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Influence Of Time Management Skills And Technostress On Academic Performance Among The Private University Students: A Conceptual Framework, Jogtika Ramasamy, Nasreen Khan Thandar Oo Feb 2026

Influence Of Time Management Skills And Technostress On Academic Performance Among The Private University Students: A Conceptual Framework, Jogtika Ramasamy, Nasreen Khan Thandar Oo

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Digital tools enhance learning but can also cause technostress, which can impact focus and academic performance. Balancing technology use with effective time management and social engagement is key to student success. Students in Malaysia's Klang Valley reported increased feelings of loneliness, mental health issues, and technostress, particularly as a result of the shift to online learning. This study aims to propose a conceptual framework based on the Study Demand-Resources Theory, examining how time management skills and technostress dimensions influence academic performance through the mediating role of student engagement. A quantitative and cross-sectional survey will be conducted by distributing Likert scale …


Sectoral Shockwaves: Examining Bursa Malaysia's Sector Indices Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Alyssa April Dellow, Hafizah Bahaludin Feb 2026

Sectoral Shockwaves: Examining Bursa Malaysia's Sector Indices Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Alyssa April Dellow, Hafizah Bahaludin

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is becoming a widespread concern, as it is causing a decline in economies and negatively impacting stock markets worldwide. As the Malaysian government implements the Movement Control Order (MCO) to curb the spread of the deadly virus, the Malaysian stock market is rapidly impacted, becoming volatile and unpredictable throughout the pandemic phase. Thus, this study aims to analyse the structural correlation patterns of the Bursa Malaysia Sectoral Index Series using the threshold network approach. The data utilised in this study are the closing prices of all 13 sectoral indexes, spanning from January 1, 2019, …


Click, Watch, Buy: Understanding Purchase Intention Of Malaysian University Students In The Live Stream Shopping Era, Ying Tsuen Wong, Siow-Kian Tan, Siow-Hooi Tan Feb 2026

Click, Watch, Buy: Understanding Purchase Intention Of Malaysian University Students In The Live Stream Shopping Era, Ying Tsuen Wong, Siow-Kian Tan, Siow-Hooi Tan

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This study aims to examine the factors that influence purchase intention in live streaming e-commerce among Malaysian university students. It explores background characteristics, shopping behaviours, and live stream features such as streamer expertise, broadcast scheduling, post-sales service, structural bonds, social bonds, and financial bonds. Data were collected from 347 university students using convenience sampling through an online survey. Group comparisons were conducted using t-tests for gender, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for other background characteristics and shopping behaviour variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the relationship between live stream features and purchase intention. The results show significant …


Factors Affecting The Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Wearable Technology In The Malaysian Healthcare Sector: A Conceptual Framework, Syeda Hafsa Rizwan, Anusuyah Subbarao, Nasreen Khan, Farrukh Ahmed Khan, Shaikh Fazlur Rahman, Nimra Aziz, Syed Muntazir Azhar Shah Feb 2026

Factors Affecting The Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Wearable Technology In The Malaysian Healthcare Sector: A Conceptual Framework, Syeda Hafsa Rizwan, Anusuyah Subbarao, Nasreen Khan, Farrukh Ahmed Khan, Shaikh Fazlur Rahman, Nimra Aziz, Syed Muntazir Azhar Shah

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This conceptual paper examines the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven wearable technology, including smartwatches, fitness trackers, wearable ECGs, glucose monitors, and pain management devices, in transforming healthcare in Malaysia. Despite the extreme potential to enhance patient care and healthcare monitoring, the adoption of AI-driven wearable technology remains limited due to several persistent barriers. The purpose of this study is to examine these challenges and propose a framework to improve the integration of AI-driven wearable technology in Malaysia’s healthcare system. Grounded in the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, this study examines how five key innovation attributes —relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, …


Understanding The Happiness Journey Of International Students Through Maslow's Lens: A Qualitative Study Beyond Academics, Kyra Law Ley Sy Feb 2026

