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Ashqelon (Al-Nabi Hussein): Evidence For The Burial Of Jews, Christians And Pagans In A Late Roman-Period Burial Ground (Hebrew, Pp. 87–111; English Summary, P. 88*), Shlomo Kol-Ya’Akov, Yoav Farhi Jan 2025

Ashqelon (Al-Nabi Hussein): Evidence For The Burial Of Jews, Christians And Pagans In A Late Roman-Period Burial Ground (Hebrew, Pp. 87–111; English Summary, P. 88*), Shlomo Kol-Ya’Akov, Yoav Farhi

'Atiqot

At the al-Nabi Hussein site in Ashqelon, three areas were excavated (A–C), exposing four tombs and a pit. One square tomb in Area A comprised two burial chambers, each containing a primary-burial skeleton. The meager finds included pottery, a glass bottle and metal objects. Two additional tombs (I, II) and a plastered pit were exposed in Area B. Tomb I was the richest in finds, including pottery vessels and oil lamps, glass and carnelian artifacts, metal objects and three fourth-century CE coins. The pit was plastered, its floor made of marble slabs with a pottery vessel in its center. It …

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Animal Bone Remains From Fassuta (Pp. 51–52), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

Animal Bone Remains From Fassuta (Pp. 51–52), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

A total of 39 animal bones were recovered from the Middle Bronze Age tombs at Fassuta. The bone sample, although small, closely resembles fauna recovered from contemporary tombs in the country. The remains of domestic sheep and goats are most common in the assemblage, with immature animals predominant.

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Middle Bronze Age Tombs At Fassuta (Pp. 17–42), Lilly Gershuni, Mordechai Aviam Jan 2025

Middle Bronze Age Tombs At Fassuta (Pp. 17–42), Lilly Gershuni, Mordechai Aviam

'Atiqot

Located in the northern upper Galilee, the ancient site was established on a hill named Fasil Danyal, in the vicinity of which are several springs. A salvage excavation was undertaken in two built tombs, damaged during construction in the village of Fassuta. Tomb 1 is rock-cut, rectangular-shaped and covered with limestone slabs. It contained pottery vessels, metal artifacts — among them weapons and a bronze belt and buckle — and a steatite scarab of Neferhotep I (an heirloom). Tomb 2 is much smaller, consisting of only a modest content, including a votive bowl. The tombs were probably part of a …

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Two Horn-Shaped Glass Vessels From The Ancient Cemetery At Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 123–126), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Two Horn-Shaped Glass Vessels From The Ancient Cemetery At Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 123–126), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

Two horn-shaped vessels, recovered from the Migdal Ha-‘Emeq caves, represent a rare type that was here-to-far known only from collections around the world. Both horns are mold-blown, decorated with ribbing, dating from the fourth to the early fifth centuries CE. As these horns were found in situ, they were dated both on the basis of their typology and archaeological context. It is suggested that the horn-shaped vessels were locally produced in a glass workshop situated in the Lower Galilee.

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Tel ‘Afar: A Byzantine Site South Of Caesarea (Pp. 95–118), Martin Peilstöcker Jan 2025

Tel ‘Afar: A Byzantine Site South Of Caesarea (Pp. 95–118), Martin Peilstöcker

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations at Tel ‘Afar, about six kilometers south of Caesarea, unearthed remains dating to the Byzantine period. A massive building was exposed, with square towers at its corners, buttresses on each side and two vaulted openings. The finds from the building and around it clearly date to the Byzantine period, but provide no clue to its use or function. Numerous roof tiles, marble fragments and many tessarae were found in all the excavated areas – they might belong to the building revealed during Porath’s excavations at the site, which he identified as a villa belonging to a wealthy citizen …

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Excavations At Or ‘Aqiva (North) (With Contributions By Moshe Sade And Dror Segal And Israel Carmi) (Pp. 51–73), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Excavations At Or ‘Aqiva (North) (With Contributions By Moshe Sade And Dror Segal And Israel Carmi) (Pp. 51–73), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

The site is located on the sand dunes north of Naḥal Hadera, two kilometers northeast of Caesarea. Excavations revealed building remains from the Hellenistic period, consisting of limestone foundations with a mud-brick superstructure. Hundreds of potsherds from this period were found, representing a large variety of domestic vessels, as well as metal objects, a hoard of coins and faunal remains. After the Hellenistic settlement was abandoned, a limekiln of the Roman period was constructed in the area. The pottery from the kiln dated to the fourth century CE. A severely damaged winepress, dating to the Byzantine period, was uncovered close …

