Digital Commons Network^™

Diurnal Habitat Selection Of Migrating Whooping Crane In The Great Plains, David M. Baasch, Patrick D. Farrell, Aaron T. Pearse, David A. Brandt, Andrew J. Caven, Mary J. Harner, Greg D. Wright, Kristine L. Metzger

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Available stopover habitats with quality foraging opportunities are essential for migrating waterbirds, including Whooping Crane (Grus americana). Several studies have evaluated habitats used by Whooping Crane for roosting throughout its migration corridor; however, habitats associated with foraging and other diurnal activities have received less attention. We used data collected from 42 Whooping Crane individuals that included 2169 diurnal use locations within 395 stopover sites evaluated during spring 2013 to fall 2015 to assess diurnal habitat selection throughout the U.S. portion of the migration corridor. We found that Whooping Crane selected wetland land-cover types (i.e., open water, riverine, and semipermanent wetlands) …

The Effects Of Management Practices On Grassland Birds: An Introduction To North American Grasslands And The Practices Used To Manage Grasslands And Grassland Birds, Jill A. Shaffer, John P. Delong

Papers in Ornithology

Summary

The Great Plains of North America is defined as the land mass that encompasses the entire central portion of the North American continent that, at the time of European settlement, was an unbroken expanse of primarily herbaceous vegetation. The Great Plains extend from central Saskatchewan and Alberta to central Mexico and from Indiana to the Rocky Mountains. The expanses of herbaceous vegetation are often referred to as native prairie or native grasslands. Native grasslands share the characteristics of a general uniformity in vegetation structure, dominance by grasses and forbs, a near absence of trees and shrubs, annual precipitation ranging …

Gravid Tetragnathid Spiders Show An Increased Functional Response, Mary E. Boswell, John P. Delong

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Spiders in the genus Tetragnatha feed on emerging aquatic insects, including mosquitoes and midges, but there is little known about the foraging behavior of these spiders. We hypothesized that female spiders actively developing egg sacs would increase food consumption to provide more energy to produce and provision their eggs. We tested this hypothesis by measuring foraging rates of Tetragnatha spiders kept in jars and provisioned with different levels of midges. We then tested for a difference in the functional response of spiders that did or did not lay egg sacs in their jars. Egg-laying and non-egg-laying spiders showed significantly different …

Movement Responses Inform Effectiveness And Consequences Of Baiting Wild Pigs For Population Control, Nathan P. Snow, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) damage agricultural and natural resources throughout their nearly global distribution. Subsequently, population control activities (e.g., trapping, shooting, or toxic baiting) frequently involve the deployment of bait to attract wild pigs. A better understanding of how wild pigs respond to bait sites can help maximize efficiency of baiting programs and identify any potential pitfalls. We examined the movement behaviors of 68 wild pigs during three stages of intensive baiting programs (i.e., 15 days each: prior, during, and post baiting) spread across two distinct study areas in southern and northern Texas, USA. We found that bait sites needed …

Black Bear Use Of Forest Roads In Western Washington, Gary W. Witmer

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Radiolocations (108) of 20 black bears were used to assess use or avoidance of 3 forest road types in western Washington. Distances of bears to each type of road were compared to distances of 108 random points using t-tests. Females and males avoided 2-lane roads, while only males avoided 1-lane roads, the most common road type in the area. Females, but not males, were located closer to overgrown, spur roads than expected. This road type has substantial cover of grasses, forbs, and berry-producing shrubs along with protective tree cover. This situation may provide easy travel for females along with security …

Expression Of Alternative Oxidase In The Copepod T. Californicus When Exposed To Environmental Stressors, Carly Tward

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

In addition to the typical electron transport system in animal mitochondria responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, some species possess an alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway, which causes electrons to bypass proton pumping complexes. Although AOX appears to be energetically wasteful, studies have revealed its wide taxonomic distribution, and indicate it plays a role in environmental stress tolerance. AOX discovery in animals is recent, and further research into its expression, regulation, and physiological role has been impeded by the lack of an experimental model organism. DNA database searches using bioinformatics revealed an AOX sequence present in the arthropod Tigriopus californicus. Multiple sequence …

