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Cranes Of The World: 0. Contents -- Foreword -- Preface, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

I. Comparative Biology of Cranes
1. Classification and Evolution / 3
2. Individualistic and Social Behavior / 11
3. Vocalizations / 25
4. Ecology and Population Dynamics / 35
5. Comparative Reproductive Biology / 44
6. Aviculture and Hybridization / 51
7. Endangered Species and Conservation / 60
8. Cranes in Myth and Legend / 70

II. Natural Histories of Individual Crane Species
1. Crowned Cranes / 77
2. Blue Crane / 87
3. Demoiselle Crane / 95
4. Wattled Crane / 121
5. Siberian Crane / 131
6. Australian Crane / 141
7. Sarus Crane / 151
8. White-naped …

Cranes Of The World: 8. Cranes In Myth And Legend, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Wherever cranes occur in the world, their stature, intelligence, wariness, and sociality have captured the human imagination and have given rise to a variety of legends, myths, and folktales. Among the best sources of such information for England and southern Europe are the manuscript writings of Edward Topsell (1572-1625), which have been edited and recently republished (1972). Topsell reported that "when fables ruled the world" it was believed that a proud queen of Pygmies named Oenoe or Gerania was turned into a crane by Juno and Diana, because she taught her people to neglect other gods and worship her. Gerania …

Cranes Of The World: 4. Ecology And Population Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Like other animals, cranes exist as natural populations that are dependent upon particular environmental conditions and that vary in population density between the absolute minimum numbers that have permitted survival to relatively dense populations that may approach or even temporarily exceed the carrying capacity of the habitat. Each species may also have an upper species-typical limit on population density, or "saturation point," which is independent of the carrying capacity of the habitat but which may be determined by such social adaptations as territorial requirements or individual distance characteristics. Within crane populations, individual birds or families remain within home ranges or …

Cranes Of The World: 7. Endangered Species And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Few families of birds, other than some associated with small island archipelagos, have such a large proportion of their species in danger of extinction as does the crane family. Of the 14 extant species of cranes, King (1979) regards two full species (whooping crane and Siberian crane) as endangered, three more (Japanese, hooded, and white-naped) as vulnerable, and the black-necked crane as of indeterminate status. Additionally, one race (the Mississippi) of the sandhill crane is classified as endangered, and the Cuban race is regarded as rare and local. Thus, more than a third of the world's crane species are currently …

Cranes Of The World: Eurasian Crane (Grus Grus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Common crane, Crane; Huiho (Chinese); Grue cendree (French); Kranich (German); Kuro-zuru, Kurotsuru (Japanese); Seryi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla comun (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in northern Eurasia from Scandinavia east to at least the Indigirka River, and probably to the Kolyma, and south to northern Germany, the Ukraine, the Kirghiz Steppes, Russian and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia, and northern Manchuria, with isolated colonies in the Dobrogea, Turkey, and Transcaucasia. Migratory, wintering in the Mediterranean region to northwestern and northeastern Africa, the Persian Gulf region, peninsular India, and from southern China to northern Indo- China, Burma, and Assam (Vaurie, 1965).

Cranes Of The World: Index, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

This index is limited to the English vernacular and Latin names of crane species and subspecies, including fossil terms. Complete indexing is limited to entries for the English vernacular names of species as used in this book. The principal account of each species or genus is indicated by italics.

Cranes Of The World: 2. Individualistic And Social Behavior, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Like all higher organisms, cranes perform a variety of behavior patterns throughout their lives that have evolved to fulfill diverse functions. Much of their time is spent in self-directed activities necessary to maintain life and health. These individualistic or "egocentric" activities include such fundamental behaviors as breathing, eating, defecation, drinking, and sleeping or resting. Other activities, while not vital to life, are usually performed during "leisure time"; these include preening, shaking, stretching, oiling, and other actions that fall within a general umbrella of "comfort" activities. Still other activities, such as foraging and the seeking of shelter, result in aggregations of …