Understanding The Happiness Journey Of International Students Through Maslow's Lens: A Qualitative Study Beyond Academics, Kyra Law Ley Sy

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This research investigates the factors contributing to happiness among international students at a Malaysian university through a qualitative, semi-structured questionnaire administered to 10 students (5 female and 5 male) from nine countries. Four key themes emerged, aligning with Maslow’s Hierarchy: 1) Personal Achievement and Academic Fulfillment- happiness derived from educational success and career progress; 2) Social Connection and Belonging- the importance of relationships and cultural integration; 3) Health and Environmental Comfort- adaptation to climate and living conditions; and 4) Internal Reflection and Emotional Regulation- the impact of mindset and coping mechanisms on overall happiness. The research demonstrates that international student …


Innovative Approaches To E-Grocery: Analyzing Customer Satisfaction In Facebook Livestream Shopping, Karen Tien Wan Lin, Vincent Oh Kim Seng, Hasliza Hassan, Shaikh Fazlur Rahman Feb 2026

Innovative Approaches To E-Grocery: Analyzing Customer Satisfaction In Facebook Livestream Shopping, Karen Tien Wan Lin, Vincent Oh Kim Seng, Hasliza Hassan, Shaikh Fazlur Rahman

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The primary objective of this study is to examine the crucial determinants that influence customer satisfaction in Facebook livestream e-grocery shopping in Malaysia, with a particular focus on housewives as a significant consumer segment. A sample of 220 respondents was selected using simple random sampling, and the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The analysis confirms the hypotheses that customer satisfaction in Facebook Livestream e-grocery shopping was influenced by factors such as product quality, security, website design, delivery service and e-service quality. Interestingly, three factors, including information quality, payment method, and product variety, were …


Gamification Strategies And Customer Churn Reduction In Entrepreneurial Retail Firms: An Empirical Study Of Millennials, Si Chong En, Oo Yu Hock, Nor Azila Mohd Noor, Zheng Feei Ma, Khairul Nizam Mahmud Feb 2026

Gamification Strategies And Customer Churn Reduction In Entrepreneurial Retail Firms: An Empirical Study Of Millennials, Si Chong En, Oo Yu Hock, Nor Azila Mohd Noor, Zheng Feei Ma, Khairul Nizam Mahmud

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This study investigates the impact of gamification strategies on customer churn reduction in entrepreneurial retail firms, focusing on Millennial consumers in Malaysia’s Klang Valley. Customer churn threatens profitability, particularly for emerging enterprises, and gamification has emerged as a potential tool to enhance customer engagement and retention. Drawing on the Self-Determination Theory, the study examines three gamified marketing interventions: membership programmes, contest rewards, and personalised discounts as direct predictors of churn reduction. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed, using a structured questionnaire distributed to 180 Millennial consumers through purposive sampling. The data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation …


Proactive Strategies, Absorptive Capacity And Competitive Advantage Of Small And Medium Enterprise (Smes) Firms In East Java Indonesia, Ardianus Laurens Paulus Feb 2026

Proactive Strategies, Absorptive Capacity And Competitive Advantage Of Small And Medium Enterprise (Smes) Firms In East Java Indonesia, Ardianus Laurens Paulus

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Proactive strategy and absorptive capacity are crucial components in building a competitive advantage, particularly in the Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) sector. This study examines the moderating role of absorptive capacity in strengthening the relationship between proactive strategy and competitive advantage among SMEs in East Java, Indonesia. The sampling technique employed was non-probability sampling, specifically a purposive sampling method, involving 65 SME owners as respondents. Data were collected through surveys and analyzed using Smart PLS. The findings reveal that a proactive strategy significantly positively affects competitive advantage, and absorptive capacity reinforces this relationship. This research provides theoretical contributions and practical …


Accelerating Technological Advancement And Financial Inclusion Through Automotive–Takaful Collaboration, Lee Hui Shan, Kuang Kee Seng, Low Choon Wei, Liew Ping Xin Feb 2026

