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Plankton Dynamics In A Temperate Estuary:Size Structure And Trophic Implications, Nayan Mallick

Theses and Dissertations

Estuarine ecosystems provide goods and services to around 45% of the entire human population. In recent times, these ecosystems have been severely affected by multiple stressors such as pollution, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, sea level rise, and, most importantly, climate change. Increasing temperature associated with climate change can have pervasive impacts throughout the ecosystem’s functions and processes. Plankton, a conspicuous member of estuarine food web, are among the first to respond to the changes in temperature due to their high sensitivity to changing environmental conditions.

In this dissertation, I investigated the plankton dynamics in an estuarine ecosystem through a combination …

Exploring The Influence Of Molecular Chaperones On The Aggregation Of Transthyretin, Adam S. Knier

Dissertations (1934 -)

Molecular chaperones assist in maintaining protein homeostasis by limiting protein aggregation, including populations of protein aggregates that may be associated with the onset of debilitating and/or often fatal diseases. Chaperones are known to limit protein aggregate populations through disaggregase activity, in which chaperone complexes work together to disassemble multi-subunit aggregate species into smaller populations, or holdase activity, in which chaperones bind to proteins or smaller aggregates to prevent further aggregation. In this dissertation we assess if molecular chaperones can limit the aggregation of human transthyretin (TTR) expressed within a yeast system and explore the relationship between chaperone concentration and activity. …

A Dendrochronological Analysis Of Longleaf And Associated Pines From The Blackwater Ecological Preserve In Southeastern Virginia, Sarah Durham

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

The field of dendrochronology utilizes annual tree ring growth data to create chronologies, which function as proxies to measure the effect of climate on radial growth. In the southeastern United States, dendrochronological studies involving the effect of climate on the growth of Pinus species exist, but significant gaps persist. For this study, I: 1) created chronologies of earlywood, latewood, and total ring-width growth for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and pond pine (P. serotina Michx.) and 2) conducted a climate analysis on each species to determine how climatic factors affected radial …

Proteomic Analysis Reveals Major Proteins And Pathways That Mediate The Effect Of 17-Β-Estradiol In Cell Division And Apoptosis In Breast Cancer Mcf7 Cells, Zhenqi Zhou, Brihget Sicairos, Jianhong Zhou, Yuchun Du

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Despite extensive research, the genes/proteins and pathways responsible for the physiological effects of estrogen remain elusive. In this study, we determined the effect of estrogen on global protein expression in breast cancer MCF7 cells using a proteomic method. The expression of 77 cytosolic, 74 nuclear, and 81 membrane/organelle proteins was significantly altered by 17-β-estradiol (E2). Protein enrichment analyses suggest that E2 may stimulate cell division primarily by promoting the G1 to S phase transition and advancing the G2/M checkpoint. The effect of E2 on cell survival was complex, as it could simultaneously enhance and inhibit apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that …

The Middle Domain Of Hsp104 Can Ensure Substrates Are Functional After Processing, Hannah Buchholz, Jane E. Dorweiler, Sam Guereca, Brett T. Wisniewski, James Shorter, Anita L. Manogaran

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Molecular chaperones play a central role in protein disaggregation. However, the molecular determinants that regulate this process are poorly understood. Hsp104 is an AAA+ ATPase that disassembles stress granules and amyloids in yeast through collaboration with Hsp70 and Hsp40. In vitro studies show that Hsp104 processes different types of protein aggregates by partially translocating or threading polypeptides through the central pore of the hexamer. However, it is unclear how Hsp104 processing influences client protein function in vivo. The middle domain (MD) of Hsp104 regulates ATPase activity and interactions with Hsp70. Here, we tested how MD variants, Hsp104^A503S and …

Morphology And Molecular Systematics Support A New Species Of Pseudogonatodes (Squamata: Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) From Venezuela With A Remarkable Telescoped Skull, Walter E. Schargel, Christian Hernández-Morales, Juan D. Daza, Micheal J. Jowers, Andres Camilo Montes-Correa, Mayke De Freitas, Kathryn A. Sullivan, Tony Gamble, Aaron M. Bauer, Gilson A. Rivas

