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Factors Impacting Ticket Price Paid By Consumers On The Secondary Market For A Major Sporting Event, Nels Popp, Stephen Shapiro, Patrick Walsh, Chad Mcevoy, Jason Simmons, Stephen Howell

Journal of Applied Sport Management

In an era of dynamically priced tickets, sport marketers benefit from a greater understanding of factors impacting the price consumers are willing to pay. Past research has investigated external factors affecting ticket price on the secondary market, but little work has investigated internal factors and no prior research has utilized actual price paid as a dependent variable. The current study found age, income, prior attendance, timing of purchase, and seat location influenced secondary ticket price paid, explaining 44.9% of the variance, while fan identification and alumni status did not impact the amount patrons paid for tickets to a major college …

Rivalry Versus Hate: Measuring The Influence Of Promotional Titles And Logos On Fan Rival Perceptions, Cody T. Havard, Daniel L. Wann, Frederick G. Grieve

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The current study used an experimental design to examine how exposure to promotional titles and logos can influence fan rival perceptions. Students attending two schools that moved athletic conferences, and therefore, began rivalries with teams in their new conference, were exposed to either a neutral or negative fabricated title and logo meant to promote the new rivalry. They then reported their perceptions of the rival team. Results showed that students exposed to the neutral title were less likely to support their rival against another team than students exposed to the negative title. Further, students exposed to the negative title believed …

An Analysis Of Running Event Consumer Behaviors, Thomas Aicher, Jason Simmons, Alicia Cintron

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The purpose of this study was to examine the motives, constraints, and event selection factors affecting consumers’ decisions to participate in running events, specifically for a running festival in the Midwest United States. In partnership with a large running festival in the Midwest United States, data were collected via an online questionnaire. In total, 1,650 individuals completed a portion of the survey with 1,235 completing the additional questions for this investigation yielding a 74% completion rate. Based on the results of this study, runners’ autonomous motivation was significantly greater among those who participated in more events or longer distances during …

The Loud Crowd: Using Vocal Responses To Understand The Emotional Experiences Of Spectators, Matthew Katz, Bob Heere, Katherine Reifurth

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Much research has been conducted on the relationship between emotions and the sport experience, but most research in this field has used survey data, which has proven to have many limiting factors when attempting to measure emotions. Rather than relying on surveys, the present study uses a more direct measure of consumer emotion: sound. By measuring the variations in sound levels among sport attendees, the present study provides an exploratory study of sport fan emotions through behavioral indicators of emotional experiences rather than cognitive recall. Our results indicate that the strongest vocal responses were consistently in response to surprising plays, …

An Explorative Investigation Of Referee Abuse In English Rugby League, Tom Webb, Mike Rayner, Richard Thelwell

Journal of Applied Sport Management

This article explored the experiences of 89 rugby league referees in England who undertook a mixed methods online survey from the January 9 to March 31, 2017. The results of the survey produced rich data from the open responses, and the quantitative measures are used to support these open responses. Findings identified an established culture of abuse towards referees, a refereeing workforce requiring greater support, better communication with the governing body and, therefore, revisions to existing policy and training. Conclusions identified specific recommendations and policy implications to improve the operational environment and working conditions and increased support for referees. Subscribe …

Lifelong Female Engagement In Sport: A Framework For Advancing Girls’ And Women’S Participation, Norm O'Reilly, Michelle Brunette, Cheri Bradish

Journal of Applied Sport Management

In a collaborative and nationwide project, the authors examined the status and challenges of girls’ and women’s participation in sport in Canada through a comprehensive literature review, extensive secondary research, a representative survey with Canadian females, and a survey and consultations with leading female sport experts. This multi-level analysis led to the development of a framework for advancing girls’ and women’s participation in sport to guide stakeholders’ actions at the system, organization, and individual levels to improve the state of girls’ and women’s lifelong engagement in sport. Subscribe to JASM

An Exploration Of Tourists’ Perceptions Of A Rural Mountain Bike Event, Brianna L. Newland, Martin Robertson

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The natural attributes of rural locations are well suited to sport event tourism and can play a significant role in strategic tourism development in new markets. The purpose of the study was to explore consumer perceptions of sport event tourism in rural locations, which is important for event managers and for those involved in rural tourism development. Data collected over two days at a mountain bike event in the rural highlands of Scotland explored the visitor awareness and perception of events in a rural location. Results indicates that attendee background does influence the perception of the impact a sport event …

Ignition Tradition? A Case Study Of The Florida State University Athletics Department’S 2014 Logo Redesign, David P. Hedlund, Brian S. Gordon, Masayuki Yoshida, Joseph St. Germain, Marlon Mcphatter

