes were lower than predicted based on the linear relationship between wind speed and interfacial stress extrapolated from low to intermediate wind speeds. In contrast, the transfer coefficient for sensible heat did not exhibit this effect. The apparent …

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry For Identificaiton Of Shrimp, Venkatesulu Salla

LSU Master's Theses

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time of flight mass spectrometry was used to identify shrimp at the species level using commercial mass spectral fingerprint matching software (Bruker Biotyper). In the first step, a mass spectrum reference database was constructed from the analysis of six shrimp species that are commercially important in the United States: L. setiferus, F. azticus, S. brevirostris, P. robustus, P. dispar and P. platyceros. In the second step, the reference database was tested using 74 unknown shrimp samples from these six species. Correct identification was achieved for 72 of the 74 samples (97 percent): 72 samples were …

Electrochemical Properties Of 1,3-Disubstituted Methyl Methoxy Phenyl-5-Phenylformazans And Comparison With Spectral Properties, Habi̇be Tezcan, Güler Ekmekci̇, Mehmet Levent Aksu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this study, electrochemical behaviors of formazans were investigated. The compounds contained CH_3 and OCH_3 groups at the o-, m-, and p-positions of the 1-phenyl ring and an OCH_3 group at the p-position of the 3-phenyl ring. Their electrochemical behaviors, such as the number of electrons transferred, diffusion coefficients, and heterogeneous rate constants, were studied by cyclic voltammetry, ultramicrodisk electrode, and chronoamperometry. Possible mechanisms were proposed based upon the data obtained. There was a correlation between the absorption and electrochemical properties. A linear correlation was obtained between \lambda_{\max} and E_{red2} and Hammett substituent coefficients with E_{red2} and k_s values.

Synthesis, Characterization, And Antimicrobial Activity Of Some New Phosphorus Macrocyclic Compounds Containing Pyrazole Rings, Tarik El-Sayed Ali, Salah Abdel-Aziz Abdel-Ghaffar, Kamilia Mohamed El-Mahdy, Somaia Mohamed Abdel-Karim

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A simple synthetic method is reported for the preparation of some new phosphorus macrocycles in which the pyrazole rings are appended to a phosphorus atom. The methodology is based on the cyclocondensation reaction of bis(4-formylpyrazolyl) phosphine oxide(1a, 1b) with nitrogen nucleophiles that contain active terminal amino groups. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were assayed.

Synthesis And Cytotoxic Activity Of Some 2-(2,3-Dioxo-2,3-Dihydro-1h-Indol-1-Yl)Acetamide Derivatives, Özlem Akgül, Ayşe Hande Tari̇koğullari, Fadi̇me Aydin Köse, Petek Ballar Kirmizibayrak, Mehmet Varol Pabuççuoğlu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Isatin, 1H-indoline-2,3-dione, an endogenous compound, is also a synthetically versatile molecule that possesses a diversity of biological activities including anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and cytotoxic properties. Based on the promising cytotoxic activity studies on N-substituted isatin derivatives, a series of 18 derivatives of 2-(2,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro- 1H-indol-1-yl)-N-phenylacetamide were designed, synthesized, and characterized according to their analytical and spectral data. All of the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF7, A549, HeLa, and HEK293 cell lines by real time cell analyzer. Etoposide was used as a standard compound. Briefly, ortho substitutions gave better results compared to meta and para substitutions …

Electrochemistry Of 2,6-Diaminopurine On Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode, Ebru Mavi̇oğlu Ayan, Şükri̇ye Karabi̇beroğlu, Zekerya Dursun

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The electrochemical oxidation of 2,6-diaminopurine (2,6-DAP) was studied in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution on multiwall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (MWCNT/GCE) over a temperature range of 20 to 50 °C using cyclic voltammetry. 2,6-DAP oxidation on MWCNT/GCE showed a well-defined and irreversible oxidation peak at about 0.72 V vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 7.4. The oxidation potential of 2,6-DAP linearly varied with pH over the range of 3.0 to 10.0 with a slope of --0.0547 V/pH, implying that 2 protons were accompanied by 2 electrons transferred in the electrochemical reaction. The activation energy, Ea, of oxidation reaction was found …

A Two-Component Protocol For Synthesis Of 3-(2-(Substituted Phenylamino)Thiazol-4-Yl)-2h-Chromen-2-Ones, Aamer Saeed, Mubeen Arif, Madiha Irfan, Michael Bolte

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

An efficient 2-component synthesis of a series of 3-(2-(substituted phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ones (3a--j) was achieved by the reaction of 3-(2-thiocyanatoacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (1) with a variety of suitably substituted anilines in 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol. The structures of the products were established by elemental analyses, and UV-vis, FTIR, ^1H and ^{13}C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. 3-(2-(4-Methylphenylamino)thiazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (3j) was further characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. This compound, C_{19}H_{14}N_2OS, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21, with Z = 4, and unit cell parameters a = 13.0785(11), b = 25.746(2), c = 4.7235(3) Å, \alpha = \beta = \gamma = 90°.