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

We describe a new species of miniaturized gecko (genus Pseudogonatodes) from the Peninsula de Paria in northeastern Venezuela. Externally, the new species resembles Pseudogonatodes furvus and Pseudogonatodes manessi, from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia and the Central Coastal Range in Venezuela, respectively; however, it differs from these species in terms of molecular genetic data (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and c-mos), osteological characters, and scale counts. The new species is unique in skull osteology, and we adopt the term ‘telescoped’ from the literature to describe the overlap of bones in the snout, in particular the …

A Method For Rapid And Reliable Quantification Of Vegf-Cell Binding Activity, Prabuddha Waduge, Avinash Kaur, Wei Li

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that binds a broad spectrum of cell types and regulates diverse cellular processes, including angiogenesis, growth and survival. However, it is technically difficult to quantify VEGF-cell binding activity because of reversible nature of ligand-receptor interactions. Here we used T7 bacteriophage display to quantify and compare binding activity of three human VEGF-A (hVEGF) isoforms, including hVEGF111, 165 and 206. All three isoforms bound equally well to immobilized aflibercept, a decoy VEGF receptor. hVEGF111-Phage exhibited minimal binding to immobilized heparan sulfate, whereas hVEGF206-Phage and hVEGF165-Phage had the highest and intermediate binding to …

Analysis Of Mybl1,Vxn, And Ccne2 Gene Relationships In Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Sahia M. Bryant

Theses (2016-Present)

Accounting for 15-20% of all breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), is the most aggressive subtype, with the worst prognosis. In previous studies, the MYBL1 gene, which is associated with several events that are key to tumor progression, has been identified as a powerful transcriptional activator that is overexpressed in TNBC. In earlier research, our lab knocked down MYBL1 expression in a TNBC cell line and identified a subset of genes impacted by the knockdown process. MYBL1 gene is located on the chromosome 8q locus. In addition to MYBL1 we identified 2 genes, VXN and CCNE2, also located at the …

Integrated Safety And Efficacy Analyses Of Phase 3 Trials Of A Microbiome Therapeutic For Recurrent Cdi, Colleen S Kraft, Matthew Sims, Michael Silverman, Thomas J Louie, Paul Feuerstadt, Edward S Huang, Sahil Khanna, Charles S Berenson, Elaine E L Wang, Stuart H Cohen, Louis Korman, Christine Lee, Colleen R Kelly, Alberto Odio, Paul P Cook, Bret Lashner, Mayur Ramesh, Princy Kumar, Ananya De, Asli Memisoglu, David A Lombardi, Brooke R Hasson, Barbara H Mcgovern, Lisa Von Moltke, Darrell S Pardi, Ecospor Iii And Ecospor Iv Investigators

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) often occurs after standard-of-care antibiotics. VOWST oral spores (VOS, previously SER-109), an FDA-approved orally administered microbiome therapeutic, is indicated to prevent rCDI following antibiotics for rCDI.

OBJECTIVE, DESIGN, AND PATIENTS: To evaluate safety and efficacy of VOS from two phase 3 trials, (randomized, placebo-controlled [ECOSPOR III: NCT03183128] and open-label, single arm [ECOSPOR IV: NCT03183141]) of 349 adults with rCDI and prevalent comorbidities.

