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Consumption Rates, Evacuation Rates And Diets Of Pygmy Killifish, Leptolucania Ommata, And Mosquitofish, Gambusia Affinis In The Okefenokee Swamp, J. Douglas Oliver

Faculty Publications and Presentations

I studied feeding dynamics of Leptolucania ommata and Gambusia affinis in the Okefenokee Swamp. Both fishes mainly ate insect larvae (such as Chironomidae) and Cladocera. Evacuation rates ranged from 0.143 (L. ommala in winter) to 0.279/hour (L. ommala in summer). Daily food consumption (dry weight) ranged from 24.2 (L. ommata in winter) to 148.3 mg/g/day (G. affinis in summer). Maximum consumption by both species was estimated at 26.31 mg/t m2 / day, in summer. These values are consistent with other observations supporting a hypothesis that invertebrate prey production is substantial in these blackwater wetlands.

Variation In A Host-Epiphyte Relationship Along A Wave Exposure Gradient, Phillip S. Levin, Arthur C. Mathieson

New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Publications

The red alga Polysiphonia lanosa (L ) Tandy is an obligate epiphyte that primarily occurs on the fucoid brown algal basiphyte Ascophyllum nodosum (L) Le Jolis In the present study we examine how epiphytic interactions between P lanosa and A nodosum vary along a wave exposure gradient within the southern Gulf of Maine, USA P lanosa was most dense on protected shores, however because the stature of P lanosa was greater on exposed than on sheltered shores, greater biomass occurred In exposed habitats Epiphytlc P lanosa pnmanly attached to inlured vegetative bssue at exposed sites, while ~ t osc currence …

Correlation Of Cochlear Pathology With Auditory Brainstem And Cortical Responses In Cats With High Frequency Hearing Loss, R. J. Mount, R. V. Harrison, S. G. Stanton, A. Nagasawa

Scanning Microscopy

Newborn kittens were treated with the aminoglycoside amikacin to produce a bilateral high frequency cochlear hearing loss. The degree and stability of hearing loss were confirmed by recording auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR audiograms). After maturation, cochleotopic frequency representation within primary auditory cortex (Al) was mapped using standard microelectrode recording techniques. The cochlear sensory epithelium was assessed with SEM and the pattern of damage compared with the ABR audiograms and cortical frequency maps.

Amikacin treatment resulted in various patterns of haircell damage towards the base of the cochlea. A relatively abrupt transition between damaged and undamaged haircell regions resulted in …

An Integrated Study Of The Morphological And Gross-Elemental Consequences Of Methyl Mercury Intoxication In Rats, With Particular Attention On The Cerebellum, K. Leyshon, A. J. Morgan

Scanning Microscopy

Methylmercury accumulates in the kidney and liver of rats, but fairly selectively damages the cerebellum, resulting in the clinical symptoms of neurological ataxia after prolonged exposures. Within the cerebellum, morphological examination indicated that the small granule cells beneath the Purkinje layer are especially susceptible to the toxin, showing signs of pyknosis during the phase of locomotory disability, whilst the large Purkinje cells are relatively resistant to cytotoxic injury. Flame photometric and electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) of digested samples of the major organs failed to detect any significant changes in the Na, K, Ca, Mg, S and P concentrations of …

Cellular Basis Of Aging In The Mammalian Heart, Piero Anversa, Joseph M. Capasso

Scanning Microscopy

This review is concerned with the functional and structural changes occurring in the aging heart. These changes were investigated in an integrated fashion in Fischer 344 rats at 4, 12, 20, and 29 months after birth. Mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, as well as stroke volume remained substantially constant up to 20 months. At 29 months, however, end-diastolic pressure was significantly increased, and dP/dt and stroke volume were depressed. Focal areas of interstitial and replacement fibrosis were markedly increased at 20 and 29 months, mostly in the subendocardial region of the ventricular wall. Also the aggregate …

