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A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

The site is located approximately 4 km west of Tel Ashdod, about 50 m from the shoreline. Two areas were excavated: in Area A, installations identified as winepresses, as well as occupation levels, were found; in Area B, a mud-brick complex was uncovered. One tomb (T1) was discovered, and traces indicating the presence of other tombs were discerned north of the site. In the building and in the vicinity of the winepresses numerous pottery sherds were found, of locally-produced vessels, as well as Cypriot, Mycenean and Egyptian imports. Other finds included an Egyptian scarab, spindle whorls and loomweights, metal fishhooks, …

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Burial Caves From The Early Roman–Early Byzantine Periods At Ben Shemen (With Contributions By Uri Baruch And By Israel Carmi And Dror Segal) (Hebrew, Pp. 19*–44*; English Summary, Pp. 137–138), Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Yifat Peleg, Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Early Roman–Early Byzantine Periods At Ben Shemen (With Contributions By Uri Baruch And By Israel Carmi And Dror Segal) (Hebrew, Pp. 19*–44*; English Summary, Pp. 137–138), Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Yifat Peleg, Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Four burial caves were discovered at Ben Shemen: Caves 1–3 are loculi (kokhim) caves of the type characteristic of Jerusalem and the Judean Hills during the Early Roman period; Cave 4 is an arcosolium cave, attributed to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. The kokhim caves yielded stone ossuaries—decorated with standard motifs characteristic of the period—and meager finds dating from the mid-first and second centuries CE. They were used as family burial place for the nearby Jewish settlement. Cave 4 consists of three arcosolia, each containing a burial shelf. The ceiling, the walls and the partitions of the burial …

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A Lead Coffin From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Ohad, Kibbutz Bet Guvrin (With A Contribution By Natalya Katsnelson) (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–18*; English Summary, P. 136), Daniel Varga, Rina Talgam Jan 2025

A Lead Coffin From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Ohad, Kibbutz Bet Guvrin (With A Contribution By Natalya Katsnelson) (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–18*; English Summary, P. 136), Daniel Varga, Rina Talgam

'Atiqot

In a tomb hewn into soft limestone (qirton) at Ḥorbat Ohad, a lead coffin and its lid were uncovered. Within the coffin were the bones of a female, aged 17–20 years and an intact candlestick-type glass bottle. The coffin is decorated with mythological scenes—a winged Eros hunting a lion, and drunken Heracles holding a drinking vessel while riding a carriage driven by two centaurs—as well as geometric and floral motifs. Similar lead coffins are frequently found along the Israeli and Phoenician coast, and are known also from inland sites. The decorative motifs on the coffin, as well as the glass …

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A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 45–52), Tal Kayesar Jan 2025

A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 45–52), Tal Kayesar

'Atiqot

The tomb, which was crudely hewn in the hard limestone bedrock, was poorly preserved. Only part of a square central chamber and four burial troughs survived. The troughs contained the remains of over 16 adults and children. The objects recovered from the tomb comprise glass, ceramics, a three-legged basalt bowl, bone and ivory pins and needles, assorted metal items and jewelry, and various small stone finds. Such items are well-known in Roman domestic and funerary contexts in Israel and throughout the Roman world, and probably represent the personal effects of the deceased. The burial complex of ‘Ein el-Sha‘ara may have …

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An Iron Age Ii Burial Cave In The Southern Burial Ground At Tel ‘Etun (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, P. 135), Sa‘Ar Ganor, Amir Ganor, Ron Kehati Jan 2025

An Iron Age Ii Burial Cave In The Southern Burial Ground At Tel ‘Etun (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, P. 135), Sa‘Ar Ganor, Amir Ganor, Ron Kehati

'Atiqot

The burial cave, hewn into the local soft chalk (qirton), comprises a central opening flanked by two carved doorposts, from which steps descend into a central, rectangular entrance passage. From the sides of the passage, three openings lead into three burial chambers (Nos. 1–3); Chambers 2 and 3 were found looted. Along the sides of Chamber 1 are hewn stone burial-benches, on which human bones and pottery vessels, characteristic of the eighth century BCE, were revealed; a headrest for the deceased was found at the end of each bench. The arrangement of the burial chambers indicates the presence of a …

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Chemical And Isotopic Study Of Lead-Based Objects From A Late Roman Tomb On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 133–138), Irina Segal Jan 2025

Chemical And Isotopic Study Of Lead-Based Objects From A Late Roman Tomb On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 133–138), Irina Segal

'Atiqot

Several lead-based artifacts, discovered in a cist tomb (T2200) within the Late Roman-period cemetery on Sallah ed-Din Street, were analyzed in order to elucidate their chemical composition and provenance. The chemical composition of some of the objects seems to point to a mining source located in central Britain. It seems reasonable to suggest that soldiers of the Roman army brought these lead objects to Jerusalem.