Factors Influencing The Movement Of Livestock Guardian Dogs In The Edwards Plateau Of Texas: Implications For Efficacy, Behavior, And Territoriality, John M. Tomeček, Justin T. French, John W. Walker, Nova J. Silvy, Nicholas A. Bromen

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Livestock guardian dog (Canis lupus familiaris; LGD) breeds of domestic dog worldwide provide a degree of control over predation losses. The application of LGDs as a wildlife damage management tool evolved as a cultural practice in the Old World. In the 1970s, this tool emerged in North America. Despite several decades of science and application, gaps still exist in our knowledge regarding applications for LGDs. From February 2016 to November 2017, we deployed global positioning system transmitters on 4 LGDs on a 20-km² ranch in Menard County, Texas, USA operated by Texas A&M AgriLife Research to investigate …

Spatial Relationships Between Livestock Guardian Dogs And Mesocarnivores In Central Texas, Nicholas A. Bromen, Justin T. French, John Walker, Nova J. Silvy, John M. Tomeček

Human–Wildlife Interactions

The use of livestock guardian dogs (Canis lupus familiaris; LGDs) to deter predators from preying on domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra spp.) herds continues to increase across the United States. Most research regarding the efficacy of LGDs has been based on queries of rancher satisfaction with LGD performance, yet little is known regarding LGD influence on mesocarnivores, including those species against which they protect livestock. Here, we provide some preliminary observations regarding the effect of LGDs deployed with sheep and goat herds from May 2016 to April 2017 on the detected activity of …

Foraging Preferences Of Barnacle Geese On Endophytic Tall And Red Fescues, Tuuli-Marjaana Koski, Kari Saikkonen, Tero Klemola, Marjo Helander

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Many grasses (Poaceae) have symbiotic fungal endophytes, which affect livestock by producing unpalatable or harmful secondary compounds. Less is known about the repelling effects of fungal endophytes on avian grazers despite potential wildlife management implications. Herbivorous goose (Branta spp.) species may become a nuisance in recreational use areas via fecal littering. Planting these areas with grasses that avian grazers avoid may help mitigate this damage. In 2016, we studied the foraging preference of the barnacle geese (B. leucopsis) with endophytic (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) red fescue (Festuca rubra) and/or tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) in …

Tracking Canada Geese Near Airports: Using Spatial Data To Better Inform Management, Ryan J. Askren, Brett E. Dorak, Heath M. Hagy, Michael W. Eiccholz, Brian E. Washburn, Michael P. Ward

Human–Wildlife Interactions

The adaptation of birds to urban environments has created direct hazards to air transportation with the potential for catastrophic incidents. Bird–aircraft collisions involving Canada geese (Branta canadensis; goose) pose greater risks to aircraft than many bird species due to their size and flocking behavior. However, information on factors driving movements of geese near airports and within aircraft arrival/departure areas for application to management are limited. To address this need, we deployed 31 neck collar-mounted global positioning system transmitters on Canada geese near Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, USA during November 2015 to February 2016. We used the …

Monographs And Books

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Order forms for Human-Wildlife Interactions monographs and books.