The Role Of The Spleen In Lymphocyte Migration, R. Pabst, J. Westermann

Scanning Microscopy

In all species studied so far it was found that more lymphocytes migrate to the spleen than to all the lymph nodes together. Specific molecules on lymphocytes and endothelial cells regulate their entry into lymph nodes, but none of the known molecules play a role in homing to the spleen. The splenic compartments, comprising the red pulp, marginal zone, periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) and follicles, all show different kinetics for migrating lymphocytes. By combining ⁵¹Cr lymphocyte labeling with morphometry and two color immunohistochemistry, the migratory route of lymphocyte subsets can be followed through the spleen and absolute numbers of …

Sphincters In The Rat Pulmonary Veins. Comparison Of Scanning Electron And Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies, S. Aharinejad, P. Böck, A. Lametschwandtner, P. Franz, W. Firbas

Scanning Microscopy

The microvasculature of the rat lung was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of vascular corrosion casts and tissue sections. Particular emphasis was placed on postcapillary venules, pulmonary venules and small pulmonary veins (small interlobular veins).

Casts of lung capillaries appeared inconspicuous with smooth surface. On the casts of pulmonary venules and small pulmonary veins, by contrast, series of narrow annular constrictions, present at regular distances of 20-25 μm, were seen. These constrictions may be drastic, narrowing down the caliber of the vessel up to 50%. In the constrictions the marks of circularly running tubular …

Microvascularization Of The Pleura In Rats And Guinea Pigs, S. Aharinejad, A. Lametschwandtner, P. Böck, P. Franz

Scanning Microscopy

The microvascularization of the visceral and parietal pleura was studied in rats and guinea pigs using vascular corrosion casts and scanning electron microscopy.

The visceral pleura was shown to be devoid of a vascular bed of its own. The capillary meshwork observed on the surface of the lung belongs to the pulmonary parenchyma. The parietal pleura, by contrast, possesses its own capillary network with an appropriate arterial supply and a venous drainage. The parietal pleural capillaries cover the costal regions completely, whereas the intercostal spaces are only provided by interspersed small patches of capillaries. That the feeding arteries of the …

The Mayfly Newsletter, Peter M. Grant

The Mayfly Newsletter

The Mayfly Newsletter is the official newsletter of the Permanent Committee of the International Conferences on Ephemeroptera.

Osteoinductivity Of Demineralized Bone: A Quantitative In Vitro Assessment, Yihong Zheng

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Acid demineralized bone (DMB) implanted in extraosseous sites induces bone formation. In vivo studies have shown that DMB stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteogenic cells. In this study an in vitro system was developed to demonstrate the osteoinductivity of DMB quantitatively. This in vitro working system was used to assess the osteoinductivity of variously processed DMB products as a means to evaluate their processing protocols. A human dermal fibroblastic (HDF) cell line was initiated from tissue explants as a working model, along with a human periosteal (HPO) cell line as a control. Ground DMB processed by LifeNet Transplant …

The Effect Of Bacterial Endotoxin Upon The Morphology Of The Tectorial Membrane And Stereocilia In The Guinea Pig Cochlea, S. D. Comis, M. P. Osborne, M. J. Tarlow

Scanning Microscopy

Endotoxin of E coli was microperfused into scala tympani or injected into the cerebrospinal fluid in anaesthetised pigmented guinea pigs. The effects of endotoxin on the cochlea were studied using electrophysiological techniques and scanning electron microscopy. We found a drop in the amplitude of the cochlear microphonics and compound action potentials 2 to 2.5 hours after injection. There were also changes in the morphology of stereocilia and the tectorial membrane. The stereocilia lost their rigidity and the tectorial membrane appeared swollen. These effects were less severe in animals which were pretreated with dexamethasone.

The Scanning Electron Microscope: How Valuable In The Evaluation Of Small Bowel Mucosal Pathology In Chronic Childhood Diarrhea?, J. Rainer Poley

Scanning Microscopy

Data are presented on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on small intestinal biopsies of children with chronic diarrhea. In particular, there were 230 patients aged 3 months to 13 years with the following diagnoses: chronic nonspecific diarrhea, cow's milk protein intolerance, soy protein intolerance, giardiasis, cystic fibrosis, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, isolated lactase deficiency, isolated sucrase-isomaltase lactase deficiency, microvillus inclusion disease, rotavirus ententis, protracted diarrhea of infancy, chylomicron retention disease, visceral myopathy and villous asthenia.