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Human Skeletal Remains From Late Roman Tombs On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 73–79), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From Late Roman Tombs On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 73–79), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Poorly preserved human skeletal remains, belonging to at least 77 individuals, were recovered from Burial Cave I and 43 rock-cut cist tombs on Sallah ed-Din Street. Most of the cist tombs contained a single primary burial. Pathologies in the sample include three traumatic lesions, which are relatively common in skeletal populations. Individuals from both sexes were almost equally represented; infants were underrepresented. The burials indicate a civilian population, similar to other reported Roman-Byzantine populations in the country.

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Skeletal Remains From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–58*; English Summary, P. 143), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Skeletal Remains From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–58*; English Summary, P. 143), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the burial tombs at Ketef Hinnom date to Iron Age II and the Late Roman period. The bones from the Iron Age were scattered in a repository located in a Second Temple-period quarry; they probably belonged to a Jewish population. The bones from the Late Roman period were found in several tombs that contained mostly one interred; these burials seem to represent a pagan population. Bones from the Byzantine period were documented solely in previous excavations at the site.

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Tombs And Installations From The Iron Age Ii To The Byzantine Period From South Ḥorbat Tittora (With Contributions By Gabriela Bijovsky And Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew Pp. 13–92; English Summary, Pp. 89*–91*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi Jan 2025

Tombs And Installations From The Iron Age Ii To The Byzantine Period From South Ḥorbat Tittora (With Contributions By Gabriela Bijovsky And Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew Pp. 13–92; English Summary, Pp. 89*–91*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi

'Atiqot

The excavation was conducted south of Ḥorbat Tittora, in Modi‘in. The finds indicate the presence of an agricultural settlement that was active mainly from Iron Age II through the Byzantine period; also present at the site were installations dating to the Early Islamic, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. Among the installations are burial complexes and tombs, used continuously from Iron Age II until the Late Roman period; winepresses, ranging in date from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine periods; olive presses and crushing installations; quarries of various sizes; two limekilns; and twelve plastered cisterns.

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Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper): Rock-Cut Installations From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods, And Remains Of A Settlement From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 13–75; English Summary, Pp. 112*–116*), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper): Rock-Cut Installations From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods, And Remains Of A Settlement From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 13–75; English Summary, Pp. 112*–116*), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation conducted at Ḥorbat ‘Illin, on a hilltop in the Judean Shephelah, revealed the remains of burial caves, cisterns and underground installations. These were quarried out and used in the Hellenistic and early Roman periods (first century BCE–second century CE), suggesting the existence of a nearby settlement from the Second Temple period that has not been excavated. Some of the installations were in use in later periods, as shown by pottery finds from the Byzantine, Umayyad and Mamluk periods. The main excavated areas were located in the center of the western slope (c. 4000 sq m), revealing the …

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Ashqelon (Al-Nabi Hussein): Evidence For The Burial Of Jews, Christians And Pagans In A Late Roman-Period Burial Ground (Hebrew, Pp. 87–111; English Summary, P. 88*), Shlomo Kol-Ya’Akov, Yoav Farhi Jan 2025

Ashqelon (Al-Nabi Hussein): Evidence For The Burial Of Jews, Christians And Pagans In A Late Roman-Period Burial Ground (Hebrew, Pp. 87–111; English Summary, P. 88*), Shlomo Kol-Ya’Akov, Yoav Farhi