Cranes Of The World: Japanese Crane (Grus Japonensis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Manchurian crane, Redcrowned crane; Tan-ting ho, Hsien-ho (Chinese); Grue de Mandchourie (French); Mandschuren- Kranich (German): Tancho, Tozuro (Japanese); Manshuskiy zhuravl, Ussuriskii zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanc (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in northeastern Mongolia on the border of Manchuria (Hahlin Basin) and eastwards through northern and central Manchuria to Lake Khanka and along the Ussuri to its mouth, and in the middle Amur Valley west to the Bureya or Gorin River. An essentially resident population also occurs in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. The continental population is migratory, wintering in Korea and in eastern China (north of the Gulf of Chihli, and …

Cranes Of The World: Origins Of Scientific And Vernacular Names Of Cranes, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Origins of scientific and vernacular names of cranes

Cranes Of The World: References, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

The following list of more than 400 references is by no means a complete bibliography of cranes, but does include a few titles that for various reasons were not specifically cited in the text. Walkinshaw's (1973) monograph contains a large number of citations not found in the present list, and he additionally has recently (1981c) updated and supplemented his earlier bibliography. All told, his two citation lists include nearly 2,500 citations. Nearly 40 percent of the 1973 list deals with the whooping crane, 20 percent with the sandhill crane, 15 percent with the Eurasian crane, and 8 percent with the …

Cranes Of The World: Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Canadian crane, Little brown crane; Grue du Canada (French); Kanadischer Kranich (German); Kanada-zuru (Japanese): Kanadaski zhuravl (Russian); Grulla del Canada (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in extreme northeastern Siberia and in North America from Alaska to Baffin Island, south to northeastern Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Additional nonmigratory populations exist in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. The migratory races winter from California and Baja California eastward to New Mexico, Texas, and Florida. The breeding range was formerly much more extensive in the United States, extending south to Nebraska, Indiana, and Ohio.

Cranes Of The World: Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Sharpe's crane; Khur-sang, Korchan (Assam); Grue antigone tropicale, Grue á collier (French); Sarus-kranich, Halsbandkranich (German); Saras, Sirhans (Hindi); O-O zuru (Japanese); Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanco cue110 (Spanish).

Range:
Resident in northern India, east to Burma, on the Malay Peninsula, and in Indo-Chinese countries, and in northern Australia. Probably extirpated from the Philippine Islands, and perhaps also from Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia.

Cranes Of The World: Siberian Crane (Bugeranus Leucogeranus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Siberian white crane, Asiatic White Crane; Grue nonne, Grue blanche d'Asie (French); Nonnenkranich, Schnee-Kranich, Weisse indische Kranich (German); Sod egura-zuru (Japanese); Sterch, Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla siberiana, Grulla blanco (Spanish).

Range:
Known breeding areas are currently only two. The first is from about the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers north to the region of Berezovo, and the second is from the basin of the Indigirka (from its mouth south to the Moma River) west to the Khroma River and the lower Yana. Other possible breeding areas may extend the second range east to the lower …

Cranes Of The World: 3. Vocalizations, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Of all avian sounds, few have the power to catch the human imagination and thrill the senses as much as does the bugling of a flock of distant cranes. Leopold (1949) referred to the progressively louder sounds of an approaching flock of sandhill cranes as “a tinkling of little bells,” the “baying of some sweet-throated hound,” and finally as “a pandemonium of trumpets, rattles, croaks, and cries.” The Greeks called it “iangling,” and most recent writers have compared the calls of typical Grus cranes to trumpets or bugles. In doing so, they have inadvertently drawn attention to the similarity of …

Cranes Of The World: Wattled Crane (Bugeranus Carunculatus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Great African wattled crane; Grue caroncule (French); Glockenkranich, Klunkerkranich (German); Hooka Zuru (Japanese); Asbrikanskiy Sorodavachaty (Russian); Mothlathomo (Sotho, Sesuto); Grulla zarzo (Spanish); Makalanga (Zambian).