Examination of biopsied intestinal mucosa by SEM has yielded important new information and insights on structural pathology and ultrastructural topography. Many of the observed changes helped to better …

Three Dimensional Intracellular Structure Of The Cochlea Using The A-O-D-O Method, A. Nagasawa, R. V. Harrison, R. J. Mount, Y. Harada

Scanning Microscopy

We have observed the three-dimensional intracellular structure of the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion of the chinchilla using the aldehyde osmium-DMSO-osmium (A-O-D-O) method, and compared our findings with previous studies in the guinea pig. In cells of the spiral ganglion and the organ of Corti, microtubules and other cytoplasmic filaments were digested by OsO₄ during processing to provide a clear view of membranous structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The appropriate digestion time with 0.1% OsO₄ solution was found to be 60-80 hrs for the organ of Corti and 70-90 hrs for the …

Morphological Correlates Of Mechanotransduction In Acousticolateral Hair Cells, J. O. Pickles, G. W. Rouse, M. Von Perger

Scanning Microscopy

The development of ideas on mechanotransduction in acousticolateral hair cells is described, leading to the current idea that transduction depends on deflection of the bundle of stereocilia by a force parallel to the plane of the sensory epithelium. Electrophysiological experiments are summarised, suggesting that transduction depends on a shear between the different rows of stereocilia, and that the transducer channels are situated towards the tips of the stereocilia. Analysis of the ways that shear between the rows of stereocilia could be detected suggests that tip links are the structures which are most likely to transmit the stimulus-induced forces to the …

Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Analysis Of Biological Specimens - Past And Future, B. Forslind, K. G. Malmqvist, J. Pallon

Scanning Microscopy

Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis is a comparatively new member of the family of spectrographic methods. In the last decade PIXE techniques have been applied to biological problems with great success. This review gives a condensed presentation of recent developments in biological (medical, zoological, and botanical) applications of PIXE analysis with special focus on factors which commonly influence the results, such as calibration, contamination, and preparation. The great advantage of PIXE analysis in studying physiologically important trace elements such as Zn, Mg, Fe, and Cu is underlined. Elemental mapping not only allows quantitative elemental analysis, but can also demonstrate …

Effects Of Modulated And Continuous Microwave Irradiation On The Morphology And Cell Surface Negative Charge Of 3t3 Fibroblasts, Z. Somosy, G. Thuróczy, T. Kubasova, J. Kovács, L. D. Szabó

Scanning Microscopy

Mouse embryo 3T3 cells were irradiated with 2450 MHz continuous and low frequency (16 Hz) square modulated waves of absorbed energy ranging from 0.0024 to 2.4 mW/g. The low frequency modulated microwave irradiation yielded more morphological cell changes than did the continuous microwave fields of the same intensity. The amount of free negative charges (cationized ferritin binding) on cell surfaces decreased following irradiation by modulated waves but remained unchanged under the effect of a continuous field of the same dose. Modulated waves of 0.024 mW/g dose increased the ruffling activity of the cells, and caused ultrastructural alteration in the cytoplasm. …

The Vascularization Of The Digestive Tract Studied By Scanning Electron Microscopy With Special Emphasis On The Teeth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small And Large Intestine, Pancreas, And Liver, S. Aharinejad, A. Lametschwandtner, P. Franz, W. Firbas

Scanning Microscopy

The periodontal vessels in adult rats show a ladder-like pattern; in guinea pigs molars, by contrast, they present a honey-comb pattern. The vascular architecture in human teeth seems to be similar to that of rabbits. In guinea pigs, rats, rabbits and humans esophagus circumferential vessels give off perforating vessels. In human esophagus the number and diameter of the vessels in the submucous venous plexus decrease from proximal to distal. In the stomach the subepithelial capillary network shows a honey-comb pattern reflecting the arrangement of the gastric pits. A local portal system between the gastric glands and the surface mucosal cells …

Heterogeneity Of Crystals Attached To The Human Enamel And Cementum Surfaces After Calculus Removal In Vitro, T. Kodaka, K. Debari, M. Yamada

