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American Virtual Institute: The Covid Practicum, Mitchell Stotler Apr 2021

American Virtual Institute: The Covid Practicum, Mitchell Stotler

Masters Theses/Capstone Projects

The American Virtual Institute: The COVID Practicum is a practicum experience focused on presenting to Hungarians and other international attendees about American wellness, leadership, and lifestyle. This practicum experience was completed entirely online via Zoom, Google Meets, and Facebook Live over the 2020-2021 academic year.

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Juxtaposition, Narrative Strategies, And Multimedia Explorations: Representation Of Time In Comics, Xu Lian Apr 2021

Juxtaposition, Narrative Strategies, And Multimedia Explorations: Representation Of Time In Comics, Xu Lian

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Following the tradition of narratology and comics studies, this article explores various ways of representing time in comics and displays the complexity and diversity of temporal representation in the grammar of comics. It focuses on spatialization, closure, order, speed, and innovation enabled by virtue of multimedia explorations. Spatialization strategies such as juxtaposition and collage are basic ways to represent time in comics, and closure of perception is also critical in understanding time. However, new forms like music comics and webcomics have significantly changed the structure of temporal representation.

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The New Development Of Marxist Literary Criticism Today: An Interview With Barbara Foley, Shengzhen Zhang, Barbara Foley Apr 2021

The New Development Of Marxist Literary Criticism Today: An Interview With Barbara Foley, Shengzhen Zhang, Barbara Foley

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

This interview with Prof. Barbara Foley covers a wide range of critical approaches and new challenges in the fields of Marxist theory, Marxist literary criticism, and Marxist pedagogy. Prof. Foley holds that Marxism provides a meta-theory, a privileged standpoint from which to study the connections between literature, politics and history. After examining fundamental principles of Marxism － － historical materialism, political economy, and ideology critique － － Foley analyzes long-standing debates over the nature of literature and sets forth key concerns of Marxist literary criticism. This interview also examines a broad range of literary works － － from classical to …

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On Allegory, Metaphor, And Allegorical Interpretation, Longxi Zhang Apr 2021

On Allegory, Metaphor, And Allegorical Interpretation, Longxi Zhang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In the 4th and 5th centuries B.C., the rise of philosophy challenged the authority of Homer and many philosophers, notably Plato, dismissed Homer and poetry in the quarrel between poetry and philosophy. Some other philosophers, however, particularly the Stoics, came to the defence of Homer by proposing the idea of allegory and arguing that the Homeric epics contained a spiritual meaning beyond the literal sense of the text. Similarly, the Song of Songs in the Bible was also questioned by both Jewish rabbis and Christian interpreters because of its sensual language and eroticism. It was again allegorical interpretation that came …

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Documents Pertaining To The Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1791-1793, Richard K. Murdoch Apr 2021

Documents Pertaining To The Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1791-1793, Richard K. Murdoch

Florida Historical Quarterly

During the period from 1784 to 1821, one of the major causes of friction along the St. Marys River, the dividing line between the United States and East Florida, was the frequent disappearance of Negro slaves, usually fleeing from the American bank of the river into the sparsely populated Spanish colony where they hoped to find a refuge with the Indian population or among the freed Negroes and mulattoes in St. Augustine. Frequent arrangements were made by the authorities on both sides to return the runaways as soon as possible to their legitimate owners to avoid unnecessary diplomatic wrangling.

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The Journal Of A. B. Meek And The Second Seminole War, 1836, John K. Mahon Apr 2021

The Journal Of A. B. Meek And The Second Seminole War, 1836, John K. Mahon

Florida Historical Quarterly

Alexander Beaufort Meek was born in Columbia, South Carolina, March 17, 1814, the son of a methodist minister. While he was still young his parents migrated to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, taking him with them. Although inclined to be indolent, learning came easily to the boy. Proof of this is that at a tender age he memorized the entire Old Testament. At age nineteen he was graduated from the University of Alabama (1833), and at twenty-two was awarded a master’s degree from the same school. Meanwhile, in 1835 he had begun the practice of law in Tuscaloosa.

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The Episcopal Church In Florida During The Civil War, Joseph D. Cushman, Jr. Apr 2021

The Episcopal Church In Florida During The Civil War, Joseph D. Cushman, Jr.