Range:
Resident in eastern and southern Africa, from Ethiopia in the north southward discontinuously through southern Tanzania (apparently absent from Kenya and northern Tanzania) and Mozambique to the Transvaal and Natal, and westward to southern Angola and Namibia (South West Africa), in the latter area breeding locally only. Now extirpated from Cape Province and Orange Free State, and probably declining elsewhere (West, 1976)

Cranes Of The World: White-Naped Crane (Grus Vipio), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Japanese white-necked crane; Ts-ang-kua (Chinese); Grue á cour blanc (French); Weissnacken-Kranich (German); Mana-zuru (Japanese); Dachkai zhuravl (Russian); Grulla de cuelle blanco (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds on the Transbaikalian steppes probably from the Onon and Argun rivers eastward through northwestern and central Manchuria to the southern Ussuri Valley, the basin of Lake Khanka, and in southwestern Ussuriland. Known recent breeding areas (Yamashina, 1978) include the marshlands around the central part of the Primorskiy Kraj (Maritime Territory), the middle drainage of the Amur River (from the upper Zeya to the Bureya and the Archara), and in northwestern Manchuria (Jaranton). Also …

Dynamic Effects Of Food Magnitude On Interim-Terminal Interaction, Alliston K. Reid, Robert H.I. Dale

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

We tested the assumption of a facilitatory relation between periodic food presentation and schedule-induced drinking by examination of (a) elicited drinking, (b) drinking in anticipation of food delivery, and (c) possible indirect effects of food delivery on drinking. We exposed rats to a fixed-time 60-second schedule in which interfood intervals ended in either one or four food pellets with equal probability. In Phases 1 and 3, a stimulus signaled the magnitude of upcoming food presentation. In Phase 2, the stimulus was eliminated. Changes in drinking and "head-in-feeder" distributions within interfood intervals demonstrated that head-in-feeder was controlled directly by food presentation, …

The Effects Of Limited Food Availability On The Striped Bass Fishery In Lake Mead, John R. Baker, Larry J. Paulson

Publications (WR)

The original range of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) was along the Atlantic Coast. They were introduced into the lower Sacramento River in 1879 and are now also found along the Pacific Coast. A landlocked striped bass fishery was established in Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina, in 1954, and they have since been introduced into numerous other reservoirs, including Lake Havasu, Lake Mead and Lake Powell on the Colorado River. Striped bass were introduced into Lake Mead in 1969 in response to declines in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fishery that occurred during the 1960s and in order to further utilize the …

Entwicklung Und Stand Der Geobotanischen Forschung Über Die Mongolische Volksrepublik, W. Hilbig, B. M. Mirkin

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

In vor liegendem Beitrag wird die Entwick lung der geobotanischen Forschung über das Gebiet der Mongolischen Volksrepublik dargestellt. Ausgehend von ersten eigen­ ständigen geobotanischen Forschungen sowjetischer Botaniker auf Expeditionen durch die Mongolei in den 20er und 30er Jahren, wurde die pflanzengeograph isch-vegeta­ tionskundliche Erkundung der Mongolei auf sowjetisch-mongolischen Exped itionen der 40er und 50er Jahre weitergeführt. Die besonderen Verd'.enste von A. A JUNA­ TOV und E. M. LAVRENKO an der Entwicklung der geobotanischen Forschung in der Mongolei werden hervorgehoben. JUNATOV war auch besonders an der Heran­ bildung mongolischer Geobotaniker beteiligt. Einen besond eren Schwerpunkt der geobotanischen Forschung in der Mongolischen …

Internationales Symposium Über Die Erforschung Biologischer Ressourcen Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, Michael Stubbe, W. Hilbig, N. Dawaa

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

First two paragraphs:

Vom 29. 8. b is 2. 9. 1983 organisierte die Sektion Biowissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität gemeinsam mit der Biologischen Gesellschaft der DDR in Halle/ Saale die bisher größte internationale wissenschaftliche Konferenz über die Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der MVR.

166 Biologen, Fachleute anderer Disziplinen der Naturwissenschaften, der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften und Medizi aus der UdSSR (18), CSSR (15), MVR (13), VR olen (3), Frankreich (2) und der DDR (115) nahmen an diesem Symposium teil, um in einem intensiven Erfahrungsaustausch Fragen der Erforschung der biologischen Ressourcen der MVR zu beraten.

