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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

The Oprah In Me: Becoming Sidney O., Sidney Opal Young Jan 2025

The Oprah In Me: Becoming Sidney O., Sidney Opal Young

Selected Full-Text Master Theses 2021-

Oprah Winfrey is a staple in American History and the world. She has infiltrated American media pop culture with a range of experience and expertise in various forms of media: television, literature, radio, Internet and film. Oprah has influenced popular culture. She continuously shared her ‘truths’ through her experiences and successes both good and bad making her extremely relatable. Oprah educates and inform the public about pressing issues in media and the world. Oprah has stood as an icon for many women, including me.


A Systematic Literature Review On Resilient Digital Transformation, Examining How Organizations Sustain Digital Capabilities, Thira Chavarnakul, Li Da Xu, Zhuming Bi, Achyut Shankar, Gaurav Dhiman, Wattana Viriyasitavat, Danupol Hoonsopon Jan 2025

A Systematic Literature Review On Resilient Digital Transformation, Examining How Organizations Sustain Digital Capabilities, Thira Chavarnakul, Li Da Xu, Zhuming Bi, Achyut Shankar, Gaurav Dhiman, Wattana Viriyasitavat, Danupol Hoonsopon

Information Technology & Decision Sciences Faculty Publications

In an era marked by relentless technological shifts and market volatility, digital transformation (DT) alone is insufficient. Organizations must develop Resilient Digital Transformation (RDT)—the organizational capabilities required to sustain DT over a medium-term horizon—to navigate these challenges effectively. This study primarily aims to propose a guideline for fostering RDT. Drawing on the PRISMA guidelines and a systematic review of 77 peer-reviewed papers, this study identifies and synthesizes key targets and drivers across three core pillars: Technology, Organization, and External Environment. These elements collectively foster organizational resilience. Specifically, this study highlights how adaptability, innovation, and scalability form the technological underpinnings of …


Beyond Jarkesy: Rethinking The Role Of Administrative Law Judges In Sec Administrative Proceedings, Mark T. Uyeda, Jaime Marinaro Jan 2025

Beyond Jarkesy: Rethinking The Role Of Administrative Law Judges In Sec Administrative Proceedings, Mark T. Uyeda, Jaime Marinaro

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

No abstract provided.


The Federal Reserve’S Fight Against Covid-19: A Study Of The Corporate Bond Intervention, Noah Seilgson Jan 2025

The Federal Reserve’S Fight Against Covid-19: A Study Of The Corporate Bond Intervention, Noah Seilgson

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve (Fed) embarked on an unprecedented mission to stabilize the U.S. economy as businesses shut down. One emergency Fed facility, the Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF), was used to purchase corporate bonds and corporate bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the secondary market. This extraordinary measure, which injected liquidity into the corporate bond market, aimed to mitigate economic fallout for large companies. Purchasing corporate bonds marked a departure from previous Federal Reserve interventions, but the statutory authority was the same as had been used in past crises: Section 13(3) of the Federal …


Company Districts, C.J. Suglia Jan 2025

Company Districts, C.J. Suglia

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

Special districts that are owned or controlled by private entities and act almost uniformly like a company town can be dubbed a “company district.” These special districts, similar to historical company towns, have autonomy over the districts, control the local government, and only have to answer to the state government. Historical company towns like Pullman, Illinois and Hershey, Pennsylvania had almost canonical command over the land within their boundaries. Company districts operate their business similar to a company town—in a city that the private entity controls, but do not have employees living on-site. Company districts benefit by being immune to …


Algorithms In Finance: Balancing First Amendment Protections And Regulation, Yusraa Tadj Jan 2025

Algorithms In Finance: Balancing First Amendment Protections And Regulation, Yusraa Tadj

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

As algorithms become a function of decision-making in the financial sector, policymakers, the judiciary, and academics grapple with regulatory questions. With the increased reliance on algorithms in finance, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proposed a rule to mitigate potential conflicts of interest that can arise out of financial firms using algorithms. Algorithm users, including financial firms, are finding novel ways to protect algorithm use, such as by offering them First Amendment protections.