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Brand marks are important representations of organizations. Over time, due to a variety of reasons, brand marks may cease to be effective representations and require redesign. In recent years, a number of sport organizations have undertaken efforts to design new or update existing brand marks. In this research, a detailed examination of the opinions and intentions of fans, stakeholders, and the public regarding the Florida State University (FSU) Athletic Department’s redesign of FSU’s primary logo is described, assessed, and discussed. Subscribe to JASM

The “Psychological” Contract Of Employment: A Qualitative Analysis Of Psychological Contract Violation Within English Professional Rugby Union, Mike Rayner

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Recent research illustrates that violated psychological contracts within the sports industry can have negative consequences on organisational relationships and productivity (Barnhill & Turner, 2014; De Ruiter, Schalk, Schaveling, & van Gelder, 2016; Matthijs Bal, Chiaburu, & Jansen, 2010; Nichols, 2013). While these studies contextualise the significance of the psychological contract to organisational behaviour and volunteer practices, little is known with regard to the impact of psychological contract violation within the professional sports industry. Therefore, this study explored qualitatively how psychological contract violation affects attitudes, behavior, and organisational performance of professional rugby union players’ within England. The results illustrate that psychological …

Fine-Tuning Brand Endorsements: Exploring Race-Sport Fit With Athlete Endorsers, Youngmin Yoon, Jun Woo Kim, Mar Magnusen, Michael Sagas

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The present study examines the effect of an athlete endorser’s race-sport fit in the decision-making process of athlete endorsed product selection. The results of this study reveal that the race of athlete endorsers can influence endorsement strategies depending on the sport associated with the athlete endorser. Perceived race-sport fit was also a key factor in creating both positive sport consumer attitudes and increased purchase intentions toward an athlete endorsed product. The findings of this study should be beneficial to athletes and sport business professionals when considering endorsement strategies for sport-related products and brands. Subscribe to JASM

Institutional Leadership That Disrupts: A Case Of The National Football League, Calvin Nite, Briton Hagan

Journal of Applied Sport Management

This research draws upon the concepts of institutional leadership to understand how institutional leaders may work to destabilize the contexts they are trying to maintain. We examined the discourse surrounding the recent controversies with the National Football League (NFL). Our findings suggest that the actions of NFL executives, including problematic decision-making and inconsistent practices, likely led to dissension among executives and an alienated workforce. We theorize that this could be destabilizing and lead to institutional disruption. The implications of this for theory and practice are discussed. Keywords: Institutional leadership, NFL, institutional disruption Subscribe to JASM

Assessing Spectator Response To Sport Sponsorships At Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Kelly Patricia Elliott, Beth A. Cianfrone, Timothy Kellison

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have a strong tradition and football following, yet they struggle financially and lack sponsorship revenue. HBCU fans are understudied, and investigating their behavior would help athletic departments. The purpose of this study was to determine HBCU football consumers’ response to sponsorships. Spectators’ team and university identification, awareness, attitude, loyalty, goodwill, gratitude, and trust of sponsors were examined in relation to purchase intentions and positive word of mouth (WOM) of sponsors. Brand loyalty and gratitude led to increased purchase intentions. Brand attitude, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and goodwill led to positive WOM. Subscribe to JASM

Measuring The Effectiveness Of Nba Marketing Techniques: A Comparison Between Small And Large Market Teams, Kyle Ronkartz, Ronald Dick, Christopher Atwater, Robert Baker, Craig Esherick

AMTP Proceedings 2018

“NBA teams use a variety of marketing techniques to try to increase game attendance.” (Dick and Turner 2007) Past studies have been done on comparisons of marketing techniques in different seasons (Dick and Sack, 2003), and the comparison of value between fans and marketing directors (Dick and Turner, 2007). Thus, this study is focused on comparing the difference in the value of marketing strategies between “small” market and “large” market teams in the NBA. This study will give us a better understanding on the difference in marketing techniques for “small” market teams compared to the “large” market teams.

Impact Of Acculturation And Internal And External Influences On Food Consumption Behavior Among Asian American Ethnic Groups, Ryan W. Kota, Sindy Chapa

AMTP Proceedings 2018

Retail food sales in the United States surpassed $5 trillion annually in 2015 and this number is on the rise. As a growing industry, it is important to understand what factors influence consumption. In this paper, the authors report on data collected from an ethnic segment that is growing in terms of overall population and spending power in the U. S.; Asian Americans. Through analyses of internal and external influences, and measurement of acculturation across 1,284 respondents, the authors are able to suggest that more acculturated individuals are more prone to be influenced by external factors (i.e., other foods and …

Enhancing The Fan Experience In The Sport Industry, Christ Croft, Dennis Phillips, Brian Crow

AMTP Proceedings 2018

Much attention has been given lately to the term “fan experience”, often in the context of improved Wi-Fi connectivity, larger video boards, game-day smartphone apps, and entertainment during every stoppage of play (Muret, 2014; Kaplan, 2014). What is often overlooked in this focus on technology is the human element; namely, how game-day staff and team personnel interact with guests. These interactions can include security checkpoints, providing accurate information, crowd management, parking control, access control, and all other guest touchpoints. When staff members work in a culture of service, these guest interactions will reflect positively on your venue.