Accelerating Technological Advancement And Financial Inclusion Through Automotive–Takaful Collaboration, Lee Hui Shan, Kuang Kee Seng, Low Choon Wei, Liew Ping Xin

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Insurance coverage and risk mitigation have become vital in the automotive industry. This case study aims to explore how the partnership between Tan Chong Motor Holdings Berhad (TCMHB) and Takaful Ikhlas General Berhad (TIGB) in Malaysia supports technological advancements in the automotive sector and promotes financial inclusion for underserved communities. The approach includes a thorough analysis of data sourced from TCMHB and TIGB's annual reports, alongside market reports from the automotive and insurance fields. The results indicated that this collaboration allows the automotive firm to drive innovations in areas such as vehicle safety and security features, significantly enhancing the quality …


Artificial Intelligence And Employee Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review, Dombagaha Pathiranage Marian Shavini Medonka Peiris Feb 2026

Artificial Intelligence And Employee Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review, Dombagaha Pathiranage Marian Shavini Medonka Peiris

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming modern workplaces by offering opportunities to enhance employee well-being while simultaneously introducing significant challenges. Although scholarly interest in the intersection of AI and well-being is growing, empirical research in this domain remains limited and underdeveloped. This study's primary objective was to assess the current knowledge in this domain, with a secondary aim of identifying critical research gaps to inform future investigations. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, this systematic literature review analysed 23 empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025, sourced from the Lens.org and ProQuest databases and was guided by the Job Demands Resources (JD–R) model. …


Investigating Volatility Spillover Between The Energy Market And The Sectoral Stock Markets In Malaysia: Evidence From Vhar-Type Models, Mariam Mohamed Abdelwahab Mohamed Badawi, Sew Lai Ng, Ruzanna Ab Razak Feb 2026

Investigating Volatility Spillover Between The Energy Market And The Sectoral Stock Markets In Malaysia: Evidence From Vhar-Type Models, Mariam Mohamed Abdelwahab Mohamed Badawi, Sew Lai Ng, Ruzanna Ab Razak

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This study examines the realised volatility spillover effects between Malaysia's energy market and other sectoral indices on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange from September 2018 to December 2024. To address the limitations of current volatility modelling approaches, this study employs the Vector Heterogeneous Autoregressive (VHAR) model combined with the Realised Range-Based Volatility (RRV) measure to capture heterogeneous market behaviours at daily, weekly, and monthly time horizons. High-frequency data from September 2018 to December 2024 (earlier data are unavailable for some sectors) were collected from the financial data provider Bloomberg. The findings reveal that the energy sector exhibits strong volatility persistence, …


The Future Of Marketing: Personalized Customer Engagement Through Artificial Intelligence In The Malaysian E-Commerce Landscape, Aaron Aw Teik Hong, Herison Surbakti Feb 2026

The Future Of Marketing: Personalized Customer Engagement Through Artificial Intelligence In The Malaysian E-Commerce Landscape, Aaron Aw Teik Hong, Herison Surbakti

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This research examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used in adapting customer engagement in e-commerce in Malaysia. Many companies are turning to chatbots, recommendation systems, and personalized analytics in AI to enhance customer service and business operational productivity. However, AI integration among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia is still in its early development phases. Technological limitations, budget constraints, and existing regulations pose significant challenges. The study employs a qualitative approach by examining academic journals, industry reports, policy documents, and case studies to investigate the problems and challenges related to AI in marketing personalization. The conceptual framework helps study …


Exploring The Pathways Of Artificial Intelligence And Sustainable Development In The Era Of Industrial Revolutions: A Bibliometric Analysis And Future Research Agenda, Xu Bin, Teh Sin Yin, Sajal Saha Feb 2026

Exploring The Pathways Of Artificial Intelligence And Sustainable Development In The Era Of Industrial Revolutions: A Bibliometric Analysis And Future Research Agenda, Xu Bin, Teh Sin Yin, Sajal Saha