METHODS: VOS or placebo [ECOSPOR III only] (4 capsules once daily for 3 days). Integrated analysis of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) collected through week 8; serious TEAEs and TEAEs of special interest …

Multivalent Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions Probed By Composition-Gradient Multiangle Light Scattering, Josephine C Ferreon, Natee Kongchan, Phoebe S Tsoi, Kyoung-Jae Choi, Sophia Kenrick, Joel Neilson, Allan Chris M Ferreon

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Many RNA-binding proteins, such as TDP-43 or CELF1, interact multivalently with nucleic acid repetitive elements. The molecular stoichiometry of protein to nucleic acid is often difficult to assess, particularly by standard electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Here, we investigate the use of composition-gradient multiangle light scattering (CG-MALS) for quantifying binding affinity and stoichiometry for two RNA-binding proteins with their nucleic acid partners of varied sequence and length: TDP43's N-terminal RNA recognition motifs with both TG/GU-repeat ssDNA and ssRNA, respectively, and CELF1's two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs with (TG/UGUU/GU) repeats and an experimentally defined cognate GU-rich element (GRE). Our CG-MALS data …

Development Of E-Modules Based On Pjbl-Steam And Virtual Simulation Media On Work And Energy Topic As An Effort To Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills, Farah Rafidah, Parno Parno, Nasikhudin Nasikhudin, Marlina Ali

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

Work and energy are fundamental topics in physics. However, enhancing students’ critical thinking skills in these areas remains a challenge. This research aimed to develop and assess the validity and readability of e-modules designed with PjBL-STEAM and virtual simulation media to address this issue. The development process followed a 4D model, and the resulting e-modules were evaluated as strongly valid category. The validation tests yielded percentage scores of 91.6% for media, 89.3% for content, and 88.0% for lesson plans. Additionally, the readability test achieved a score of 84.6%, indicating a excellent level of comprehensibility. These findings suggest that the e-modules …

Exploration Of Students’ Scientific Argumentation Skills On Static Fluid Topics, Trio Junira Fernando, Parno Parno, Markus Diantoro

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

The weakness in students’ scientific argumentation, particularly in providing evidence-based arguments, has become a significant concern in education. This study aims to assess students’ scientific argumentation skills specifically on the topic of static fluids. The survey was conducted with 78 twelfth-grade students from private high schools in East Java, Indonesia, who had previously studied this topic. A scientific argumentation test instrument, consisting of an essay format with five questions, was employed to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, followed by a classification based on static fluid subtopics and the level of scientific argumentation skill. The results indicated …

Influencing Factors Of Competency Achievement In Fiber Optic Installation Engineering: A Study On Vocational School Graduates In Indonesia, Pangadongan Elfin Pujianto, Djoko Kustono, Hakkun Elmunsyah

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This study investigates the factors influencing the achievement of competencies in the field of Fiber Optic Installation Engineering (TIFO) among vocational school graduates in Indonesia and their subsequent performance in the workforce. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the research examines the relationship between several key variables, including national examination scores, quality of infrastructure, teaching competence, and telecommunication systems subject scores. Path analysis structural equation modeling was employed to determine the direct and indirect effects of these variables on TIFO competency achievement and graduates’ performance. The findings reveal that the quality of infrastructure is the most significant contributor to competency achievement, accounting …

Impact Of Problem-Based Learning Integrated With Blended Learning On Students’ Collaborative Skills, Angel Regina, Yustina Febblina Daryanes, Riki Apriyandi Putra

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This study investigates the impact of implementing a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model integrated with Blended Learning on enhancing students’ collaborative abilities. Conducted in class XI of SMA Negeri Plus Riau Province during the 2021/2022 academic year, the research utilized a control group design to compare the collaborative skills of students in an experimental class, which employed the PBL model, with those in a control class. The study assessed four key indicators of collaborative ability: working productively, valuing opinions, compromising, and sharing responsibility. The findings revealed that students in the experimental class showed significant improvements in all four indicators compared to …

Comparative Analysis In The Effectiveness Of Real Vs. Virtual Labs In Enhancing Students’ Conceptual Understanding Of Archimedes’ Principle, Judeanto Edy, Sutopo Sutopo, Edi Supriana