Scanning Microscopy

Twenty one extracted human teeth with dental calculi on the enamel and cementum surfaces, fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde, were selected for this study. After ethanol dehydration and air drying, these calculi were removed by tweezers to observe the teeth surfaces under them. The inspection of these surfaces using SEM and EDX revealed hexahedrally based crystals including pseudocuboidal, rhombohedral and variable rugged rocky shapes. These crystals were identified as Mg-containing whitlockite. The pseudocuboidal crystals, measuring about 4.5 μmin maximum length, were widely distributed on the cervical enamel surface previously covered by calculus. On the root surface, however, these areas decreased …

In Vitro And In Vivo Replication For Scanning Electron Microscopy Of The Cervical Region Of Human Teeth, Joan Bevenius, Kjell Hultenby

Scanning Microscopy

A replica technique for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cervical region of human teeth was evaluated on extracted premolar teeth by comparing the replicas and the original specimens in the SEM. For in vivo application, the technique was modified to circumvent contamination by saliva and gingival exudate. Impressions were taken with an addition silicone polyvinylsiloxane material and the replicas were poured in epoxy resin die material. A surface active dentine conditioner facilitated flow of the impression material into irregular surface areas; in vivo a scavenger impression was used to remove surface debris. Custom trays were made of light-cured acrylic …

The Influence Of 17-B-Estradiol And Tamoxifen On Protein Profiles From In Vitro Cultured Preimplantation Mouse Embryos, Darrin D. Demoss

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Morehead 'State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology by Darrin Lee DeMoss on August 16, 1991.

Effect Of A Platinum Chemotherapy Drug On Intracellular Elements During The Cell Cycle, Using X-Ray Microanalysis, P. G. Edwards, M. D. Kendall, I. W. Morris

Scanning Microscopy

Intracellular elemental concentrations were measured in the cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus of cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, using energy dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis and transmission electron microscopy. Synchronous CHO cell populations were analyzed at different times during the growth cycle. The elements K, P, Mg and Zn were all more concentrated in the nucleus and nucleolus than in the cytoplasm, while no specific subcellular compartmentalization was evident for the elements Na, Cl, Ca, Fe and S. Significant changes in intracellular elemental concentrations were associated with the progression of cells from G₁ phase to S phase of the …

Small Mammal Demographics In North Dakota Conservation Reserve Program Plantings, Larry A. Lysne

Theses and Dissertations

During the summers of 1989 and 1990, capture-recapture methods were used to de~ermine small mammal demographics and population dynamics in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) plantings in north central North Dakota. Four age classes (1-4 years) of CRP plantings were sampled. Small mammal species diversity was low (H'=0.057-0.374). Eight species of small mammals were captured on CRP tracts, with deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) comprising 92% of all small mammals recorded. Largest deer mouse populations (64/ha .and 51/ha) occurred in late August and early September, 1990. Peak densities in 1990 were over twice as high as those of 1989. Home range sizes …

Beam Sensitivity Of Globoid Crystals Within Seed Protein Bodies And Commercially Prepared Phytates During X-Ray Microanalysis, Irene Ockenden, John N. A. Lott

Scanning Microscopy

Magnesium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus are stored in seed tissues in spherical particles called globoid crystals. The main component of globoid crystals is phytin, a salt of myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid. Based on chemical similarity, commercially available phytates may be suitable standards for quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis of globoid crystals. The stability of globoid crystals and commercial phytates was different when analyzed under identical conditions. Phytates in globoid crystals from Cucurbita maxima cotyledons, were relatively stable in the electron beam during EDX microanalysis at room temperature, but there was a loss of potassium. No loss of potassium occurred during …

The Vestibular Epithelia In Experimental Hydrops, K. C. Horner, S. Rydmarker

Scanning Microscopy

Morpho-pathological features, observed by scanning electron microscopy, in guinea pigs with endolymphatic hydrops of 4-14 months included shortening of the hair cell tufts, loss of tufts, retraction of sensory hair cells away from the surrounding tissue and hair cell loss. After 22 months of hydrops, there was complete loss of hair cells with indifferentiation of the epithelium. The loss of ciliary tufts involved loss of both stereocilia and kinocilia identified as short stubs and holes respectively. Control macular epithelia showed no hair tuft loss although ampullae in control ears could show some loss.