Florida Historical Quarterly

As the Civil War approached, the Episcopal Church in Flor- ida found herself for the first time since the opening of the territory in a position of stability. She had weathered the hardships and uncertainties of the territorial period; her older parishes had become self-supporting congregations, and were embarking on vigorous parochial and educational projects; and a new group of lively missions was springing up in towns like Fernandina, Ocala, and Palatka, and in agricultural villages like Waukeena and Milton. The Diocese of Florida, which had been bishopless for thirteen years after its organization in 1838, had enjoyed the episcopal …

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Sixteenth Century English-Spanish Rivalry In La Florida, Leitch Wright, Jr. Apr 2021

Sixteenth Century English-Spanish Rivalry In La Florida, Leitch Wright, Jr.

Florida Historical Quarterly

For many years after its discovery la Florida was a vague geographical concept. Discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1513, it was first considered an island, though later recognized to be a diminutive tail wagging an immense dog. During much of the sixteenth century it embraced a large part of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and stretched mysteriously inland an infinite way. Ponce de Leon was followed by numerous other conquistadors such as Vazquez de Ayllon, Panfilio de Narvaez, Hernando de Soto, and Tristan de Luna y Arrellano, but they garnered little gold or silver and endured many privations, shipwrecks, …

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The 1789 Saint Augustine Celebration, Helen Hornbeck Tanner Apr 2021

The 1789 Saint Augustine Celebration, Helen Hornbeck Tanner

Florida Historical Quarterly

One of the most elaborate celebrations of Saint Augustine’s colonial history occurred in December, 1789, when the civilian and military populations joined in honoring Charles IV’S ascension to the Spanish throne. Parades, theatricals, religious services and soirees with dancing till dawn were features of the three day festival beginning the afternoon of December 2.

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Governor Folch And The Burr Conspiracy, Adam Szaszdi Apr 2021

Governor Folch And The Burr Conspiracy, Adam Szaszdi

Florida Historical Quarterly

The strange episode of American history, the Burr conspiracy, can be considered nowadays a well-known story, and the more so since the publication of Professor Abernethy’s work, The Burr Conspiracy (1954). However, even though pertinent Spanish documents have been taken into consideration, the usual tendency is to view the subject from the perspective of those operating within the United States. Therefore, it should be an interesting experiment to cross the Florida boundary and place ourselves in the shoes of the Spanish authorities of that time.

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Suggestions For Research In The Culture And Society Of A Spanish Florida, William B. Griffen Apr 2021

Suggestions For Research In The Culture And Society Of A Spanish Florida, William B. Griffen

Florida Historical Quarterly

Florida was established as a functional part of the Spanish colonies in 1565. Saint Augustine was from the beginning the focal point of the Spanish Empire in Florida from which the social and cultural influences of the Iberian civilizers were radiated into the hinterland, transforming to some degree both the physical environment and the human groups bearing different ways of life which were encountered. But, not only from the standpoint of Spanish-Indian culture contact and acculturation does early Florida hold interest for the anthropologist. The imported European culture is also of tremendous importance to be understood in the development of …

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Trade Relations Between Southwestern Florida And Cuba, 1600-1840, James W. Covington Apr 2021

Trade Relations Between Southwestern Florida And Cuba, 1600-1840, James W. Covington

Florida Historical Quarterly

When Cuba had been settled by the Spanish, heavy inroads were made into the nearby supply of edible fish, and the Havana fishing interests were forced to look elsewhere for a ready source. Southwestern Florida with its almost inexhaustible schools of drum, redfish, mullet, pompano, and grouper was situated only a short distance away and easily fitted into the Havana market situation. The combination of the excellent Cuban market and the nearby available supply of edible fish proved to be a business opportunity which would be profitable for many years for the inhabitants of both the island of Cuba and …

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The Return Of Runaway Slaves 1790-1794, Richard K. Murdoch Apr 2021

The Return Of Runaway Slaves 1790-1794, Richard K. Murdoch

Florida Historical Quarterly

Among the duties assumed by the federal government after the ratification of the constitution was the general supervision over relations with the Indians living both within and without what were generally claimed to be the national boundaries. This assumption of authority was resented by many of the frontier residents long accustomed to dealing directly with the Indians. They were convinced, rightfully or wrongfully, that all savages were to be mistrusted, that the so-called Indian lands were open to seizure and settlement by the first to arrive on the scene, and that there was nothing illegal or immoral in acquiring the …

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News And Notes, Florida Historical Society Apr 2021

News And Notes, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

News of local historical societies

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Manrique De Rojas' Report On French Settlement In Florida, Lucy L. Wenhold Apr 2021