This Note considers to what extent algorithms can be considered protected speech amidst the complexity of algorithms and relationship within the financial sector. The Note argues that …


Averting "Death By Powerpoint", Nora Xinyi Cai Jan 2025

Averting "Death By Powerpoint", Nora Xinyi Cai

ENGS 15.11: Design and Education

This lesson empowers students to design presentation slides that effectively communicate their ideas to unfamiliar audiences. The lesson emphasizes the key guiding principle for slide design, one message per slide, along with four steps to implement it. Students will develop the vocabulary to assess the quality of others' presentation slides and apply these four steps in creating their own. The lesson seeks to cultivate a dynamic, collaborative, and creative learning environment by design.


Business Ethics: What Everyone Should Know, W. Michael Hoffman Center For Business Ethics Jan 2025

Business Ethics: What Everyone Should Know, W. Michael Hoffman Center For Business Ethics

Ethics Publication

One of the most valuable things that the Hoffman Center brings to the Bentley community is the wisdom of its Business Advisory Board. Most members are current or former ethics and compliance officers with years of experience. In the hope of better preparing Bentley students for the workplace, the Center recently asked the group for clear, direct, practical, and specific answers to the question, “What has your experience told you about what students should learn about ethics before they start their first job? Here’s a compilation and summary of what we received.


Collegiate Athlete Branding And Name, Image, And Likeness On Instagram, Carson Shaw, Renu Pariyadath Jan 2025

Collegiate Athlete Branding And Name, Image, And Likeness On Instagram, Carson Shaw, Renu Pariyadath

University of South Carolina Upstate Student Research Journal

This study explores how collegiate athletes use Instagram to build their personal brands and maximize their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) potential in the era of digital self-promotion. Since the 2021 Supreme Court ruling allowing college athletes to profit from NIL, social media has become a key platform for visibility, engagement, and financial opportunity. Guided by Erving Goffman’s Self-Presentation Theory, this research employs a qualitative content analysis of 80 Instagram posts from eight collegiate athletes—four high-profile and four low-profile—representing diverse sports, genders, and institutions. Sixteen content themes drawn from prior research were analyzed, including personal life, business life, athletic performance, …


Emboldened In The Rap “Game”: How Severely Stigmatized Video Models Navigate Disrespect And Vulnerability To Workplace Mistreatment., Payal Sharma, Kristie M. Rogers, Blake E. Ashforth Jan 2025

Emboldened In The Rap “Game”: How Severely Stigmatized Video Models Navigate Disrespect And Vulnerability To Workplace Mistreatment., Payal Sharma, Kristie M. Rogers, Blake E. Ashforth

Management Faculty Research and Publications

Moral stigma attached to an occupation can scar workers through discrediting, shaming, and denying respect. It can also open the door to interpersonal mistreatment, but little is known about how morally stigmatized workers navigate anticipated disrespect to potentially avoid harm. We explore this issue in a study of an occupation carrying severe moral stigma and where disrespect and workplace mistreatment are pervasive: models in hip-hop and rap music videos. Through analyses of 71 interviews with 48 video models and 19 industry informants, field observations, and archival data, we show how severe moral stigma and industry constraints promote generalized disrespect of …


Consumer Financial Data And Non-Horizontal Mergers, Linda Jeng, Jon Frost, Elisabeth Noble, Chris Brummer Jan 2025

Consumer Financial Data And Non-Horizontal Mergers, Linda Jeng, Jon Frost, Elisabeth Noble, Chris Brummer

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

This Article explores the potential competitive implications of non-horizontal mergers where they involve extensive consumer data, including consumer financial data. As data become increasingly central to firm strategy, mergers between data-rich firms, while potentially leading to positive outcomes, can also create market power in ways not entirely accounted for by traditional antitrust theory. The Article considers some of these implications. It introduces new metrics for valuing data sets held by merging firms that could help competition authorities evaluate market impacts more effectively. The Article then suggests potential tools to mitigate anti-competitive effects of data-rich mergers. It advocates for further research …


The Dying Swan: How To Predict And Evaluate The Survival Rate And Longevity Of Small Dance Companies In The United States, Evemarie N. Bessenbach Jan 2025