A Bioinfomatic Analysis Of Luminal And Mucosal Ileal Bacteria Colonizing Nursery Pigs Fed Different Protein Sources, Jamie L. Ortman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Weaning is a critical time in a young pig’s life that will greatly impact its adult growth and development. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of various protein sources on the bacterial composition within luminal and mucosal populations in simple and complex diets to gain a better understanding of factors influencing gut health. Weaned pigs were fed 1 of 3 simple experimental diets: 1) basic diet containing corn and soybean meal (Negative Control - NEG), 2) basic diet + fishmeal (FM; Positive Control - POS), and 3) basic diet + microbially-enhanced soybean meal (MSBM). Phase I …

Spatiotemporal Distribution And Population Structure Of Clibanarius Symmetricus (Randall, 1840) (Crustacea, Diogenidae) In An Amazon Estuary, Ana Carolina Melo Rodrigues, Jussara Moretto Martinelli-Lemos

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Rocky outcrops in the intertidal zones of estuaries often contain a highly diverse microbenthic community which includes the hermit crab, Clibanarius symmetricus, an abundant species on the equatorial Amazon coast. However, the ecology of this anomuran is poorly understood. Given this, the present study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and structure of the C. symmetricus populations that inhabit the rocky outcrops of the Marapanim estuary in northern Brazil. Samples were collected monthly over a yearly cycle covering both the dry and rainy seasons in the upper and lower midlittoral zones during low tide. The distribution and abundance of C. symmetricus were …

Application Of Multifactorial Discriminant Analysis In The Morphostructural Differentiation Of Wild And Cultured Populations Of Vieja Azul (Andinoacara Rivulatus), Johanna Caez, Ana Gonzalez, Martin A. Gonzalez, Elena Angon, Jorge M. Rodriguez, Francisco Peña, Cecilio Barba, Antón García

Turkish Journal of Zoology

To better determine the ecological variation (body shape and structure) of the Vieja Azul (Andinoacara rivulatus; syn.: Aequidens rivulatus) in northwest Ecuador (Los Ríos Province), 300 specimens of both sexes (150 male and 150 female) were collected from 3 different locations, one from a wild production system and two from fish farm populations in the Quevedo River. Twelve meristic, 26 traditional morphometric, and 32 truss measurements, among 25 anatomical landmarks, were determined. The body weight (BW), total length (TL), eye diameter (ED), dorsal fin ray length (DFRL), and body perimeter 3 (P3) showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between production systems, and sex had significant influence on preanal length (Pre-AL), P3, and body width 2 (LC2). Females showed higher mean values than males in all measurements, except for BW. The Fulton factor differed for both factors considered. The canonical discriminant analysis revealed a percentage of correct assignment of 64.42% for the dataset, 85% and 60.9% for cultured and wild females, and 62.1% and 56.3% for wild and cultured males, respectively, as well as morphometric variation between groups. Results could be attributed to environmental conditions (habitat, temperature, and food). The Mahalanobis test showed greater distances among females than among males. In conclusion, this study provides valuable morphological information on the shape and structure of Andinoacara rivulatus that can be used to characterize and quantify the changes that occur as a consequence of adaptation to a different habitat. The authors hope that the information obtained from the present study will be helpful for fisheries, biologists, and taxonomists.

Attainment And Maintenance Of Pubertal Cyclicity May Predict High A4 Cows With Reduced Fertility, Sarah Nafziger

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Puberty attainment was investigated in heifers. Blood samples were collected from weaning until breeding during 6 years from heifers born in 2012-2017. Plasma progesterone concentrations ≥ 1 ng/ml were used to indicate cyclicity, and heifers were categorized into one of four puberty groups using SAS: 1) Early heifers reached puberty before March 12 and cycled continuously during the sampling period, 2) Typical heifers reached puberty on or after March 12 and cycled continuously, 3) Start-Stop heifers had at least one occurrence of progesterone ≥ 1 ng/ml but discontinued cycling during the sampling period, and 4) Non-Cycling heifers had no occurrence …

Growing South Dakota (Winter 2019), College Of Agriculture, Food And Environmental Sciences

Growing South Dakota (Publication of the College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences)

This is issue contains the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station 2018 Annual Report, and the SDSU Extension 2018 Annual Report.