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly pivotal role in driving innovation and promoting sustainable development across various sectors amid the ongoing wave of industrial revolutions. However, the existing research lacks a systematic and quantitative overview of how AI contributes to sustainability goals. This study addresses this gap by conducting a bibliometric analysis of 101 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection, using the keywords “sustainab*”, “artificial intelligence”, and “industrial revolution”. Analytical tools such as VOSviewer and Scimago Graphica were employed to generate keyword co-occurrence maps, publication trends, and research collaboration networks. The results show that scholarly interest in …


The Influence Of Digital Competencies On Employability: The Mediating Role Of Digital Empowerment And The Moderating Effect Of Socioeconomic Status, Fraz Arshed Butt, Abdelhak Senadjki, Hui Nee Au Yong Feb 2026

The Influence Of Digital Competencies On Employability: The Mediating Role Of Digital Empowerment And The Moderating Effect Of Socioeconomic Status, Fraz Arshed Butt, Abdelhak Senadjki, Hui Nee Au Yong

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The rapid growth of the digital economy has reshaped employment trends, demanding new digital skill sets to thrive in the modern digital economy. The current study examines the impacts of three essential factors of the digital economy, i.e., Digital Marketing Literacy (DML), Access to Digital Platforms (ADP), and Digital Literacy Awareness (DLA), on the employability outcomes in Malaysia. Based on a multi-theoretical framework, the study investigates the mediating role of Digital Empowerment (DE) and the moderating effect of Socioeconomic Status (SES) on employability in Malaysia. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from 400 participants …


Subdimensions Of Technostress Across Industries: A Systematic Review, Jogtika Ramasamy, Nasreen Khan Thandar Oo Feb 2026

Subdimensions Of Technostress Across Industries: A Systematic Review, Jogtika Ramasamy, Nasreen Khan Thandar Oo

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Technostress is the stress induced by the use of digital technologies, which has attracted growing academic interest due to its multidimensional nature and impact across various industries. In this light, the aim of this systematic review was to analyse the most frequently reported sub-dimensions of the technostress creator's framework, identify the issues related to the dimensions of technostress and to evaluate how technostress is conceptualised as a unidimensional or multidimensional construct. Based on Scopus as the single database, 52 empirical papers were retrieved that have been published from 2020 to 2025 mid and were subject to a structured dimension-mapping approach. …


Advances In Culture, Tourism, And Hospitality Research: Volume 1, Cihan Cobanoglu, Hanqin Qiu, Jiaying Lyu, James H. W. Shen Feb 2026

Advances In Culture, Tourism, And Hospitality Research: Volume 1, Cihan Cobanoglu, Hanqin Qiu, Jiaying Lyu, James H. W. Shen

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

This is the first volume of the Advances in Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research Book Series.


The Impact Of Sustainability Orientation And Practices On Financial Performance: A Combined Sufficiency And Necessity Logic Approach, Pei Yew Mah, Francis Chuah Feb 2026

The Impact Of Sustainability Orientation And Practices On Financial Performance: A Combined Sufficiency And Necessity Logic Approach, Pei Yew Mah, Francis Chuah

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

This study aims to examine the interplay of corporate sustainability orientation and sustainability practices, namely social and environmental dimensions and their impact on the financial performance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) using Stakeholder theory. This study empirically tested 126 valid questionnaire responses received from the SMEs’ services sector in Malaysia using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The result reveals that corporate sustainability orientation and social dimension influence financial performance, while the environmental dimension does not. The supplementary combined importance performance map analysis (cIPMA) analysis indicates that the environmental dimension is necessary for the financial performance outcome, …


Digital Marketing And Consumer Behaviour In Travel Services: A Conceptual Framework On The Mediating Role Of Brand Trust, Omar Abdulaziz Sultan Abdullah, Junainah Binti Mohd Mahdee, Nurazlin Binti Mohd Fauzi Feb 2026