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of virtual laboratories compared to real laboratories in improving students’ conceptual understanding of Archimedes’ principle. A quantitative approach was employed using a pretest-posttest design. The measurement instrument used in this study was a concept mastery test, consisting of 15 multiple-choice questions. Data were analyzed using an independent sample T-test. The research involved students from two XI IPA classes, each consisting of 33 students. The findings indicated that both virtual and real laboratories in the learning process could enhance students’ conceptual understanding. The study concluded that there was no significant difference between the virtual …

Coral Reef Protection Is Fundamental To Human Rights, Emma F. Camp, Irus Braverman, Genevieve Wilkinson, Christian R. Voolstra

Journal Articles

The intensifying loss of coral reefs from global climate change and local stressors has seen international commitments targeted at conservation and repair, for example the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Fulfilling these targets requires decisions to be made on where, when, and how to act, ultimately dictating where limited resources will be deployed. Every choice on action or inaction toward our ocean has direct and indivisible consequences not only for the health of marine ecosystems but also for the health of humans, particularly those who directly depend on marine habitats, both culturally and economically. The well-being of the environment, humans, and …

The Prognostic Significance Of Androgen Receptor Expression In Gliomas, Chi Zhang, Nan Zhao, Rubayat Khan, Ming-Yang Hung, Chi Zhang, Shuo Wang, Tony J.C. Wang, Chi Lin

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Androgen receptor (AR) overexpression has been identified in gliomas and its stem cells, suggesting that AR plays an important role in tumor carcinogenesis. The prognostic significance of AR overexpression in gliomas remains unknown. AR mRNA expression in gliomas and relevant clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases. AR expression levels were compared across gliomas of different histopathologic grades and molecular subtypes. Kaplan–Meier analyses in patients with different AR expression levels were investigated for the potential prognostic values of AR. Compared with normal brain tissue, gliomas show significantly higher AR mRNA expression ( …

Expanded Gene And Taxon Sampling Of Diplomonads Shows Multiple Switches To Parasitic And Free-Living Lifestyle, Monika Wiśniewska, Erik Salomaki, Jeffrey D. Silberman, Kristina Terpis, Eva Mazancová, Petr Táborský, Vasana Jinathama, Eleni Gentekaki, Ivan Čepička, Martin Kolisko

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background

Diplomonads are anaerobic flagellates classified within Metamonada. They contain both host-associated commensals and parasites that reside in the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans (e.g., Giardia intestinalis), as well as free-living representatives that inhabit freshwater and marine anoxic sediments (e.g., Hexamita inflata). The evolutionary trajectories within this group are particularly unusual as the free-living taxa appear to be nested within a clade of host-associated species, suggesting a reversal from host-dependence to a secondarily free-living lifestyle. This is thought to be an exceedingly rare event as parasites often lose genes for metabolic pathways that are essential to a …

It’S A Question At The ‘Root’ Of The Problem: Fungal Associations Of Dionaea Muscipula (Venus’ Flytrap) Roots In Its Native Habitat, Anna A. Carnaggio, Michelle M. Barthet

Biology

Carnivorous plants survive in harsh habitats with limited nutrients and a low pH. Much focus has been placed on carnivorous trap evolution as the primary mechanism to increase nutrient acquisition through insect digestion. Soil microbiome, however, may also play a pertinent role in nutrient acquisition influencing plant vigor and overall success. Dionaea muscipula, commonly known as the Venus’ flytrap, is endemic to rims of the Carolina Bays located in southeast North Carolina and northeast South Carolina, where D. muscipula survives in nutrient poor soils with a vestigial root system. We utilized a combination of microscopy, plating, and metagenomics, to investigate …

Formulation And Evaluation Of In-Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity Of Iron Nanoparticles On Mcf-7 & A-475 Cells, Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke, Arigela Bharathi, Tenpattinam Shanmugam Saraswathi, Yenumula Nettikallu, Shanmugam Vippamakula