[Page] 2 Setting Into role as Dean
[Page] 4 Raven Precision Ag Center Groundbreaking Ceremony
[Page] 10 Collaborating for Research-Based Solutions
[Page] 12 From the SDSU Extension Director
[Page] 14 Empowering South Dakotans Through Training and Certifications
[Page] 18 Mental Health and Opioid Education
[Page] 21 Science of Agriculture
[Page] 23 Community Gardens Bring Hope to Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
[Page] 26 Energize! Conference
[Page} 28 Disaster Preparedness Training
[Page] 30 Bush Foundation Change Network
[Page] 32 SDSU to Participate …

Effects Of Various Toxeat$^{®}$ Concentrations On Growth Performance, Immune Response, Cecal Microflora, And Gut Morphology In Broilers Fed With Aflatoxin Contaminated Diets, Soheila Sarrami, Parvaneh Jafari, Maryam Tajabadi Ebrahimi, Seyed Naser Mousavi, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Toxeat$^{®}$, a mycotoxin binder, on functional indices, immune response, intestinal microflora, and gut morphology in broiler chickens fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets. Three hundred Cobb 500 broilers were randomly divided into 6 treatments with 5 replicates, each with 10 birds. The treatments included T1: negative control (NC), T$_{2:}$ T1 + 1 g/ton aflatoxin (positive control: PC), T$_{3:}$ PC + 1 kg/ton Toxeat$^{®}$, T$_{4:}$ PC + 2 kg/ton Toxeat$^{®}$, T$_{5:}$ PC + 3 kg/ton Toxeat$^{®}$, T$_{6:}$ PC + 1 kg/ton Toxeat$^{®}$ without hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Growth performance, immune system response, and lactic acid …

Quality Characteristics And Fatty Acid Profiles Of Bafra, Akkaraman, Andbafra × Akkaraman F$_{1}$ Lamb Meat, Büşra Yaranoğlu, Ceyhan Özbeyaz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The meat quality of Akkaraman, Bafra, and Bafra × Akkaraman F$_{1}$ (BAF$_{1}$) lamb genotypes was determined and then compared at slaughter weights of 34 and 42 kg. At the beginning of the study, 36 male lambs were fed intensively after weaning at approximately 3 months of age. Six animals of each genotype were slaughtered at each slaughter weight and certain meat quality characteristics, namely meat color, pH, cooking loss, tenderness, water holding capacity, and fatty acid profile, were investigated. The pH values of the M. longissimus dorsi (MLD) for the Bafra, Akkaraman, and BAF$_{1}$ genotypes at 24 h after slaughter …

Evaluation Of The Attitudes Of Veterinary Students Towards Cancer In Animals Using A Cancer Attitude Scale For Animals, İbrahi̇m Kiliç, İbrahi̇m Demi̇rkan, Aysun Çevi̇k Demi̇rkan, Si̇nan Saraçli

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this descriptive study was to examine the attitudes of veterinary undergraduate students towards cancer in animals with cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions by a new cancer attitude scale for animals approach. Questionnaires, as data collection tools, were applied to 205 students training to be veterinary surgeons at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, who were selected by systematic random sampling method. Validity-reliability analysis and t-test as well as ANOVA were used in addition to descriptive statistics for the data analysis. The students? general attitudes to cancer were (X = 3.65) greater than the midscore, 3, according …

Productive Response To Two Concentrate Allocation Strategies In Dairy Cows Grazing With Restricted Pasture Allowance, Gustavo Bretschneider, Eloy Salado, Alejandra Cuatrin, Juan Mattera, Mariela Pece, Dario Arias, Maira Cuffia, Virginia Dieguez