A Phthalocyanine--Fluorescein Conjugate, İlker Ün, Yunus Zorlu, Hani̇fe İbi̇şoğlu, Fabienne Dumoulin, Vefa Ahsen

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A phthalocyanine--fluorescein conjugate was designed and prepared. Its photophysical properties (electronic absorption and fluorescence) were determined and compared with those of an analogous derivative functionalized by a simple triazole without chromophore. It is likely to be used as a theranostic agent in photodynamic therapy.

Molecular Products From The Thermal Degradation Of Selected Tobacco Components: Lignin, Tyrosine, Glutamic Acid, And Modeling Of Lignin Pyrolysis Using Chemkin Combustion Suite, Joshua Kiprotich Kibet

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study explores the thermal decomposition behavior of selected tobacco components: lignin, tyrosine, and glutamic acid using the system for thermal diagnostic studies (STDS) in an in-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analytical technique. The pyrolysis conditions employed in this study were a flowing atmosphere of nitrogen and 4% O2 in nitrogen at a residence time of 0.2 seconds for a total pyrolysis time of 3 minutes. The results identified common relationships between the two modes of reaction atmospheres, as well as some differences. While some products were favored by an inert regime, some were favored under an oxidative regime. Oxidative pyrolysis …

Synthetic Efforts Toward The Eastern Hemisphere Of Theonellamide C, Douglas D. Wong

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The theonellamides (TNMs) A-F are bicyclic dodecapeptides isolated from marine sponges of the genus Theonella and were shown to display potent antifungal activity. Despite considerable synthetic effort to produce TNM F by the Shioiri group in the early 1990s, a total synthesis of a TNM has yet to be reported. This dissertation describes our efforts toward some of the required amino acid residues of TNM C and the eastern hemisphere. The production of erythro-β-hydroxyasparagine (eHyAsn) followed the synthesis of threo-β-HyAsn by Boger and co-workers, utilizing a key Sharpless aminohydroxylation reaction. The eHyAsn building block, Boc-eHyAsn(OTBS)-OH, was coupled with HCl.Phe.OMe using …

Fluorescent Materials For Chemical Sensing, Brian Gerard Imsick

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Materials incorporating fluorescent π-electron conjugated molecular species for sensing and imaging are advantageous over other detection or identification methods such as colorimetric reporters. Fluorescent materials offer easy recognition of binding events due to the highly sensitive nature of fluorescence techniques down to the single molecule level. The properties of fluorescent molecules allow for rapid attenuation of observable readout due to the facile transport of excited state energy via both inter- and intramolecular pathways. This dissertation primarily focused on the development and study of a general platform for ratiometric fluorescent chemosensing using surface-immobilized oligomers, as well as in depth explorations of …

Oligomers Of Beta-L-Arabinosides Of Hydroxyproline : Synthesis Of The Carbohydrate Epitope Of The Art V 1 Allergen, Ning Xie

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The pollen of mugwort is a major contributor to hay fever in Europe and North America. The chemical structure of Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort, has been elucidated. A notable motif in Art v 1 – characterized by clusters of contiguous â-arabinosides of hydroxyproline – was found to be a key recognition element for antibodies generated in response to the natural protein. This dissertation details the chemical synthesis of oligomers of â-arabinosides of hydroxyproline and the search to establish the minimal carbohydrate epitope of Art v 1. The â-arabinoside motif, being a 1,2-cis glycoside, presents a considerable …

Synthesis, Characterization And Biological Studies Of Carboranyl-Porphyrin Bioconjugates For Treatment Of Brain Tumors, Naga Venkata Satya Dinesh Kumar Bhupathiraju

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to brain tumors, approaches to deliver drug across the blood brain barrier (BBB), boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for brain tumors, application of carboranyl derivatives in attempt to treat brain tumors using BNCT. Chapter 2 involves synthesis, characterization and toxicity studies (In vitro and In vivo) of high boron containing pegylated cobaltabisdicarbollide porphyrin for treatment of brain tumors using BNCT. To improve the selectivity towards brain tumors we attempted conjugate several peptides to this non-toxic pegylated cobaltabiscabollide porphyrin. In vivo studies were conducted in collaboration with Dr. David G. Baker at LSU veterinary Medicine. …

Laser Ablation Sample Transfer For Mass Spectrometry, Sung-Gun Park

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this research, a new ambient sampling technique for mass spectrometry was developed that uses an infrared laser to ablate materials under ambient conditions that are captured in a solvent or on a surface. An infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser system at 3 μm wavelength was focused onto samples for ablation at atmospheric pressure. The ablated materials were transferred to a solvent or surface. For off-line electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) analysis, the ablated material was captured in a static solvent droplet that was deposited on a MALDI target or flow-injected into a nanoelectrospray source. The …