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1993 South Dakota Beef Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Beef Report, 1993

This is the complete 1993 South Dakota Beef Report. The articles published in this report summarize many of the beef cattle research activities conducted at South Dakota State University during 1993. The articles in this report have many levels of application. Some information has immediate application for your farm, ranch, or agribusiness. The articles include information on nutrition , breeding and genetics, management, health, growth and development, and economics of the cattle and beef industry in South Dakota.

Aspects Of The Ecology Of The Wood Turtle, Clemmys Insculpta (Leconte), In West Virginia, Allan J. Niederberger

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

An ecological study of the wood turtle, Clemmys insculpta (LeConte), was conducted in West Virginia from May 1991 to March 1993. Population structure at the primary study area (WV #1) was estimated to be 46% juvenile (H-8 yrs. old), 26% female and 28% male. Total population estimate for WV #1 was 337 wood turtles, with an aquatic density of 1,980 turtles per Hectare of river and a terrestrial density of 22.5 turtles per ha of terrestrial habitat. Growth measurements and estimates indicate rapid initial growth tapering off at year 8 and gradually declining through year 16. Males grow slightly faster …

The Role Played By Semisubmersible Exploratory Drilling Platforms As A Vector In Marine Biological Introductions, Sean S. Bercaw

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Through discussion of Semisubmersible Exploratory Drilling Platforms and their role as vectors in marine biological introductions, this paper establishes a base of knowledge for future referral. Included in this project are details of semisubmersibles, their unique characteristics and operations, historical movements, past introductions, future operations, and continuing potential for invasions. The significance of semisubmersibles as biological vectors is further addressed. Three criteria will be used to assess the significance of the role of semisubmersibles in the introduction of alien species: first, what is the rate of SEDP movements over time; second, how are SEDP movements unique, and what role does …

Linking Management And Markets: The Northwest Atlantic Sea Herring Industry And The Case For "Regional" Quotas, Peter Jessup Moore

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This review and characterization of the U.S. Atlantic sea herring fishery and industry analyzes opportunities for and constraints to developing the herring resource more fully. Chapter 1 describes the herring resource, the existing fishery, and reviews current research into the international transboundary migrations of the Atlantic sea herring. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the development of the herring fishery management plan in the context of the global herring market and the management complications that arise from the transboundary migrations of the stocks. Examples of successful linkages between fisheries management and market development are described in Chapter 4 to illustrate the …

Conflicts In Use: The Impacts Of The Oil And Gas Industry On The Herring Fishery In The North Sea, Cornelia Ann Pasche

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The interaction of the herring (Clupea harengus) with the oil and gas industry in the North Sea is reviewed. The population crash of the herring in the early 1970's and the subsequent closing of that important fishery between 1977 and 1983 has drawn considerable attention to the influences, both biotic and abiotic, affecting the recruitment to the North Sea stock. Current accepted theory points to a change in oceanic current and the subsequent decrease in salinity in the North Sea region, resulting in a change in plankton availability for larval herring as the cause of the recruitment failure during the …

Bos Indicus Breeding Effects On Muscle Characteristics And Their Relationship With Meat Tenderness, Georgianna Whipple, Mohammad Koohmaraie, Michael E. Dikeman, John D. Crouse, Melvin C. Hunt

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Variation in meat tenderness that exists among animals may be due to genetics, diet, age, and other factors. Results from the Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) program show that rib eye steaks from many of the Bos indicus breeds of cattle are less tender than steaks from most of the European (Bos taurus) breeds of cattle, although Bas indicus crossbreeding programs are advantageous due to hybrid vigor and insect and heat resistance in subtropical regions. Because consumers consider tenderness to be the principal component of cooked beef quality, it is important to determine the biological factors that regulate meat tenderness. …

Cycle V Of The Germplasm Evaluation (Gpe) Program In Beef Cattle, Larry V. Cundiff, Keith E. Gregory, Robert M. Koch

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Results from the first four cycles of the Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program at U.S. Meat Animal Research Center demonstrated that vast genetic variation exits among and within breeds for most bioeconomic traits in beef cattle. The range for differences between breeds was comparable in magnitude to the range in breeding value of individuals within breeds for most traits. Thus, significant genetic change can result from selection both between and within breeds. Breeds can be selected to optimize performance levels for important bioeconomic traits with a high level of precision much more quickly than intrapopulation selection.