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two concentrate allotment strategies on the performance of dairy cows grazing on restricted pasture and supplemented with conserved forage. Dairy cows fed equal amounts of concentrate (fixed daily rate: 5.5 kg DM/cow) were compared to cows supplemented with concentrate according to their lactation stage as follows: 10.0, 5.0, and 1.5 kg DM/cow daily during early, mid, and late lactation, respectively (average daily dose: 5.5 kg DM/cow). There was a supplementation strategy × lactation stage interaction (P < 0.05) for energy-corrected milk (ECM). For early lactation cows, supplementation at a variable rate increased ECM yield by 14.61% (P < 0.05). There was a supplementation strategy × lactation stage interaction (P < 0.05) for body weight change. At late lactation stage, cows supplemented at a fixed rate gained weight (+ 0.16 kg/day), whereas those supplemented at a variable rate lost weight (- 0.08 kg/day; P < 0.05). No significant effect was found for body condition score. The prioritization of milk production rather than the attenuation of body reserve mobilization suggests that concentrate allowance based on lactation stage may be unsuitable for minimizing the negative energy balance in early lactation cows.

Influence Of Rearing Conditions And Birth Season On Calf Welfare In The First Month Of Life, Ljiljana Samolovac, Slavca Hristov, Branislav Stankovic, Radojka Maletic, Renata Relic, Zvonko Zlatanovic

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of farm conditions and season of birth on body mass, respiratory system diseases and diarrhea occurrence, and mortality during the first month of calves? life. The study was conducted on two tie-stall-system farms with intensive milk production and similar nutrition of dairy cows, but with differences in rearing conditions of calves in the first week of life. The calves were tied on lying area with straw as bedding material (farm A) or free in individual boxes with straw bedding (farm B). In the first consumption, they take 1-2 L of …

Formation Of Local Protection Of The Respiratory Tract In Holstein Calves, Yuriy Alekhin, Maksim Zhukov, Valentina Morgunova, Galina Chusova, Irina Klementeva

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The processes of formation of the local protection of the respiratory tract in nasal secretion samples of Holstein calves from birth to 6 months of age that were born from clinically healthy cows were examined. Only clinically healthy animals were involved in the experiment. Nasal secretion samples were collected with the help of a sterile foam tampon with a fixing thread in order to assess local immunity in animals at the age of 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. Total protein, mucin, lysozyme activity, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using commercially available methods. The …

The Effect Of Laying Period On Egg Quality Traits And Chemical Composition Of Lindovskaya (Linda) Geese Reared Under Breeder Conditions, Mehmet Sari, Kadi̇r Emre Buğdayci, Aykut Asim Akbaş, Mustafa Saatci, Mustafa Numan Oğuz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The study was conducted to determine the effect of laying period on egg quality traits as well as the chemical composition of Lindovskaya geese. The egg quality traits were examined by randomly taking a total of 90 eggs on the 45th ± 5, 60th ± 5, and 75th ± 5 days of the laying period from 3-year-old female Lindovskaya geese. It was determined that the effect of the laying period on external quality traits of eggs was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05). The effect of laying period on internal quality traits including height, diameter, and index of the yolk and albumen …

Histomorphological And Histochemical Structure Of The Midgut And Hindgut Of The Caucasian Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera Caucasia), Ahmet Ceylan, Sedat Sevi̇n, Özge Özgenç

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasia subspecies of Apis mellifera L.) is one of the most common and prominent honey bee breeds in Turkey. The morphometry of endemic honey bee breeds has been extensively studied, but little attention has been given to the microscopic morphology of these bees. The aim of the current study was to describe for the first time the histomorphology of the midgut and hindgut of the Caucasian honey bee in Turkey. A total of 20 local Caucasian adult honey bee workers were sampled for histomorphological and histochemical analysis. The midgut epithelium consisted of epithelial cells …

Service Dogs For Veterans With Ptsd: Taxonomy, Work Stress Reduction, And Matching, Lindsay Parenti

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Research suggests that many veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) struggle with reintegration (Sayer et al., 2010), but are unlikely to seek help or complete treatment (Schottenbauer et al., 2008). To make matters worse, available treatment options are often time consuming, challenging, and/or associated with negative side effects (Carafano & Hutchinson, 2017). Using animals as a treatment modality for veterans with PTSD is an emerging topic of interest and has shown promise (Owen, et al., 2016; Richie et al., 2016). However, several factors have hindered the advancement of this field. Obstacles include a lack of standard terminology and classification system, …