Digital Marketing And Consumer Behaviour In Travel Services: A Conceptual Framework On The Mediating Role Of Brand Trust, Omar Abdulaziz Sultan Abdullah, Junainah Binti Mohd Mahdee, Nurazlin Binti Mohd Fauzi

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

Digital marketing shapes each moment of the contemporary travel journey, yet limited evidence still obscures how individual tactics foster purchase decisions. This conceptual study will develop an integrative framework that integrates four core touch-points, including social media marketing, email marketing, search engine marketing, and online reviews on travellers’ purchase intentions, positing brand trust as the central psychological mechanism. Guided by the Stimulus-Organism-Response theory, thirteen propositions will specify both the direct effects of each touch-point on trust and purchase intention, and trust as a mediator role. To demonstrate the mechanism for empirical validation, future research will conduct a purposive sampling of …


Cultivating Responsible Artificial Intelligence Practices In Malaysian Higher Education, Sharfika Raime, Norsafriman Abd. Rahman, Raemah Abdullah Hashim, Mohd. Farid Shamsudin Feb 2026

Cultivating Responsible Artificial Intelligence Practices In Malaysian Higher Education, Sharfika Raime, Norsafriman Abd. Rahman, Raemah Abdullah Hashim, Mohd. Farid Shamsudin

International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education presents both opportunities and ethical challenges. In Malaysia, private universities are adopting AI at a pace that often outshines the development of governance frameworks, raising concerns over transparency, data privacy, and ethical literacy. This research examines the influence of three predictors (AI Transparency, Data Privacy Awareness, and Ethical AI Literacy) on the ethical use of AI among 221 academicians. Guided by Deontological Ethical Theory and employing a quantitative correlational design, the analysis revealed strong and significant relationships among all variables. Data Privacy Awareness emerged as the most consistent and positive predictor …


Expanding Waste Segregation Initiatives To Reduce Regulated Medical Waste: A Multi-Departmental Quality Improvement Project, Emily M. Su, Anuja L. Sarode, Mohammed Sami, David R. Nehring, Erica L. Laipply, Mustafa Culcuoglu Feb 2026

Expanding Waste Segregation Initiatives To Reduce Regulated Medical Waste: A Multi-Departmental Quality Improvement Project, Emily M. Su, Anuja L. Sarode, Mohammed Sami, David R. Nehring, Erica L. Laipply, Mustafa Culcuoglu

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

Background

Regulated medical waste (RMW) drives up health care costs, largely due to misclassification of general waste, especially in operating rooms (ORs), intensive care units (ICUs), and obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) departments. This study aimed to reduce RMW volume and costs at Akron City Hospital (ACH) through department-specific interventions aligning with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.

Methods

Periodic analyses compared hospital-wide aggregate RMW volume, pick-up frequency, and disposal costs before and after interventions. The ORs initiated interventions in October 2022, expanding to ICUs and OBGYN by February 2024. Strategies included staff education, flyers …


Vanderbilt Vs. Florence State Program, Vanderbilt University Feb 2026

Vanderbilt Vs. Florence State Program, Vanderbilt University

Documents

Selected excerpts from the souvenir program for the November 21, 1959, football game in which Florence State and Vanderbilt competed at Dudley Field. The excerpt contains information and photographs about this early era of UNA football history.


The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, 1985, National Collegiate Athletic Association Feb 2026

The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, 1985, National Collegiate Athletic Association

Documents

Selected excerpts from the official championship program for the Palm Bowl, 1985 NCAA Division II Football Championship held on December 14, 1985, at McAllen Memorial Stadium in McAllen, Texas. The program includes the winners’ bracket, information on UNA’s offensive and defensive lines, and an overview of the team and school.