Der Erste Nachweis Von Sorex Isodon Turov, 1924 (Mammalia: Insectivora) In Der Mongolei, Namshil Chotolchu

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

First paragraph:

Das bekannte Areal von Sorex isodon erstreckt sich von Finnland über den europäischen Teil der Sowjetunion, durch Mittel- und Ostsibirien über das Baikalgebiet bis zum Fernen Osten, nach Kamtschatka und den nördlichen Kurilen. Vom Territorium der Mongolischen Volksrepublik war die Art bischer nicht nachgewiesen (BANNIKOV 1954, DULAMCEREN 1970).

Abriß Der Erforschungsgeschichte Der Avifauna Mongolica, R. Piechocki

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Die erste Periode der Erforschung der Avifauna mongolica umfaßt den Zeitraum von 1871 bis 1931. Nach den zentralasiatischen Expeditionen von N. M. PRZEVALSKIJ brachten dieser und danach F. D. PLESKE und W. L. BIANCHI die ersten ornithologischen Beiträge heraus. Im Auftrage der Russischen Geographischen Gesellschaft leitete G. N. POTANIN eine Expedition durch die Nordwest-Mongolei. Weitere Expeditionen führte P. K. KOZLOV durch; die ornithologische Ausbeute wurde von W. L. BIANCHI bearbeitet. Um die Jahrhundertwende setzt die Erforschung der Nordmongolei ein durch W. S. MOLLESON, 0. BAMBERG und F. SCHILLING. Die ornithologische Erschließung der Nordwest-Mongolei ist P. P. SUSHKIN und A. J. …

Beitrag Zur Ökologie Und Morphologie Von Ovis Ammon L. 1758 In Der Mvr, N. Dawaa, Ch. Suchbat, Michael Stubbe

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

In dеп Jahгen 1971 und 1974 bis 1977 wurden einige Daten zum Sozialverhalten von Ovis ammon im Mongolischen und Gobi-Altai in der Mongolischen Volksгepublik zusammengetгagen. Die Rudelgrößen und -zusammensetzungen sind saisonal be­ dingt. Beobachtungen zur ciгcadianen und ciгcannualen Aktivität sowie zu inteгspezifischen Kontakten von Wild- und Haustieгen weгden aufsummiert. Die jährliche Zuwachsrate liegt im Mongolischen Altai erhebich unter jener im Gobi-Altai . Diese Erkenntnis sowie zu eraгbeitende Analysen zur Altersstгuktur und natiürlichen Mortalität stellen Gruпdparameter zuг wirtschaftlichen Nutzung der Wildschafbestände dar. Morphologische Daten von 5 Widdern aus dem Gobi-Altai kennzeichnen das Hornwachstum in dieser Region.

Russian abstract:

Заключение

В 1971 …

Stand Und Aufgaben Der Erforschung Der Eintagsfliegenfauna (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) In Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, D. Braasch

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Der gegenwärtige Stand der Erforschung der mongolischen Ephemeropterenfauna wird dargelegt. Für die MVR können 54 Arten belegt werden. Die Eintagsfliegen des Landes entstammen verschiedenen Gruppen und Faunenelementen: holarktische, eurosibirische, mongolische und mandschuro-japanische.

Zur Entwicklung Der Wildforschung Und Jagdwirtschaft In Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, N. Dawaa, Ch. Suchbat

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

1972 wurde an dег Mongolischen Staallichen Unveгsität Ulan-Bator mit der Ausbildung von Wildbiologen begonnen, um durch diese Fachkadeг die Aгbeit auf jagd wirtschaftlichem Gebiet qualitativ entscheidend zul veгbesseгn. Die Veгfasseг beгichten übег die wichtigsteп Forschuпgsaufgaben im Lehrstuhl füг Zoologie, Bereich Jagdwirtschaft, die sich auf Fгagen der Ökonomie und Organisation der Jagdwirtschaft, dег Erkundung dег Wildbiologie und Bejagungs- sowie Erfassungsmethoden der Wildbestäпde, dег Qualitätsverbesserung der Jagdprodukte und dег Akklimatisation bzw. Reakklimutisation von Wildtieren koпzentгieгen.