The Dying Swan: How To Predict And Evaluate The Survival Rate And Longevity Of Small Dance Companies In The United States, Evemarie N. Bessenbach

Theses and Dissertations--Arts Administration

Smaller dance organizations are an integral component of the arts and culture sector in the United States, making valuable artistic, economic, and social contributions despite limited resources. They provide employment for professional artists, contribute to a region’s economic vitality, and increase accessibility to quality arts-related programming. However, there are numerous professional dance companies that have permanently closed these past ten years alone, such as Dance Theatre of Tennessee, Ballet Theatre of Indiana, and Missouri Ballet Theatre, to just name a few—all of which can be considered smaller dance organizations.

The purpose of this interdisciplinary, exploratory study is to address the …


Ai Agents And Agentic Systems: A Multi-Expert Analysis, Laurie Hughes, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Tegwen Malik, Mazen Shawosh, Mousa Ahmed Albashrawi, Il Jeon, Vincent Dutot, Mandanna Appanderanda, Tom Crick, Rahul De’, Mark Fenwick, Senali Madugoda Gunaratnege, Paulius Jurcys, Arpan Kumar Kar, Nir Kshetri, Keyao Li, Sashah Mutasa, Spyridon Samothrakis, Michael Wade, Paul Walton Jan 2025

Ai Agents And Agentic Systems: A Multi-Expert Analysis, Laurie Hughes, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Tegwen Malik, Mazen Shawosh, Mousa Ahmed Albashrawi, Il Jeon, Vincent Dutot, Mandanna Appanderanda, Tom Crick, Rahul De’, Mark Fenwick, Senali Madugoda Gunaratnege, Paulius Jurcys, Arpan Kumar Kar, Nir Kshetri, Keyao Li, Sashah Mutasa, Spyridon Samothrakis, Michael Wade, Paul Walton

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The emergence of AI agents and agentic systems represents a significant milestone in artificial intelligence, enabling autonomous systems to operate, learn, and collaborate in complex environments with minimal human intervention. This paper, drawing on multi-expert perspectives, examines the potential of AI agents and agentic systems to reshape industries by decentralizing decision-making, redefining organizational structures, and enhancing cross-functional collaboration. Specific applications include healthcare systems capable of creating adaptive treatment plans, supply chain agents that predict and address disruptions in real-time, and business process automation that reallocates tasks from humans to AI, improving efficiency and innovation. However, the integration of these systems …


Sacred Or Sacrificed Placemaking: A Contested Fan Pilgrimage Site For Rural Tourism Development, Timo Thelen, Sangkyun Kim, Tomohiro Kai, Eerang Park Jan 2025

Sacred Or Sacrificed Placemaking: A Contested Fan Pilgrimage Site For Rural Tourism Development, Timo Thelen, Sangkyun Kim, Tomohiro Kai, Eerang Park

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The concept of placemaking describes the transformation and development of a site directed by the local authorities. This longitudinal study examines the emergence of a fan pilgrimage site in rural Japan and the subsequent placemaking process to establish it as a popular culture tourism site. The study uncovers friction among stakeholders and backlash against the top-down placemaking approach from both residents and fans, whose attitudes are more critical and impactful than those of non-fan tourists towards making the place. The study contributes to a nuanced understanding of placemaking dynamics and complexity by drawing on a non-Western context and its particularities, …


Education For Sustainable Development: An Assessment Of Australian And Canadian Business Schools, Eduardo Ordonez-Ponce, Mehran Nejati, Rahatulaain Ahmad Jan 2025

Education For Sustainable Development: An Assessment Of Australian And Canadian Business Schools, Eduardo Ordonez-Ponce, Mehran Nejati, Rahatulaain Ahmad

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether and how business schools in Australia and Canada advocate for education for sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory study used a sequential mixed methods design, using a combination of qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. During phase 1, sustainability reports developed by Australian and Canadian business schools (SIP reports), which are signatories to the Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME), were reviewed using qualitative content analysis methods. Following that, a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine representatives from selected business schools from Australia and Canada were conducted to triangulate and interpret the findings …