The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, 1994, National Collegiate Athletic Association Feb 2026

The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, 1994, National Collegiate Athletic Association

Documents

Selected excerpts from the official 1994 Division II Football Championship program. The game was held at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama on December 10, 1994. Thus, the excerpt contains information about UNA as a host institution for the game and Braly stadium, as well as information on the Harlon Hill trophy award and typical game statistics.


The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, Dec. 11, 1993, National Collegiate Athletic Association Feb 2026

The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, Dec. 11, 1993, National Collegiate Athletic Association

Documents

Selected excerpts from The Official 1993 NCAA Division II Football Championship Program hosted by the University of North Alabama at Braly Municipal Stadium, Florence, Alabama on December 11th, 1993, in which UNA competed against Indiana University of Pennsylvania.


The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, Dec. 9, 1995, Ncaa Feb 2026

The Official Ncaa Division Ii Football Championship Program, Dec. 9, 1995, Ncaa

Documents

Selected excerpts from The Official 1995 NCAA Division II Football Championship Program hosted by the University of North Alabama at Braly Municipal Stadium, Florence, Alabama on December 9th, 1995, in which UNA competed against Ferris State University.


Ncaaction - Official Souvenir Program, Ncaa Quarterfinal Competition, Una Vs. Virginia Union University, Jeff Hodges, Una Student Photographers Feb 2026

Ncaaction - Official Souvenir Program, Ncaa Quarterfinal Competition, Una Vs. Virginia Union University, Jeff Hodges, Una Student Photographers

Documents

Selected excerpts from the NCAAction - Official Souvenir Program pertaining to the NCAA Division II Quarterfinal Competition in which UNA competed against Virginia Union University on November 26th, 1983, before advancing to the semifinals on December 3rd.


Ncaaction - Official Souvenir Program, Ncaa Division Ii Semifinal Competition, Una Vs. Central State University Of Ohio, Jeff Hodges, Una Student Photographers Feb 2026

Ncaaction - Official Souvenir Program, Ncaa Division Ii Semifinal Competition, Una Vs. Central State University Of Ohio, Jeff Hodges, Una Student Photographers

Documents

Selected excerpts from the NCAAction - Official Souvenir Program pertaining to the NCAA Division II Semifinal Competition in which UNA competed against Central State University of Ohio on December 3rd, 1983.


''Una Ncaa Division Ii National Champs!!'', Times Daily Feb 2026

''Una Ncaa Division Ii National Champs!!'', Times Daily

Documents

Souvenir edition of the Times Daily in honor of the University of North Alabama Men’s Basketball Team’s win in the NCAA Division II National Championship of 1979. The newspaper includes various articles related to community celebration of the team and information on individual players.


Student Mentorship Can Build A Growth Mindset For Global Entrepreneurs, April Buys Feb 2026

Student Mentorship Can Build A Growth Mindset For Global Entrepreneurs, April Buys

Research on Capitol Hill

Entrepreneurship programs often teach skills (budgeting, pricing, record-keeping), but many fail because they ignore a deeper barrier: Mindset. For individuals living in poverty, persistent scarcity limits cognitive bandwidth, reduces long-term planning, and reinforces the belief that change is impossible—even when resources become available.


Reassessing Residential Reits: Performance And Resilience After Covid-19, Donna Seapoe, Anne Keenaghan, Davinder Malhotra Feb 2026

Reassessing Residential Reits: Performance And Resilience After Covid-19, Donna Seapoe, Anne Keenaghan, Davinder Malhotra

School of Business Faculty Papers

This study analyzes the monthly returns of residential real estate investment trusts (REITs) from 2010 through 2025, assessing how these investments performed both during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. Using Sharpe, Sortino, and Omega ratios and multi-factor asset pricing models, the study finds that residential REITs delivered stable risk-adjusted returns and improved downside protection relative to broad indices. Value-at-risk metrics confirmed their defensive nature, and portfolio optimization demonstrated diversification and volatility reduction when including residential REITs. Overall, residential REITs were shown to preserve capital and improve portfolio efficiency during market disruptions