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field within the developing nano medication delivery system. Ayurveda, a traditional form of healing, employs nanoparticles known as Bhasmas. Nanoparticles can be selectively designed to simultaneously deliver many medications. This innovative functionality enables meticulous regulation of drug release, therefore obviating the necessity for intricate dosing schedules. This enhances patient compliance with treatment. The aim of this work is to synthesise iron nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly process, evaluate the quality of the produced nanoparticles, and examine their possible anti-cancer properties by in-vitro experimental testing utilizing MCF-7 and A-475 cell lines. To produce neem leaf extract, fresh …

Antimicrobial Properties Of Jasminum Sambac Linn Leave Extract On Selected Oral Associated Pathogen, Sarah Saiful Rizal, Wan Razarinah Wan Abdul Razak

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

Traditional medicine using Jasminum leaves to treat oral health problems is expected due to easy access. Furthermore, due to the rising issue of antibiotic resistance, discovering a natural antibiotic that can effectively replace synthetic antibiotics would be valuable as natural antibiotics can cover the benefits, challenges, and future development. This study aims to assess the antimicrobial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Jasminum sambac L. leaves at the concentration of 50, 150, and 250 mg/ml against E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145, S. aureus ATCC 33591 and B. cereus ATCC 11778, C. albicans ATCC 10231 and A. …

Potential Of Critical Mineral And Cytotoxicity Activity Of Gadolinium Complex As Anti-Amoebic Agent By Viability Studies And Flow Cytometry Techniques, Eny Kusrini, Fatimah Hashim, Azrina Aziz, Muhamad Fairus Noor Hassim, Anwar Usman, Lee D. Wilson, El-Sayed Negim, Agus Budi Prasetyo

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

The screening of lanthanide as a critical mineral and used as an anti-amoebic agent is important to identify the safest method and mode of cell death to eliminate this microorganism from the host. In this study, gadolinium ion (Gd³⁺) that complexed with a short acyclic triethylene glycol (EO3) and in the presence of picric acid (HPic) as counter anion for anti-amoebic activity was explored. The trivalent Gd³⁺ complexed with EO3 and HPic via one-pot synthesis reaction using a mole ratio of gadolinium nitrate salt, EO3 ligand and HPic in a mole ratio 1:3:4 to produce [Gd(Pic)_{2 …}

Immunity And Protective Efficacy Of A Plant-Based Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Like Nanoparticle Vaccine Against Influenza A Virus In Mice, Adthakorn Madapong, Erika M. Petro-Turnquist, Richard J. Webby, Allison A. Mccormick, Eric A. Weaver

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: The rapid production of influenza vaccines is crucial to meet increasing pandemic response demands. Here, we developed plant-made vaccines comprising centralized consensus influenza hemagglutinin (HA-con) proteins (H1 and H3 subtypes) conjugated to a modified plant virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanoparticle (TMV-HA-con). Methods: We compared immune responses and protective efficacy against historical H1 or H3 influenza A virus infections among TMV-HA-con, HA-con protein combined with AddaVax™ adjuvant, and whole-inactivated virus vaccine (Fluzone®). Results: Immunogenicity studies demonstrated robust IgG, IgM, and IgA responses in the TMV-HA-con and HA-con protein vaccinated groups, with relatively low induction of interferon (IFN)-γ⁺ T-cell …

Ten Measures To Jointly Explore Shenzhen Model Of Synthetic Biology Development, Xian-En Zhang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The iteration of biotechnology and the transformative development of biomanufacturing driven by synthetic biology are drawing the blueprint for the future bioeconomy. Around this strategic goal, in the past 10 years, Shenzhen has collaborated with relevant national departments and has taken a series of measures to initially create a sound ecological and innovative chain for synthetic biology and bioindustry. This study summarizes these 10 measures into three major categories: the construction of new R&D institutions and innovation bases, the implementation of technology transformation carriers and synthetic biology industry park, and the measures to encourage students’ innovative spirit. The successful implementation …

Development Of Brain-Inspired Intelligence Industry In Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Xu Zhang, Meihua Ruan