No single breed or biological …

Characteristics Of Diverse Breeds In Cycle Iv Of The Cattle Germplasm Evaluation Program, Larry V. Cundiff, R. M. Koch, Keith E. Gregory, John D. Crouse, Michael E. Dikeman

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Breed differences in performance characteristics are an important genetic resource for improving efficiency of beef production. Diverse breeds are required to exploit heterosis and complementarity through crossbreeding and new composite breeds and to match genetic potential with diverse markets, feed resources and climates. This report presents preliminary results from an ongoing study at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (U.S. Meat Animal Research Center)to characterize breeds of cattle representing diverse biological types for bioeconomic traits that influence quantity and value of production.

Heat And Moisture Production And Dissipation In Beef Cattle, John A. Nienaber, G. Leroy Hahn, Anders Ehrlemark

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Calorimetry or the measurement of heat transfer between animals and the environment has been conducted at U.S. Meat Animal Research Center for several years. The primary objective of calorimetry has been the evaluation of maintenance energy requirements of animals. For cattle, maintenance requirements for either lactation or growth have been of interest.

Calorimetry can also provide information useful in evaluating heat dissipation by animals in various environments. Recent measurements were completed at U.S. Meat Animal Research Center by a Swedish engineer to provide answers to a beef housing problem. Current information has proven to be inadequate for the design of …

Improving The Microbiological Quality Of Meat, James S. Dickson, Gregory R. Siragusa

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Microbial contamination of animal carcasses is a result of the necessary procedures required to process live animals into retail meat. The contamination can be minimized by good manufacturing processes, but the total elimination of bacteria of public health significance is difficult, if not impossible. A variety of methods have been developed to improve the microbiological quality of meat, although most of the current methods focus on washing and sanitizing the carcasses, prior to chilling.

The beef slaughter process begins by humanely stunning the animal, bleeding, and then removing the hooves and head. The hide is removed, and the carcass is …

Use Of Crossbreeding And Breed Differences To Meet Specific Targets For Production And Carcass Traits Of Beef Cattle, Keith E. Gregory, Larry V. Cundiff, Robert M. Koch

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

The specific requirements for effective use of breed differences to meet specific production and market requirements are: (1) accurate assessment of production resources in regard to availability and costs, (2) accurate assessment of market requirements; Le., value differences in carcass composition associated with yield grade and quality grade, and (3) accurate current characterization of breeds in regard to such traits as: (a) growth rate and size, (b) carcass composition, (c) milk production, and (d) age at puberty. This information is needed to identify contributing breeds to use in alternative mating systems to achieve specific targets for production and carcass traits. …

The Relationship Of Metabolic Hormones, Nutrition, And Postpartum Anestrus In Different Biological Types Of Cattle, Andrew J. Roberts, Russell A. Nugent Iii, Thomas G. Jenkins, John M. Klindt

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Restricted energy intake can suppress the overall productivity of cattle. Restricted energy intake can decrease overall productivity of beef cows through, among other traits, decreased milk production, calf performance, and reproduction. However, failure of a cow to conceive is the major component affecting the overall production efficiency of the cow herd. In a companion report included in this publication ("Postpartum Interval Is Influenced by Nutritional Environment and Biological Type"), we demonstrated that the postpartum intervals for breeds of cattle with different genetic potentials for growth and milk production were differentially affected by restricted energy availability. This report, along with numerous …

Metal And Organic Residues In Addled Eggs Of Least Terns And Piping Plovers In The Platte Valley Of Nebraska, Timothy E. Fannin, Brent J. Eamoil

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The threatened piping plover and the endangered interior least tern breed on the Platte River in Nebraska from the city of North Platte to the confluence with the Missouri River at Plattsmouth (Faanes 1983, Sidle et a/1988).

Major riverine nesting areas are the reaches from Lexington to Grand Island and from Columbus to Plattsmouth (Fig 1). Nesting habitat is sparsely vegetated or unvegetated islands, sandbars, or shorelines of the river.

An additional and important habitat is on the banks and islands within sand pits made by sand and gravel operations along the river.