'Atiqot

At the al-Nabi Hussein site in Ashqelon, three areas were excavated (A–C), exposing four tombs and a pit. One square tomb in Area A comprised two burial chambers, each containing a primary-burial skeleton. The meager finds included pottery, a glass bottle and metal objects. Two additional tombs (I, II) and a plastered pit were exposed in Area B. Tomb I was the richest in finds, including pottery vessels and oil lamps, glass and carnelian artifacts, metal objects and three fourth-century CE coins. The pit was plastered, its floor made of marble slabs with a pottery vessel in its center. It …

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A Burial Cave From Iron Age Ii And The Early Roman Period North Of Tel Hadid (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 1–20; English Summary, P. 79*), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From Iron Age Ii And The Early Roman Period North Of Tel Hadid (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 1–20; English Summary, P. 79*), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

A hewn burial cave north of Tel Hadid was used for interment during Iron Age II and the Early Roman period. The rectangular burial chamber has three hewn shelves in its walls and an elliptical bone repository below the western shelf. Numerous bones were found on the shelves, discarded with other artifacts. The Iron Age finds include ceramic artifacts and a stone bowl. The finds from the Early Roman phase comprise pottery vessels; no ossuaries were discovered.

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A Salvage Excavation At Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 107–137), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

A Salvage Excavation At Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 107–137), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

Ḥorbat Rozez is located on the southeastern slope of Ramat Ha-Nadiv, between Zikhron Ya‘aqov and Binyamina. Excavation at the site exposed six strata, dating from the Iron Age (VI), the Persian (V–IV), Hellenistic (III), Byzantine (II) and Mamluk–Ottoman (I) periods. The architectural remains from Strata V–II point to the domestic nature of the buildings. The pottery finds relate to the occupation periods discovered at the site. Worth of mention are an imported jug from Greece or Western Anatolia and a skyphos from the Persian period; decorated jugs from the Hellenistic period; saqiya jars from the Byzantine period; and ceramic-pipe fragments …

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A Burial Cave From The Third–Early Fourth Centuries Ce At Iqrit (Pp. 59–96), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Third–Early Fourth Centuries Ce At Iqrit (Pp. 59–96), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

A rock-cut chamber-tomb with plain kokhim, dating to the Late Roman period, was excavated at the site of Iqrit in Upper Galilee. In the tomb were found 26 coins, made of bronze, silver and billon, complete glass vessels—of them an askos-shaped bottle is worth of mention—and gold, silver and bronze jewelry. One of the rings was set with a jasper gem depicting a warrior, apparently personifying Alexander the Great. The cave probably belonged to a family who used it for slightly more than a century, from the end of the second to the early fourth centuries CE. The relatively large …

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A Local Imitation Of A Neo-Babylonian Stamp Seal From A Burial Cave Near Gelilot (Pp. 53–57), Tallay Ornan Jan 2025

A Local Imitation Of A Neo-Babylonian Stamp Seal From A Burial Cave Near Gelilot (Pp. 53–57), Tallay Ornan

'Atiqot

A burial cave, dating to the second–fourth centuries CE was uncovered at Gelilot in the central coastal plain. Within the finds in the cave was a reused, local imitation of a Neo-Babylonian stamp seal. The impression on the seal shows a common, sixth–fifth century BCE Neo-Babylonian theme of a worshipper in front of the symbols of the gods Marduk and Nabu. The schematized style of the seal, the choice of material (black serpentine) and lack of celestial symbols point to its being a local production.

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Excavations At Or ‘Aqiva (North) (With Contributions By Moshe Sade And Dror Segal And Israel Carmi) (Pp. 51–73), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Excavations At Or ‘Aqiva (North) (With Contributions By Moshe Sade And Dror Segal And Israel Carmi) (Pp. 51–73), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

The site is located on the sand dunes north of Naḥal Hadera, two kilometers northeast of Caesarea. Excavations revealed building remains from the Hellenistic period, consisting of limestone foundations with a mud-brick superstructure. Hundreds of potsherds from this period were found, representing a large variety of domestic vessels, as well as metal objects, a hoard of coins and faunal remains. After the Hellenistic settlement was abandoned, a limekiln of the Roman period was constructed in the area. The pottery from the kiln dated to the fourth century CE. A severely damaged winepress, dating to the Byzantine period, was uncovered close …

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Late Chalcolithic Burial Remains And Early Bronze Age I Dwelling Remains From A Karstic Cave At Shoham (Northeast) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Nili Liphschitz) (Pp. 1–18), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink Jan 2025