Sports Logistics Outsourcing: A Conceptual And Qualitative Study In The Equine Industry, Stephen E. Genchev, Gordon Gray, Stacia Wert-Gray

AMTP Proceedings 2018

The equine industry, despite its considerable impact on the economy, remains overlooked in contemporary supply chain research. The current paper aims at narrowing the gap along two directions: First, the equine industry supply chain is conceptualized, and its main participants and relationships involved are identified. Second, the complex nature of these relationships is illustrated within the context of a specific strategic decision, outsourcing. For years, outsourcing was considered a formal transaction-cost economics decision with little or no consideration for additional factors. This limiting perspective provides the stimulus for the current study’s use of a qualitative approach to get a better …

Indoor Sport Facility Feasibility Study: Assessment, Value And Demand, Mark Lyberger, Laurence M. Mccarthy, Brian H. Yim

AMTP Proceedings 2018

A sport management organization proposed to build an indoor sport facility in a town close to a major urban area. The potential investors and stakeholders required that a feasibility study be conducted before an investment decision was made. The study examined the proposed facility through a traditional economic feasibility study and a market analysis to understand the market, possible future market demands, and potential growth opportunities. Included in the study are the key components and data analysis which led to a positive investment report.

Sports Marketing Field Trips: Student Expectations, Perceived Benefits, And Proactivity, Sam Fullerton, Tammy Mccullough, Robert Twells

AMTP Proceedings 2018

A sample of 191 sports marketing students responded to a survey that focused on issues germane to attending sports marketing field trips. The results indicate that there is an understanding that these types of events are important to those seeking a career in the sports marketing industry. This study examines expectations on the part of two segments: students who attended at least one event and students who attended none of the five field trips scheduled for the 2016-17 academic year. The results indicate that the primary reason students did not attend is a scheduling conflict. It also delineates the benefits …

M.B.A. Full Time Program 2018-2019, Nova Southeastern University

Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Changing Traditions: Examining The Factors That Determine The Probability Of Bidding To Host The Olympic Games Over Time, Jessie R. Dickens

Honors Undergraduate Theses

In September 2017, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that, for the first time in its history, it would award the hosting of two different Olympic Games at the same time, giving the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games to Paris and Los Angeles respectively. As a result, the question is raised as to why the IOC broke tradition in its host city selection process. The break of tradition is presumably due to a lack of candidates to host the 2028 Summer Olympics. With prior host cities reporting astronomical costs and high debt balances associated with hosting, many cities have …

Student-Athlete? An In-Depth Look At The Past, Present, And Future, Kyle Elliott Fluker

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

The NCAA began in the early 1900s as a way to regulate the wild west that was intercollegiate athletics. Over time, the organization has grown from its 62 member beginnings to three divisions with 1,281 members. In 2017, for the first time in its history, the NCAA brought in over one billion dollars in total revenue (Kirshner 2018). The NCAA has been able to achieve this feat by its insistence on the "amateurism" of its participants. This business model has allowed the organization to keep the financial benefits associated with the playing of high-level sports on college campuses. Participants in …

Evaluating Crime As A Negative Externality Of Hosting Mega-Events: Econometric Analysis Of The 2012 London Summer Olympics, Nicholas Le

Economics Faculty Working Papers Series

Analysis of the benefits and the drawbacks of hosting large-scale sporting events like the Olympics or World Cup frequently ignore the effects of crime due to its relatively small economic impact in comparison to employment and consumption effects. Literature has frequently tied sporting events and tourism to crime, in addition to observing proximity effects on crime during sporting events. This research seeks to confirm both by implementing a difference-in-difference regression that can show whether crime increased during the Olympics, in particular in London boroughs which hosted venues for the Games. Ultimately, the research concludes that crime in London as a …

Hashmoney: Exploring Twitter Hashtag Use As A Secondary Ticket Market Price Determinant, Brendan O'Hallarn, Stephen L. Shapiro, Ann Pegoraro

Communication & Theatre Arts Faculty Publications

The growth and prevalence of sport event ticket transactions on secondary ticket market platforms such as StubHub has led to the creation of a body of academic research studying this new phenomenon. Factors such as team performance and perceptions of fairness have been explored for their relationship with the price of secondary market tickets. This exploratory study introduces a new potential price determinant – social media activity – itself a popular online phenomenon that has inspired considerable academic research. This exploratory study of prices for eight National Football League games adds use of official team hashtags on Twitter to a …