Russian abstract:

Заключение

С 1972 г. в Монгольском Государственном Унинерситеге в Улан-Баторе обучаются охотоведы, чтобы с помощью этих кадров качественно заметно улучшить работу в области охотничьего хозяйства. …

Stand Der Akklimatisation Von Ondatra Zibethica L., 1766 In Der Mongolei, N. Dawaa, P. Lchamsuren, Michael Stubbe

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Die Bisamratte Ondatra zibethica ist auf dem Territorium der Mongolischen Volksrepublik in den Flußsystemen der Selenga, des Ulz und Onon sowie des Bulgan-gol selbständig eingewandert. Zu Einbürgerungen kam es 1967 und 1971 am Char-us-nuur sowie 1978 am Zergijn-caagan-nuur und Olon-nuur. Der weiteren Verbreitung dieses wertvollen Pelzlieferanten wird besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.

Russian abstract:

Заключение

На территсрии Монгольской Народной Республики ондатра Ondatra zibethica са­ мостоятельно заселила системы рек Селенга, Улз, Онон и Булган-Гол. Интро­ дукции происошли в 1967 и 1973 гг. на Хар-Ус-Нууре, а также в 1978 г. на Зер­ гийн-Цагаан-Нуурс и Олон-Нууре. Дальнейшему распространению этого ценного шушного зверя удс."l'ястся особое внимание. …

Variances Of Prediction Errors For Differences Of Estimated Genetic Values Of Cows In The Same And In Different Herds, D. C. Bolgiano, R. L. Quaas, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A modification of the evaluation method for cows in the northeast United States allowed simultaneous evaluation of cows in pairs of herds and computation of variances of prediction errors of differences of genetic potential between pairs of cows within and across herds. These variances were examined for 20 pairs of herds in Holstein, Jersey, and Brown Swiss breeds. Current evaluations of cows are nearly as accurate for comparing cows from different herds as they are for comparing cows from the same herd.

"Dried Fat" For Growing-Finishing Swine, K. E. Keaschall, B. D. Moser, E. R. Peo, Jr., A. J. Lewis, T. D. Crenshaw, Win Butler

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Three trials were conducted to determine the effect of "dried fat" (fats absorbed on carriers) in diets for growing-finishing swine. In trial I pigs receiving diets containing 5% added fat gained faster (.74 vs .71 kg/d), consumed less feed (1.87 vs 2.43 kg/d) and had a better feed efficiency (2.52 vs 2.88) than pigs fed diets without added fat (all P<.01). Pigs given the "dried fat" treatments gained faster (P<.01) and more efficiency (P<.01) than pigs fed the nonfat carrier counterpart. "Dried fats" containing whey plus fat and wheat bran plus fat produced similar performance to that observed with pigs fed a conventional tallow diet.

Cranes Of The World: Black And White Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Black and white Photographs

1. West African crowned crane, adult. Photo by L. H. Walkinshaw.
2. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
3. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
4. Blue crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
5. Demoiselle crane, adult. Photo by author.
6. Wattled crane, adult incubating. Photo by W. Tarboton.
7. Wattled crane, adults at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
8. Siberian cranes, adults taking off. Photo by G. W. Archibald.
9. White-naped cranes, adults in flight. Photo by Eizi Takabayashi, courtesy International Crane Foundation. …

Cranes Of The World: Hooded Crane (Grus Monachus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
None in general English use; Huan-has (Chinese); Grue-moine (French); Monchskranich (German); Nabe-zuru (Japanese); Chernyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla capachina (Spanish).

Range:
Breeding range not well known, but currently known to breed only in a few isolated areas of the USSR, including the Ussuri River and the lower Amur, in the basin of the middle reaches of the Vilyuy, and in the Olekma-Chara uplands. Breeding probably also occurs in the upper Nizhnaya Tunguska River and its tributary the Nyepa, along the Chona River, in the lower Amur along the In and Mukhen rivers, in the basin of the Evur …