Late Chalcolithic Burial Remains And Early Bronze Age I Dwelling Remains From A Karstic Cave At Shoham (Northeast) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Nili Liphschitz) (Pp. 1–18), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink

'Atiqot

Since the 1990s, excavations at Shoham, located at the eastern edge of the Lod Valley, yielded several karstic caves used for burial and dwelling during the Late Chalcolithic period and the Early Bronze Age. One such cave is described in this article. The finds included, inter alia, sherds of rectangular or domiform ceramic ossuaries, V-shaped bowls and some fenestrated pedestal bowls, dating to the Late Chalcolithic period, as well as pottery types typical of Late EB I. The cave is part of a large system of cemeteries comprising karstic caves, which served the population living in nearby settlements on the …

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Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave Near Ḥorbat Zelef: A Paleodemographic Study (Pp. 65–67), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave Near Ḥorbat Zelef: A Paleodemographic Study (Pp. 65–67), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the burial cave near Ḥorbat Zelef were very poorly preserved. In this article, only teeth from the Late Bronze Age I and II levels are presented, belonging to a minimum of 27 individuals. Fortunately, the tooth assemblage was large enough to reconstruct basic demographic parameters of the Ḥorbat Zelef population.

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Settlement Remains From The Chalcolithic Period And Middle Bronze Age Ii At Naḥal Guvrin (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–32*; English Summary, Pp. 245–246), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

Settlement Remains From The Chalcolithic Period And Middle Bronze Age Ii At Naḥal Guvrin (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–32*; English Summary, Pp. 245–246), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

The Naḥal Guvrin site is located on a low hill along the western fringe of the southern Shephelah, c. 150 m south of the Naḥal Guvrin streambed. The excavation revealed the remains of a previously unknown Chalcolithic site of the Ghassulian-Be’er Sheva‘ Culture (Stratum II; Areas A1, A2) superposed by the remains of a Middle Bronze Age II village (Stratum I; Areas A2, B1, B2), identified in an earlier survey. The pottery from the Chalcolithic period comprises mainly storage vessels, probably attesting to the storage of agricultural products that were produced at the site. The pottery from the later stratum …

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 75–78), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 75–78), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the five burial caves at Sha‘ar Efrayim pointed to a difference between the burial traditions of the Chalcolithic population and those of the Early Bronze Age I population. The most prominent difference is the absence of infants in the Chalcolithic burials, in contrast to their presence in the EB I sample. This might indicate there was no population continuity between these two succeeding periods.

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The Faunal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 67–72), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

The Faunal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 67–72), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

The faunal remains from the Sha‘ar Efrrayim burial caves (Nos. 1, 3–5) were attributed to two main periods, in accordance with the other finding in the caves: Late Chalcolithic and Late Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I. They comprise a small, but important, sample, representing a wide range of both domestic and wild taxa. These remains seem to be the first convincing evidence of animal offerings in Late Chalcolithic/EB IA contexts in the southern Levant.

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–60*; English Summary, P. 201), Yossi Nagar, Vered Eshed Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–60*; English Summary, P. 201), Yossi Nagar, Vered Eshed

'Atiqot

The bones, which were found scattered above an alluvium fill in the cave, were well preserved. They represent at least forty individuals, the majority of which were adult males. Many of the bones manifested an inflammatory disease, which would account for the burial manner and the absence of children under the age of ten.

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A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky

'Atiqot

The cave, hewn in soft chalk bedrock on the western slopes of the ‘Iron Hills, was used for burial in two separate periods, the Late Roman and the Mamluk. During the Late Roman period, the cave comprised a forecourt, originally sealed by a roll stone, and a burial chamber with burial troughs carved in three of its walls. Each trough contained the skeleton of one individual accompanied by burial gifts, including pottery vessels, Samaritan oil lamps, glass vessels and jewelry. The Mamluk phase included the remains of forty individuals that seem to have been hastily discarded there, perhaps due to …

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Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin Jan 2025

Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin

'Atiqot

A large mound of pottery sherds was exposed on the northern slope of the hill on which Khirbat el-Hawarit is located. Excavation of the mound revealed that it contained the debris of a workshop: vessels broken during the firing process, kiln ash and bricks. Although only fragmentary walls were unearthed, precluding the reconstruction of any building, the dump in itself is sufficient to identify the site as the main pottery production center of Mount Hermon, Banias and the northern Golan region during the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. Two distinct wares were found: Golan ware (late Hellenistic–late Byzantine periods) and Khirbat el-Hawarit …

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Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

A large area, located in the catchment basin of Naḥal ‘Ada, was surveyed and consequently excavated, revealing a large number of walls and installations. Among the installations are many stone heaps and square towers. A trapezoidal enclosure was examined and partly excavated; it was most likely used to store agricultural produce. The remains in this area are probably part of an Iron Age satellite settlement, under the aegis of the city of Dor. The enclosures located in the area were dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods, and were possibly connected with the city of Caesarea. During the Islamic period …

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Anthropological Analysis Of The Human Skeletal Remains From Naḥalat Ahim, Jerusalem (Pp. 121–124), Joe Zias Jan 2025

Anthropological Analysis Of The Human Skeletal Remains From Naḥalat Ahim, Jerusalem (Pp. 121–124), Joe Zias

'Atiqot

The remains of 51 individuals were recovered from a Byzantine-period tomb at Naḥalat Ahim: 47% were adults, 40% were sub-adults and 4% were between 6–12 months; no neonates were identified. There was no discernible demographic pattern regarding age, sex or place of burial within the tomb. Two benign bone tumors were found in two different individuals; both types are previously unreported in excavations in Israel.

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A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed a burial cave containing three arcosolia, each with two or three burial troughs. Twenty-one complete clay candlestick lamps and numerous fragments of other lamps were retrieved, all of them dating to the Byzantine–early Umayyad periods. Two of the lamps bear Greek inscriptions. Also found were 300 fragments of glass vessels, of which only 23 were diagnostic. The glass vessels, free-blown and decorated in a variety of techniques, are characteristic of Byzantine-era Jerusalem; several vessels might also date later, to the early Umayyad period. Thirty glass beads were retrieved, one of which was made of mosaic glass (millefiori). …

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A Burial Cave Of The Byzantine Period In The Naḥalat Ahim Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–86*; English Summary, Pp. 160–161), Elena Kogan-Zehavi Jan 2025

A Burial Cave Of The Byzantine Period In The Naḥalat Ahim Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–86*; English Summary, Pp. 160–161), Elena Kogan-Zehavi

'Atiqot

The cave has a square burial chamber with three arcosolia hewn in its walls; two burial troughs were hewn in each arcosolium. Inside the troughs were the remains of 51 individuals, mostly children. The finds included 63 clay lamps and 18 glass vessels, mostly intact, dating the first use of the cave to the third century CE and its last use to the seventh century CE. Jewelry, spatulas and chicken eggs were found as well. The chicken eggs probably symbolize the Christian belief in incarnation, and thus may attest to the burial of martyrs, who were possibly massacred by the …

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Installations And Burial Caves In Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–45*; English Summary, Pp. 156–158), Amit Re’Em, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Installations And Burial Caves In Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–45*; English Summary, Pp. 156–158), Amit Re’Em, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation in the Ramat Denya quarter, Jerusalem, uncovered agricultural installations, a miqweh, burial caves, cisterns and quarries dating to the Second Temple period, which were reused during medieval times. The various installations were dated on the basis of their architecture. Four winepresses were revealed; one, from the medieval period, was hewn within a Second Temple-period burial cave. The miqweh is typical of the Second Temple period, characteristically situated near agricultural installations; it was reused during the Mamluk period. Four loculi (kokhim) burial caves were excavated, characteristic of the Second Temple period. They were robbed in antiquity. The finds …

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A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa Jan 2025

A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa

'Atiqot

The site is located east of Nahariyya, in Western Galilee. The cave was hewn in chalk bedrock (qirton). The entrance to the cave, blocked by a rectangular closing stone, was accessed by a shaft; in the southern wall of the shaft a kokh was discovered. The cave consists of a central chamber with seven burial niches (kokhs) in its walls, four of which were found sealed with a rolling stone and small stones set into place around it. The finds within the cave were located in the central chamber and in the kokhim. They include a clay coffin with a …

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