In the initial nest of the year, …

Enlarged Posterior Maxillary Teeth In The Scarlet Snake, Cemophora Coccinea (Serpentes: Colubridae), Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Stanley E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Reproductive Biology Of The Bowfin, Amia Calva Linnaeus, From The Green Bottom Wildlife Management Area, Cabell County, West Virginia, Katie Lee Mcginn Daniels

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The bowfin, Amia calva Linnaeus, is the only extant species of the family Amiidae. The Green Bottom Wildlife Management Area (GBWMA) is the home of the only known reproducing bowfin population in the state of West Virginia. The GBWMA (38°35' 35" N, 82°14' 55" W) is located along the Ohio River 26 km northeast of Huntington, West Virginia. The area (ca. 364 ha) contains a valuable wetland habitat (ca. 57 ha) in the southwestern portion of the state. A study of the reproductive biology of the bowfin became important when the u.s. Army Corps of Engineers proposed a habitat modification …

Assessing Animal Well-Being: Common Sense, Uncommon Science, David Fraser

Assessment of Animal Welfare Collection

The scientific assessment of the well-being of an animal involves finding indicators of three broad criteria: 1) a high level of biological functioning; 2) freedom from suffering in the sense of prolonged fear, pain, and other negative experiences; and 3) positive experiences such as comfort and contentment. The tools available to assess animal wellbeing include a mixture of common sense and cutting-edge science. Measures of animal productivity can help to assess an animal’s level of biological functioning, but they need to be used with care. Among veterinary approaches, pathology detects breakdown in biological functioning, while epidemiology identifies the circumstances under …

Refinements In Rabbit Husbandry, The Bvaawf/Frame/Rspca/Ufaw Joint Working Group On Refinement

Breeding of Laboratory Research Animals Collection

The aims of this report are to identify the needs of domesticated rabbits and to present information on ways in which the current systems of housing rabbits can be improved for the benefit of all concerned: the animal, the scientist, the animal technician and the breeder.

In recent years an increasing number of establishments have changed from standard caging to group housing systems, despite the traditionally-held view that mature rabbits cannot be housed together. In this report group housing in floor pens is discussed in detail (Section 2), with both the advantages and disadvantages of this system presented. It is …

Dairy Digest 1992-1993, South Dakota State University Dairy Club

Dairy Digest

No abstract provided.

Background Contaminants Evaluation Of The Republican River Drainage Colorado, Kansas, And Nebraska

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

This study was conducted to determine background levels of metals and organochlorine compounds in aquatic habitats in the Republican River basin, a large watershed in eastern Colorado, eastern Wyoming, southern Nebraska, and northwestern and northcentral Kansas. Reservoirs and their tributaries in the basin are concentration areas for bald eagles, migratory waterfowl, and occasionally for whooping cranes and other federally-listed threatened and endangered wildlife. The sampling was done to assess risk to federal trustee resources that use aquatic habitats in the basin.

We sampled sediments at 29 locations and fish at 30 locations on the Republican River and tributaries in eastern …

Contaminants In Oil Field Produced Waters Discharged Into The Loch Katrine Wetland Complex, Park County, Wyoming And Their Bioconcentration In The Aquatic Bird Food Chain, Pedro Ramirez Jr.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The 866-acre Loch Katrine wetland complex in Park County, Wyoming provides habitat for many species of aquatic birds. However, the complex is sustained primarily by oil field produced waters. This study was designed to determine if constituents in oil field produced waters discharged into Loch Katrine pose a risk to aquatic birds inhabiting the wetlands. Trace elements, hydrocarbons and radium-226 concentrations were analyzed in water, sediment and biota collected from the complex during 1992. Boron and radium-226 were present in the produced water discharge and are bioaccumulating in the food chain. Although not present in acute concentrations, elevated boron in …

Bioavailability Of Calcium In Sun-Cured Alfalfa Meal And Effect Of Dietary Calcium Concentration On Bone And Plasma Characteristics During Two Phases Of Gestation In Gilt, G. L. Walker, D. M. Danielson, E. R. Peo, Jr., R. F. Mumm

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A study was conducted with gravid gilts to determine the bioavailability of Ca in sun-cured alfalfa meal (AM) and the effect of dietary Ca concentration on bone and blood characteristics during two phases of gestation.

Environmental Effects On Neonatal Mortality Of Beef Calves, S. M. Azzam, J. E. Kinder, Merlyn K. Nielsen, L. A. Werth, K. E. Gregory, Larry V. Cundiff, R. M. Koch

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Calving records from 1969 to 1989 from the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center were used to investigate how climatic conditions, in addition to dystocia, age of dam, size of calf, and sex affect calf survival from birth to 1 wk of age. Data were analyzed separately for cows calving with (n = 11,094) or without (n = 72,187) dystocia. Neonatal mortality was described by a logit model and parameters were estimated by maximum-likelihood procedures. Calves born to cows with dystocia were five times as likely to die neonatally than calves born without assistance. Of all calves that …

Effect Of Immunization Against Lhrh On Isoforms Of Lh In The Ovine Pituitary, D. D. Zalesky, B. D. Schanbacher, H. E. Grotjan