Manrique De Rojas' Report On French Settlement In Florida, Lucy L. Wenhold

Florida Historical Quarterly

The French Huguenot Jean Ribaut had led an expedition to Florida in 1562, where he set up stone columns bearing the arms of France and established the tiny settlement of Charlesfort at Port Royal. Philip II of Spain protested to the French government against this threat to Spanish trade and territorial claims, and then, in 1563, he directed the governor of Cuba to remove the French markers and to destroy the French fort. The mission was assigned by the governor of Cuba to Hernando Manrique de Rojas. Captain Manrique’s instructions and his report, given here in translation, were taken from …

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The Shaker Community In Florida, Russell H. Anderson Apr 2021

The Shaker Community In Florida, Russell H. Anderson

Florida Historical Quarterly

Many residents of Osceola County, Florida, recall a kindly though strange religious group, the Shakers, who once lived near present day St. Cloud-but the memory of these good people is fading. It should be recorded that beginning in 1894, Osceola County was the scene of one of the later efforts of an outstanding utopian movement in America-that of the Shaker religious group.

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Zespedes And The Southern Conspiracies, Helen Hornbeck Tanner Apr 2021

Zespedes And The Southern Conspiracies, Helen Hornbeck Tanner

Florida Historical Quarterly

The peace treaty by which the American colonists gained their independence in 1783 created a situation along their southern border almost designed, it seemed, to provoke hostility. By the treaty, the provinces of East and West Florida, which had belonged to Britain for the previous twenty years and had remained loyal to the Crown, were returned to Spain. Thus Europe’s oldest colonial power regained a foothold on the southeastern seaboard of North America, but now was threatened by an ambitious young republic - the first independent nation in the western hemisphere. Furthermore, a portion of the border remained in dispute …

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Contents Of Volume Xxxviii, Florida Historical Society Apr 2021

Contents Of Volume Xxxviii, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

Contains a list of articles and authors for Vol. 38

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Early Churches Of Pensacola, Lelia Abercrombie Apr 2021

Early Churches Of Pensacola, Lelia Abercrombie

Florida Historical Quarterly

The church is certainly among the most important factors in the building of any city. Neither wealth nor a large population of themselves make a community a pleasant place in which to live; more important is an atmosphere of goodwill and kindness. To develop such an atmosphere the fundamental religious principles of the Church are needed.

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Railroads Out Of Pensacola, 1833-1883, Charles H. Hildreth Apr 2021

Railroads Out Of Pensacola, 1833-1883, Charles H. Hildreth

Florida Historical Quarterly

The opening of the three-mile Quincy [Mass.] Railroad in 1827 marked a general change of emphasis in transportation in the United States. Visionaries suffering from “canal fever” discovered “railroad fever” to be an excellent antidote for the disease and one which allowed the mind to envision schemes not limited by the natural waterways of the nation. Florida, a part of the Union for slightly more than a decade, became the setting in 1833, for one of the most ambitious of these early plans.

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Newspapers Of Pensacola, 1821-1900, Horance G. Davis, Jr. Apr 2021

Newspapers Of Pensacola, 1821-1900, Horance G. Davis, Jr.

Florida Historical Quarterly

Brigands, camp followers, speculators, gamblers and soldiers-of-fortune made Pensacola a gay city in 1821 as the populace, swelled to some 4,000, awaited the triumphant entry of the conquering hero, General Andrew Jackson. Florida, international pawn long coveted by the United States, was to be relinquished by Spain. Andrew Jackson and his troops had invaded the area twice since 1814, but diplomacy had foiled United States territorial ambitions. Now at last Florida was to be ceded to the United States, and provisional governor Andrew Jackson was expected momentarily at Pensacola, the seat of Florida government. Only Spanish loyalists viewed the gaiety …

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Ante-Bellum Pensacola: 1821-1860, Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. Apr 2021

Ante-Bellum Pensacola: 1821-1860, Herbert J. Doherty, Jr.

Florida Historical Quarterly

The morning sun over Pensacola on July 17, 1821, shone on a scene of historic pageantry not since repeated in Florida’s history. During the early hours of that day a full company of Spanish troops, dismounted dragoons of the regiment of Tarragona who were elegantly clad and equipped, paraded in the plaza before the Government House. A few miles away, through the flat piney woods, came elements of the Fourth United States Infantry and Fourth United States Artillery regiments with flags flying and band playing. At their heads rode the gaunt gray figure of Andrew Jackson. After almost two months …

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Panton, Leslie, And Company, Indian Traders Of Pensacola And St. Augustine, J. A. Brown Apr 2021

Panton, Leslie, And Company, Indian Traders Of Pensacola And St. Augustine, J. A. Brown