The Csr Practices Of Western Australian Mining Based On Innovation Ecosystems: Pathways To Collaborative Innovation And Sustainable Development, Jiawei Sun Jan 2025

The Csr Practices Of Western Australian Mining Based On Innovation Ecosystems: Pathways To Collaborative Innovation And Sustainable Development, Jiawei Sun

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study investigates the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of Western Australian mining companies, focusing on their integration of innovation ecosystems to promote sustainable development. Through case studies of BHP Group, Rio Tinto, FMG, and South32, the research examines how these companies reduce carbon emissions, enhance community development, and foster collaborative innovation. The findings highlight the significant role of innovation ecosystems in enabling these companies to adopt cleaner technologies, improve social outcomes, and maintain a competitive edge in a sustainability-conscious global market. The study also explores the challenges and opportunities faced by mining companies in leveraging collaborative innovation to address …


Covid-19'S Impact On Grocery Expenditure Amid The Rise Of Social Media's Unattainable Wellness Culture Within Beverage Products, Ava Hinz Jan 2025

Covid-19'S Impact On Grocery Expenditure Amid The Rise Of Social Media's Unattainable Wellness Culture Within Beverage Products, Ava Hinz

Scripps Senior Theses

This paper explores post-pandemic consumption through two different lens: economics and media studies. First, I will focus on COVID-19’s impact on the expenditure of grocery goods. Then I will explore how today’s wellness culture is made unattainable through social media by examining an organic grocery store and two beverage products. By examining these two areas of consumption, it provides critical information on an individual’s consumption during the unique shocks of the pandemic and the cultural context behind those actions.


Globalization In Fashion: Organizational Strategies For Cultural Adaptation While Maintaining Core Identity, Karina Klein Jan 2025

Globalization In Fashion: Organizational Strategies For Cultural Adaptation While Maintaining Core Identity, Karina Klein

Scripps Senior Theses

This thesis examines how fashion brands can effectively maintain their brand identity while expanding into international markets with diverse cultural landscapes. Addressing the fundamental tension between standardization and localization in global fashion marketing, this research investigates when brands should maintain consistent approaches versus adapting to local cultural contexts. Through a comprehensive literature review of global branding theory, historical patterns of fashion globalization, and cultural dimensions affecting fashion consumption, the study establishes foundational principles for strategic international expansion. The research presents Burberry's successful entry into the Chinese market as a case study, analyzing how the luxury brand effectively balanced standardization of …


Governance And Innovation In Plastic Waste Management: The Case Of Japan, Minoo Tehrani, Yu Cui Jan 2025

Governance And Innovation In Plastic Waste Management: The Case Of Japan, Minoo Tehrani, Yu Cui

Business Faculty Publications

This study investigates plastic waste management, focusing on Japan. The volume of plastic waste in Japan is more than eight million tons, and less than a quarter of the plastic waste is subjected to recycling. Considering that Japan is an archipelago consisting of a combination of four large islands and numerous smaller ones, plastic waste that enters the ocean poses significant threats to marine life, birds, other living beings, and beach pollution. This research explores the underlying factors that have made Japan one of the highest users of plastic. In addition, this study evaluates different strategies that are utilized in …


Green Cities Conference 2025--Program Booklet, Minoo Tehrani Jan 2025

Green Cities Conference 2025--Program Booklet, Minoo Tehrani

Business Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


The Past, Present, And Future Of Adaptive Selling: Toward An Integrative Framework, Nawar N. Chaker, Rhett T. Epler, Gabriel Moreno, Dana Amiri, Elizabeth G. Mcdougal Jan 2025

The Past, Present, And Future Of Adaptive Selling: Toward An Integrative Framework, Nawar N. Chaker, Rhett T. Epler, Gabriel Moreno, Dana Amiri, Elizabeth G. Mcdougal