Morphological Study Of Calcospherites In Rat And Rabbit Incisor Dentin, H. Mishima, T. Sakae, Y. Kozawa

Scanning Microscopy

Calcospherites from incisors of rats and rabbits were studied, by means of secondary and backscattered electron images, using scanning electron microscopy. Part of each incisor specimen was made anorganic to allow observation of the surface of the mineralization front by scanning electron microscopy; the other part was ground on one side for observation by scanning electron microscopy with a backscattered electron image detector. In both species the labial mineralization front was wavy and the image showed fused calcospherites, whereas the lingual mineralization front appeared to consist of a combination of linear and globular forms. In rat labial dentin the calcospherites …

Dynamics Of Bacterioplankton Abundance And Production In Seagrass Communities Of A Hypersaline Lagoon, Gerardo Chin-Leo, Ronald Benner

Faculty Publications

The significance of bacterioplankton in the flow of carbon and energy and in trophic dynamics of the upper Laguna Madre, Texas (USA), was estimated by measuring bacterioplankton abundance and production over an 18 mo period and over several diel cycles. Bacterioplankton production was estimated from incorporation rates of thymidine (DNA synthesis) and leucine (protein synthesis). These independent inhces of bacterial growth were generally in agreement and yielded nearly identical annual estimates of bacterial production (25.24 g C m^-2 yr^-1 based on thymidine and 25.12 g C m^-2 yr^-1based on leucine). Assuming a 30 % growth …

Distribution Of Sexual Activities Within Estrus Of Dairy Cattle, Donna Durbin

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Previous studies of dairy cattle have indicated that heifers and cows in hot, cold and moderate weather had different patterns of sexual activities. The purpose of this study was to compare distribution of sexual activities within estrus of dairy cattle. Three groups of lactating cows in hot, cold and moderate weather and a group of heifers in cold weather were observed. Estrus for each individual was divided into 12 equal periods. Sexual activities for 3 and 6 hours before and after estrus were also observed. The numbers of mounts and distribution of total sexual activities was analyzed. Mounts received per …

Mate Choice In Lekking Sage Grouse Revisited: The Roles Of Vocal Display, Female Site Fidelity, And Copying, Robert M. Gibson, Jack W. Bradbury, Sandra L. Vehrencamp

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

In lekking sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), females exhibit relatively unanimous mate choice for particular males, but a satisfactory explanation for this unanimity has been elusive. We present analyses of mating distributions from two leks over 4 years that provide evidence for female choice based on differences in vocal display performance of males, the locations at which hens mated in the previous year, and the choices of other females (copying). The unanimity of female choice varied markedly among leks and years in correlation with changes in the mean numbers of hens that mated at the same time and hence …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Corrosion Casting In Medicine, M. A. Konerding

Scanning Microscopy

The aims of this review are: 1. to provide a bibliography of the publications that have used the corrosion casting technique; 2. to describe the advantages and limitations of the methodology; 3. to illustrate possible applications in the field of medicine, and 4. to highlight the significance of this method in the teaching of medical students. Thus, this paper is primarily focused on the scanning electron microscopical examination of vascular corrosion casts.

The unsurpassed three-dimensionality of the corrosion casting technique compared to any other means stands out in particular. This can be especially useful when complex vascular-anatomical relationships are present. …

Preparation Of Inner Ear Sensory Hair Bundles For High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy, M. P. Osborne, S. D. Comis

Scanning Microscopy

Chemical fixation techniques for preservation of sensory hair bundles in the mammalian inner ear for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are reviewed. Fixatives employed were glutaraldehyde, glutaraldehyde-picrate, glutaraldehyde-tannic acid, glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde followed by postfixation with osmium tetroxide and the osmium thiocarbohydrazide (OTOTO) method. Dehydration was routinely accomplished with ascending grades of acetone followed by critical point drying with liquid CO₂ or fluorocarbon sublimation. Specimens other than those prepared by the OTOTO method were metal coated with gold, gold-palladium or platinum. Material was viewed at high resolution (2-3 nm) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) fitted with a scanning system and …