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

As an emerging frontier field of brain science, the brain-inspired intelligence has been developed rapidly during recent years, leading to the preliminary formation of the brain-inspired intelligence industry, which belongs to the strategic high-end manufacturing industry and has broad development prospects in the era of intelligence. In the future, there will be a huge demand for the brain-inspired intelligence technology and its industry in various fields in China. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is actively planning the research and development of the brain-inspired intelligence technologies and cultivating the related industries by implementing major research programs and establishing new professional …

Designing A Novel Approach To Cadaveric Dissection And Evaluation Of The Lacrimal Gland Anatomy, Maresa Joanna Mcdowell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

During our study, the orbital dissections of 44 cadavers were analyzed, and the lacrimal gland's condition after dissection was evaluated. Medical students previously dissected twenty-two of the cadavers using the dissection steps outlined in Grant’s Dissector. From these, 21 student groups performed orbital dissection using the two approaches outlined in Grant’s Dissector. Post-evaluation of Grant’s anterior approach (GAA) showed that 50% of the lacrimal glands had signs of damage to the orbital lobe, and 88.89% of the palpebral lobe were damaged. When Grant’s supraorbital approach (GSA) was used, 70% of the palpebral lobes showed signs of damage compared to the …

Synthesis Of Zno: Zro2 Nanocomposites Using Green Method For Medical Applications, Mohammed J. Tuama, Maysoon F. Alias

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

These days, nanocomposites are very popular, especially in medical applications. The spread of diseases in general, and those caused by microbes and cancerous diseases in particular, and the increased resistance of these diseases to antibiotics, have led to the need for the rapid, low-cost, and environmentally friendly production of nanocomposites. To create the chemical G-ZnO: ZrO2 and S-ZnO: ZrO2 (green technique), two different plant extracts were utilized: Z. officinal and S. aromaticum. The effective synthesis and acceptable properties features of the nanoparticles were confirmed using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) , diffuse reflectance spectroscopy …

Aging Drives Cd8 T Cells To Functional Extremes: From Non-Specific Cytotoxicity To Tissue-Mediated Exhaustion, Irina Shchukina

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

CD8 T cells are a crucial component of the immune system, primarily responsible for executing the effector response against viral infections and cancer. Aging significantly impacts most immune cell types, with particularly dramatic changes observed in CD8 T cells. One major age-related difference is the marked decline in thymus activity, which leads to a substantial reduction in naive CD8 T cells and an increased abundance of memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, recent work from our lab demonstrated that while young memory CD8 T cells are relatively homogeneous, memory CD8 T cells diverge into two subpopulations: PD1- memory CD8 T cells …

Aging Drives Cd8 T Cells To Functional Extremes: From Non-Specific Cytotoxicity To Tissue-Mediated Exhaustion, Irina Shchukina

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

CD8 T cells are a crucial component of the immune system, primarily responsible for executing the effector response against viral infections and cancer. Aging significantly impacts most immune cell types, with particularly dramatic changes observed in CD8 T cells. One major age-related difference is the marked decline in thymus activity, which leads to a substantial reduction in naive CD8 T cells and an increased abundance of memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, recent work from our lab demonstrated that while young memory CD8 T cells are relatively homogeneous, memory CD8 T cells diverge into two subpopulations: PD1- memory CD8 T cells …

Exploring Genetic Elements Related To The Co-Occurrence Of Crohn’S Disease And Rheumatoid Arthritis, Vamsi Korisapati, Karam Asad, Andrew T. Ozga

Mako: NSU Undergraduate Student Journal

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a rare inflammatory bowel disease that negatively impacts the lining of the digestive tract, while Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder wherein the body attacks healthy cells, also causing inflammation. The primary cause of inflammation in both diseases is an overactive immune response, but patients who are diagnosed with RA are typically prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which is not a suggested method for treating CD. Here we do a literature survey through PubMed to uncover genetic variants common to both diseases and highlighted four shared genes: HLA-DRB1, NOD2, CARD9, and CXCL10. We then examined these …