Marketing Faculty Publications

Adaptive selling represents a notable and influential concept in the marketing literature. Despite being discussed in scholarly research and managerial practice for over forty years and mixed findings about its impact, a comprehensive understanding of the construct of adaptive selling remains missing. To remedy this critical knowledge gap, we conduct a comprehensive review of 188 articles across twenty-seven journals. We combine three approaches in our survey of the literature, including a systematic review, a main path analysis, and a bibliographic analysis. Together, this three-prong review offers profound insights into the state of adaptive selling research by (1) mapping the key …


Cross Country Analysis Of Leveraged Loan Issuance: A Comparative Case Study, Cristina D. Vasquez Boero Jan 2025

Cross Country Analysis Of Leveraged Loan Issuance: A Comparative Case Study, Cristina D. Vasquez Boero

Honors Program Theses

This paper aims to examine the dynamics of the global leveraged loan market through a cross-country analysis of 32,635 loan issuances spanning 133 industries across 29 countries between 2005 and 2024. The study analyzes key loan-level variables; including commitment size, maturity time, facility type, pledge status, priority lien, economic sector, use of proceeds, issue year, and amortization schedule to identify cross-country variation in loan issuance patterns and borrower characteristics, comparing a selected sample of international countries with the United States. The results reveal that the market for leveraged loans has grown significantly over time, specifically due to a higher frequency …


Navigating Uncertainty In Global Auditing: Institutional Barriers, Coordination Challenges, And Auditor Responses, Eric P. Krause Jan 2025

Navigating Uncertainty In Global Auditing: Institutional Barriers, Coordination Challenges, And Auditor Responses, Eric P. Krause

2025

Enhancing transparency and coordination in global auditing is increasingly critical as financial markets become more interconnected. My dissertation examines how regulatory fragmentation and uncertainty shape cross-border audit practices and outcomes. Through three related studies, I explore the effects of economic and political uncertainty, regulatory tension, and global audit network structures on audit-related decisions and consequences. The first paper is a literature review that synthesizes findings from over 40 empirical studies on how economic and political uncertainty affect financial reporting, capital markets, and auditor behavior. Motivated by the rise of uncertainty indices—such as the Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) Index (Baker et …


2025 Crummer Truist Portfolio, Cole Cecconi, Esperanza Dickson Reyes, Gustavo Fernandez, Conner Jones, Michael Kozinski, Emily Quezada, Cristian Ramos, Polina Vlasova Jan 2025

2025 Crummer Truist Portfolio, Cole Cecconi, Esperanza Dickson Reyes, Gustavo Fernandez, Conner Jones, Michael Kozinski, Emily Quezada, Cristian Ramos, Polina Vlasova

Crummer Truist Portfolios

SunTrust (now Truist) endowed this portfolio to provide scholarships for future Crummer students and to give current students a practical, hands-on learning opportunity. This year, we are pleased to be able to disburse $50,000 to be used for scholarships. We are extremely grateful for this generous investment in higher education. We have all learned a great deal from this experience and the responsibility of managing real money. Our first challenge is to establish a portfolio position that takes advantage of economic opportunities while avoiding unnecessary risk and conforming to the Crummer Truist Investment Policy Statement (IPS). We are also tasked …


From Chaos To Cohesion: Building A Brand Kit, Brooke Kries Jan 2025

From Chaos To Cohesion: Building A Brand Kit, Brooke Kries

ENGS 15.11: Design and Education

From Chaos to Cohesion: Building a Brand Kit is a lesson designed for undergraduate students to show how a strong visual identity supports an organization’s mission and goals. Utilizing interactive instruction, guided exercises, individual exploration, and peer discussions, students will learn how elements, such as typography, logos, and color can shape public perception and align with audience expectations. By the end of the lesson, students will have created a sample brand kit and graphic to reflect an organization’s purpose and tone.

This lesson integrates marketing theory, real-life examples, and independent hands-on learning to encourage creativity, collaboration, and strategic thinking. Students …


Confronting Indecision, Lane Allison Murray Jan 2025

Confronting Indecision, Lane Allison Murray

ENGS 15.11: Design and Education

This course aims to increase students' understanding of indecision and how to confront it. The class provides insight into how the fear of the unknown holds people back from making decisions and about understanding one's values as a means to combat indecision. Students and teachers alike explore instances of indecision and evaluate their own impulses & thought processes by reflecting on the deeper reasons for their choices. Students will increase their comfort level of asking themselves and their peers questions about the values that guide them and, in doing so, strengthen their relationships with themselves and others.