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The role of LHRH in modulating intrapituitary LH content as well as the distribution of LH among its isoforms was examined in sheep. Rams (n = 3) and wethers (n = 6) were actively immunized against an LHRH-humanserum globulin conjugate. Pituitaries collected from these animals plus pituitaries from corresponding numbers of nonimmunized rams and wethers were extracted with a buffered saline solution containing protease inhibitors. Immunization markedly reduced total amounts of immunoreactive LH in the pituitary. An aliquot of each pituitary extract was desalted by flow dialysis against water and chromatofocused on a pH 10.5-7.0 gradient. Concentrations of LH in …

Increasing Exogenous Progesterone During Synchronization Of Estrus Decreases Endogenous 17Β-Estradiol And Increases Conception In Cows, M. E. Wehrman, M. S. Roberson, Andrea S. Cupp, F. N. Kojima, T. T. Stumpf, L. A. Werth, M. W. Wolfe, Roger J. Kittok, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dose of exogenous progesterone (P₄) prior to artificial insemination on concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E₂) and on conception rates in bovine females. Heifers (n = 100) and cows (n = 100) received P₄-releasing intravaginal devices (PRIDs) to produce two different circulating concentrations of P₄. All animals received a single PRID 10 days before (Day -10) the start of the breeding season (Day 0). In animals that received the low dose of P₄ (1 PRID, target concentration of 2-3 ng/ml of plasma), …

Estimates Of Variances Due To Direct And Maternal Effects For Growth Traits Of Romanov Sheep, G. A. Maria, K. G. Boldman, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Records of growth traits of 2,086 Romanov lambs were used to estimate variance components for an animal model and genetic correlations between growth traits. Traits analyzed were birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WW), 90-d weight (W90), and daily gain for the periods birth to weaning (DG1) and weaning to 90 d (DG2). Weaning was at approximately 40 d. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood with an animal model including fixed effects for year x season, sex, rearing type, and litter size and random effects for the direct genetic effect of the animal (with relative variance h²), …

Economical And Biological Efficiencies Of Beef Cattle Differing In Level Of Milk Production, M. Van Oijen, M. Montano-Bermudez, Merlyn K. Nielsen

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Economical and biological efficiencies of beef production to weaning and to slaughter were estimated in three groups, different in milk available (low, medium, and high) to the calves but with the same potential for growth. Data from different breed groups of cows (low [L] = Hereford x Angus, medium [M] = Red Poll x Angus, and high [H] = Milking Shorthorn x Angus) were used. Economical efficiency was the ratio of income to expenses and biological efficiency was the ratio of calf weight to total feed energy required. Income was derived from cull cows and calves at weaning or carcasses …

Caudal Hedonic Glands In The Dark-Sided Salamander, Eurycea Longicauda Melanopleura (Urodela: Plethodontidae), Stanley E. Trauth, Richard D. Smith, Abbey Cheng, Patrick Daniel

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

An Empirical Model Of Gastric Evacuation Rates For Fish And An Analysis Of Digestion In Piscivorous Brown Trout, E. He, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

The gastric evacuation rates of brown trout Salmo trutta (0.9–1.6 kg) feeding on fingerling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (3.5–7.6 g) were measured in the laboratory at five temperatures (4.5, 9.0, 14.0, 19.0, and 22.5°C). Instantaneous gut evacuation rates (Re) increased exponentially with temperature (T): Re = 0.053se^0.073T, r^2 = 0.98; they varyied from 7%sh^–1 at 4.5°C to 29%sh^–1 at 22.5°C. Linear regressions described the relationship between time and qualitative measures of fish digestion, thus allowing investigators to determine how long an ingested fish would be identifiable at different temperatures. An analysis of published evacuation rates (N = 121) of 22 …

Spatial And Temporal Occurrence Of Spanish Mackerel Scomberomorus Maculatus In Chesapeake Bay, Mark E. Chittenden Jr., Luiz R. Barbieri, Cynthia M. Jones

OES Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

An Investigation Of The Host Specificity Of The Brown-Headed Cowbird, Brian D. Peer

Masters Theses

We attempted to determine the factors associated with the lack of parasitism of the Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). We investigated the breeding phenology of the two species, the responses of colonial- and noncolonial-nesting grackles to female cowbird models, the frequency of artificial egg rejection by grackles, incubation success of cowbird eggs transferred into grackle nests, and the survival rates of cowbirds cross-fostered into grackle nests.

By the time cowbirds began egg-laying at our study sites, 88.5 % of all grackle nests were beyond the point of successful parasitism. Grackles responded …