College Wheelchair Basketball Players' Construction Of Identities: A Symbolic Interactionism Approach, Alison Hovatter

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The National Wheelchair Basketball Association consists of 14 collegiate teams (NCAA, 2013) that are represented at both the NCAA and club sport arenas. Collegiate wheelchair basketball student-athletes have been neglected within the sport discussion due to the sports emergence status in legitimacy with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) standards (Berger, 2004, 2008; Larkin, Cottingham & Pate, 2014; Shogan, 1999), and its perception of being a charity sport, where bodies that have disabilities do not play "natural body" sports (Berger, 2008). By using the collegiate environment to further study wheelchair basketball players, a deeper understanding of identity negotiation of student-athletes …

A Theoretical Framework Of Sports Team’S Well-Being: An Integrative Perspective Of Emotional Intelligence And Equivocality On Trust And Happiness, Drew Sannes, Wooyang Kim

Atlantic Marketing Journal

Abstract – The purpose of this study is to develop and provide an integrative conceptual model of sports teams’ well-being to achieve a win-win situation of happiness for all stakeholders of sports teams, grounded in role theory and commitment-trust theory. We first conceptualized the well-being as an ultimate consequence by exploring sub-dimensions of happiness and provide relevant propositions linking with the respective antecedents. Second, we explored the effect of antecedents of sports team’s well-being in the spectrum of the anchor between positive and negative sides on the resultant outcomes – i.e., trust and happiness. Third, we examined the role of …

Building Consumer Place Loyalty And Brand Loyalty: An Assessment Of The Microbrewery Taproom Experience, Scott Taylor Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

One of the most successful industries of the last few decades in the U.S. is the craft beer industry. Past studies have suggested that the neolocalism movement, the growing desire of people to reconnect with local communities, is one of the main drivers for the success of this industry. Likewise, studies have suggested that individuals who visit microbrewery taprooms do so for various reasons. Although studies have discussed the importance of the neolocalism movement and the motivations behind visiting taprooms, it is still unclear how consumers’ perceptions of the microbrewery taproom experience influence behaviors such as attachment or loyalty.

The …

An Analysis Of Perceptions Of Restaurant Authenticity At Food Tourism Destinations In The Southeastern U.S, Jamie A. Levitt

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive scale, containing multiple restaurant attributes and authenticity conceptualizations, to measure restaurant authenticity; to test a model examining the mediators and outcomes of restaurant authenticity at independent, full service Southern-style restaurants at food tourism destinations in the Southeastern U.S.; and to determine if the influences of restaurant authenticity differ between food tourists, general tourists, and locals.

A four-step approach adapted from Netemeyer et al. (2003) was used to develop the restaurant authenticity scale (RAS). Ultimately, the RAS contained six authenticity conceptualizations, 20 items and three dimensions: restaurant heritage and environment, food …

The Effects Of Bringing An Nba Franchise To A City On Employment: A Case Study Of Memphis, Oklahoma City, Orlando, Sacramento, And Salt Lake City, Ravi Shah

CMC Senior Theses

This paper utilizes a case study approach to explain the impact of having a franchise from the National Basketball Association (NBA) move to a city where a team from the four major American sports league had not existed on employment levels. This paper utilizes the synthetic control method to examine employment in Memphis, Oklahoma City, Orlando, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City. Applying the synthetic control method, this paper finds that employment is not impacted positively as the stadium proposals suggest they will when putting forth subsidy bids. Due to the large costs imposed on taxpayers as a result of the …

The Economic Implications Of Nba Player Achievements On Athletic Apparel Companies, Paul Andrew Maddock Ii

CMC Senior Theses

This paper aims to measure the economic impact of different NBA player achievements on the athletic apparel companies, Nike, Adidas, and Under Armour. It looks at players affiliated with the brands who participated in three different events in the NBA from from 2007 to 2017: the All-Star game, the All-NBA awards, and starting lineups in the Finals. Monthly stock returns for each company were calculated for the months the events took place: January, February, May, and June. The return of each company was then regressed on total number of players each company had in the events. Four total regressions were …

Experience Design In Leisure Studies, Parks, Recreation, And Tourism, Neil R. Lundberg

Faculty Publications

This article provides a response to the article “Leisure Studies is for Experience, Not Industry,” by Harmon (2018). In responding to Harmon’s critique, I address two important issues; both could be expanded into full-length articles but are treated only briefly in this response. First, it is critical to clearly understand and differentiate between the related concepts of experience design, experience industries, and experience economy, so I will provide a preliminary differentiation. Second, and in connection with the differentiation of experience-based concepts, I briefly discuss the need for curriculum reform or refocus within the broad discipline of leisure studies, parks, recreation, …