Exploring Coworker Perceptions Of And Reactions To Quiet Quitting, Andrew A. Bennett, Rhett T. Epler, Veronica L. Thomas, Daroon Jalil Jan 2025

Exploring Coworker Perceptions Of And Reactions To Quiet Quitting, Andrew A. Bennett, Rhett T. Epler, Veronica L. Thomas, Daroon Jalil

Management Faculty Publications

Quiet quitting is a relatively new phenomenon that has quickly caught the attention of both practitioners and academics. With the world of work becoming increasingly interconnected, we contribute to the discourse by approaching quiet quitting from the novel perspective of understanding how others in the workplace perceive those who engage in quiet quitting. To do so, we first provide a formalized definition of quiet quitting and differentiate coworkers' perceptions of quiet quitting from similar psychological constructs (Studies 1–3). We then examine employee responses to coworkers engaging in quiet quitting with a qualitative study (Study 4) and vignette design (Study 5), …


The Csr Authenticity Crossroads: A Comparative Analysis Of Greenwashing In The Cosmetics And Food Sectors, Magdalena Klimczuk-Kochańska Jan 2025

The Csr Authenticity Crossroads: A Comparative Analysis Of Greenwashing In The Cosmetics And Food Sectors, Magdalena Klimczuk-Kochańska

Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski

Purpose: The article aims to investigate the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies, manifestations of greenwashing, and their underlying motivations in selected companies from the cosmetics and food sectors.

Methodology: The study employs a qualitative, comparative case study methodology. Six companies (L’Oréal, Natura & Co., Bielenda, Nestlé, Maspex, and Tony’s Chocolonely) were analysed based on publicly available secondary data, including corporate reports, NGO analyses, and media coverage.

Findings: The study identifies and defines two distinct sectoral logics: companies in the cosmetics sector follow a ‘brand-centric logic’, where greenwashing manifests as product-level marketing claims. In contrast, firms …


Ict Technologies: Origins, Development, And Applications In Selected Examples From The Economy And Society, Tomasz Parys Jan 2025

Ict Technologies: Origins, Development, And Applications In Selected Examples From The Economy And Society, Tomasz Parys

Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski

Purpose: The primary purpose of this paper is to present information and communication technologies, collectively referred to as ICT, as a determinant of the development and functioning of the modern world through the prism of tools, models, concepts and platforms that enable their application. This is accomplished in the article by presenting selected technologies along with illustrating the scope and possibilities of their use.

Methodology: The scope of the research included ICT technologies, their development and evolution, as well as their application in various fields. Extensive source material was collected, with a primary focus on academic publications, including …


Remote Education And Well-Being In Academia During (Post) Pandemic Times: Insights From Business Schools In V4 Countries, Agnieszka Brzozowska, Jana Kajanová, Michał Ludek, Kamila Matysová, Magdaléna Musilová, Norbert Sipos, Brigitta Szabó-Bálint, Aleksandra Wąsowska, Timea Venczel-Szakó, Jitka Volfová Jan 2025

Remote Education And Well-Being In Academia During (Post) Pandemic Times: Insights From Business Schools In V4 Countries, Agnieszka Brzozowska, Jana Kajanová, Michał Ludek, Kamila Matysová, Magdaléna Musilová, Norbert Sipos, Brigitta Szabó-Bálint, Aleksandra Wąsowska, Timea Venczel-Szakó, Jitka Volfová

Studia i Materiały Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytet Warszawski

Purpose: The study aims to explore the dynamics shaping online education processes in the Visegrad countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary) during the transition to remote learning.

Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative study was conducted among 40 university students and 40 academic teachers from the four countries. The data analysis focused on identifying recurring patterns and challenges in online teaching and learning experiences.

Findings: The research revealed two negative cycles influencing online education. The first, called the cycle of declining engagement, shows how decreasing student engagement led to lower lecturer involvement, which in turn further reduced students’ motivation. The …