Florida Historical Quarterly

The North American peace settlement of 1783 confirmed the Spanish in their reconquest of Pensacola and returned His Catholic Majesty’s banner to the bastions of the Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine; however, it did not end - but rather intensified - the struggle for the allegiance and trade of the 45,000 Indians on the Florida frontier. A new and dynamic United States, surging to the Mississippi, and from its Bahamas outpost a covetous England, intrigued with the savages to turn the Spanish out, and failing that, to divert to their own nationals and treasuries a part at least …

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Pensacola During The Second Spanish Period, L. N. Mcalister Apr 2021

Pensacola During The Second Spanish Period, L. N. Mcalister

Florida Historical Quarterly

On the first day of January, 1777, an event in New Orleans was to have important consequences for the history of Pensacola: Bernardo de Galvez formally assumed the governorship of Louisiana. Galvez was typical of the colonial officials who were appointed during that Indian Summer of Spanish Imperial history, the reign of Charles III. A career officer in the royal armies, he had already distinguished himself in several theaters: first in Portugal, then in Mexico against the Indians on the northern frontier where, under his famous uncle Jose de Galvez, he displayed those traits of energy, initiative, and leadership which …

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Pensacola In The British Period: Summary And Significance, Cecil Johnson Apr 2021

Pensacola In The British Period: Summary And Significance, Cecil Johnson

Florida Historical Quarterly

The documented story of Pensacola in the British period has already been written by competent historians and much of it has been published in this Quarterly. 1 The purpose of this writer is not to do again a job that has already been well done; rather, this is a brief account of British Pensacola with significant aspects of its history while it was the capital of the shortlived and ill-fated English royal province of West Florida; and this with a minimum of documentation and other scholarly impediments to the layman’s enjoyment of reading.

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Spanish Pensacola, 1700-1763, William B. Griffen Apr 2021

Spanish Pensacola, 1700-1763, William B. Griffen

Florida Historical Quarterly

After more than a decade of explorations by Spain along the north and east shores of the Gulf of Mexico, a garrison has founded with all urgency at a bay called Pensacola* in the latter part of the year 1698 in an effort to keep other foreign powers, namely France and England, from obtaining a foothold in the region. These enemies of the Spanish dominions, so thought the Spaniards, would thus be obstructed from an area from which they could attack Spanish shipping and from which they would be able to penetrate and usurp portions of the northern Spanish colonies, …

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The Founding Of Pensacola: Reasons And Reality, Albert Manucy Apr 2021

The Founding Of Pensacola: Reasons And Reality, Albert Manucy

Florida Historical Quarterly

October 1698 - Two rival expeditions - one French, the other Spanish - were sailing toward a pleasant harbor in the Gulf of Mexico. Neither of them knew about a third rival. But there it was, two little ships outbound from London, bringing Britons who coveted the same sunny southeastern province.

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Florida Pioneer, Adelaide H. Reed Apr 2021

Florida Pioneer, Adelaide H. Reed

Florida Historical Quarterly

Whether the source of the Manatee River was really the “Fountain of Youth” for which Ponce de Leon searched in vain is a question for historians - or geographers - to argue about. But, in its early days, the little town of Manatee really did have a “Fountain of Youth.” At least, it was named that. It was not exactly a fountain, but a little spring of clear, cold water bubbling up out of the ground, with a gourd hung on a nearby oak tree from which to drink.

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Economic Problems Of Florida Governors, 1700-1763, John J. Tepaske Apr 2021

Economic Problems Of Florida Governors, 1700-1763, John J. Tepaske

Florida Historical Quarterly

Many problems plagued the eighteenth-century Florida governor, but none vexed him more than the economic plight of his settlement. Florida was a poverty-stricken military outpost of the Spanish Empire on the northeastern fringe of New Spain. It was unable to sustain itself with mining or agricultural enterprises and was wholly dependent upon outside aid for its existence. Want, misery, and destitution were the lot of the soldiers and their families living in this unpopular community. Securing money and supplies for them was the governor’s greatest single responsibility; no colonial question received his more devoted attention.

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What Became Of The Man Who Cut Off Jenkins' Ear?, Edward W. Lawson Apr 2021

What Became Of The Man Who Cut Off Jenkins' Ear?, Edward W. Lawson

Florida Historical Quarterly

Almost all histories mention the unfortunate experience of Master Robert Jenkins who achieved fame by giving his name to the War of Jenkins’ Ear. Some even tell that the man who removed Jenkins’ auricle was called Fandino, captain of a Spanish Coast Guard. What ultimately became of Fandino remains a mystery. He deserves better recognition in the history of Florida, for it was he who was largely responsible for the failure of General James Oglethorpe to capture St. Augustine’s Castillo de San Marcos, and hence the abandonment of the siege of our oldest city by the English in 1740.

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