The Effect Of Feed Manufacture Techniques On Pathogen Reduction And Feed Nutrient Value, Timothy Paul Boltz

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Experiments were conducted to evaluate how differing feed manufacture techniques, such as varying conditioning times and new equipment, can affect pathogen mitigation, feed manufacture metrics, amino acid digestibility, and enzyme recovery in feed. Feed hygienics are of increasing importance in providing safe feed to animals, and ultimately safe food for consumers. Salmonella has been identified as a major microbial hazard in animal feed that has been linked to animal and human illness. In chapter 2, the effects of standard pelleting and more thermally aggressive techniques were utilized to determine pathogen mitigation potential. Use of antibiotics has decreased in recent years …

Lead Exposure Of North American Raptors, Vincent A. Slabe

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Lead is an anthropogenic threat to terrestrial wildlife, has no physiological benefits, and is considered a neurotoxin. Legislation adopted in many developed countries restricts the uses of lead in consumer and industrial products such as pipe fittings, petrol, paint, and shot for use in waterfowl hunting. However, lead is currently categorized by the United States (US) government as a critical metal and common uses of lead still persist in North America. These include the use of rifle ammunition, shot in upland gamebird hunting, and fishing sinkers. Lead is also a by-product of multiple industrial operations including smelters, coal power plants, …

Investigation Of Bovine Conceptus Galectins And The Effect Of Bovine Conceptus Secretory Proteins On The Endometrial Epithelial Transcriptome, Heather Lynn Baldwin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pregnancy loss in cattle is greatest in the first 30 days of gestation. Near d15 of gestation, bovine conceptuses elongate and express LGALS1, an immunosuppressive glycan-binding protein believed to be essential for implantation. However, other members of the bovine galectin family, including LGALS3, LGALS4, LGALS7, LGALS8, LGALS9 and a galectin-13-like gene (LGALS13L), also may be expressed by the elongating conceptus. Therefore, galectin expression in elongating, d16 bovine conceptuses and intercaruncular endometrium as well as elongating, d14 ovine conceptuses and intercaruncular endometrium was assessed by RT-qPCR. Angus heifer and Texel ewes underwent estrous cycle synchronization and either inseminated or not bred. …

Investigation Of Gh And Ghr Alu I Gene Polymorphisms On Meat Yields In Anatolian Water Buffalo Breed Using Pcr-Rflp Method, Yusuf Özşensoy, Haki̇ Kara

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The Anatolian water buffalo is a native water buffalo breed only being reared in Turkey. The objective of this study was to investigate gene polymorphisms on exons 4 and 5 of the growth hormone (GH) and on exon 10 of the growth hormone receptor (GHR), which are thought to be related to meat yields of Anatolian water buffalo. Blood samples of 192 water buffaloes from Sivas Province were used in DNA extractions by phenol-chloroform method. DNA samples were amplified by using specific primers in PCR. PCR products were digested by Alu I (GH, n: 167) and Alu I (GHR, n: …

All Aspects Of The Toxic Effects Of Lipopolysaccharide On Rat Liver And The Protective Effect Of Vitamin E And Sodium Selenite, Di̇lek Pandir, Sedat Per, Züleyha Doğanyi̇ği̇t, Fati̇h Oğuz Bekdemi̇r, Gülşi̇fe Gök, Ali̇ Demi̇rbağ

Turkish Journal of Zoology

This work was planned to research the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or vitamin E (VE) and sodium selenite (SS), which have antioxidant properties, administered to the liver tissue of male rats. For this purpose, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, antioxidant capacity, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling assay, liver function, and DNA structure tests were performed. The lipid profile was also evaluated in this study. Rats that were administered LPS were treated with VE and/or SS. The liver function tests and lipid profile parameters showed statistically significant changes and histological alterations in the LPS treated groups. The number of cells entering apoptosis …