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Late Chalcolithic Burial Remains And Early Bronze Age I Dwelling Remains From A Karstic Cave At Shoham (Northeast) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Nili Liphschitz) (Pp. 1–18), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink Jan 2025

Late Chalcolithic Burial Remains And Early Bronze Age I Dwelling Remains From A Karstic Cave At Shoham (Northeast) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Nili Liphschitz) (Pp. 1–18), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink

'Atiqot

Since the 1990s, excavations at Shoham, located at the eastern edge of the Lod Valley, yielded several karstic caves used for burial and dwelling during the Late Chalcolithic period and the Early Bronze Age. One such cave is described in this article. The finds included, inter alia, sherds of rectangular or domiform ceramic ossuaries, V-shaped bowls and some fenestrated pedestal bowls, dating to the Late Chalcolithic period, as well as pottery types typical of Late EB I. The cave is part of a large system of cemeteries comprising karstic caves, which served the population living in nearby settlements on the …

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Er-Rujum (Sha‘Alabim East): An Intermediate Bronze Age (Eb Iv) Site In The Ayyalon Valley (Pp. 75–140), Ianir Milevski, Elisabetta Boaretto, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Elisheva Kamaisky, Hamoudi Khalaily, Nili Liphschitz, Sariel Sade, Sariel Shalev Jan 2025

Er-Rujum (Sha‘Alabim East): An Intermediate Bronze Age (Eb Iv) Site In The Ayyalon Valley (Pp. 75–140), Ianir Milevski, Elisabetta Boaretto, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Elisheva Kamaisky, Hamoudi Khalaily, Nili Liphschitz, Sariel Sade, Sariel Shalev

'Atiqot

At the site of Er-Rujum, located on the western slopes of the Ramallah Anticline in the northern part of the Ayyalon Valley, an Intermediate Bronze Age site was discovered below Ottoman-period rujums. The architecture at the site comprised broadrooms, with a central space and passages between them, demonstrating similarities with other Intermediate Bronze Age buildings excavated in the Jordan Valley and the Judean Hills. The finds at the site included pottery typical of the Southern Family, dominated by storage jars, flints, groundstone tools, a metal blade and beads, as well as faunal and botanical remains; pottery dating to Middle Bronze …

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The Early Bronze Age Iv Site At Sha‘Ar Ha-Golan (With A Contribution By Steven A. Rosen) (Pp. 1–73), Emanuel Eisenberg Jan 2025

The Early Bronze Age Iv Site At Sha‘Ar Ha-Golan (With A Contribution By Steven A. Rosen) (Pp. 1–73), Emanuel Eisenberg

'Atiqot

Excavations undertaken in two separate areas (100, 200) at Sha‘ar Ha-Golan, revealed the remains of domestic structures dating to Early Bronze Age IV. These represent the remains of a single-stratum rural settlement that extended over some 200 dunams, one of the largest settlements of this period that have been exposed so far in the country. The structures are multi-roomed rectilinear buildings, with dwelling units comprising three or more rooms. The plans of the buildings are not unified; most of them have a large central broadroom, its roof sometimes supported by columns, which stood on stone bases. Additional elements, such as …

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The Umayyad Aqueduct To Ramla And Other Finds Near Kibbutz Na‘An (Pp. 193–219), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

The Umayyad Aqueduct To Ramla And Other Finds Near Kibbutz Na‘An (Pp. 193–219), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

The remains of the aqueduct, which led water to the city of Ramla during the Umayyad period, were exposed along 150 m. The aqueduct, running generally east–west, was well preserved. A detailed description of its construction technique is rendered, as well as an account of the consequences of its destruction. A calculation of the aqueduct’s rate of flow is discussed, based on calculations of the roughness coefficient (friction)of the plaster. Finally, a reconstruction of the course of the aqueduct along ten kilometers is offered, based on other findings along its proposed route. The meager small finds included potsherds, an inscribed …

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Provenance Of The Clay Artifacts From The Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 185–189), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Provenance Of The Clay Artifacts From The Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 185–189), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

The cultic objects from the Favissa at ‘En Hazeva were examined petrographically to determine their origin. The analysis aimed at aiding in assessing whether the vessels were manufactured locally, in the ‘En Hazeva region, or were imported from Edom. The data retrieved was checked against other petrographic studies of ‘Edomite pottery’ in the region, from the Arava, the Negev and Jordan.

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Temple Furniture From A Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 107–175), Sara Ben-Arieh Jan 2025

Temple Furniture From A Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 107–175), Sara Ben-Arieh

'Atiqot

The finds from the favissa at ‘En Hazeva represent a cultic assemblage that had been used in a temple that existed at the site at the end of the Iron Age and was intentionally buried. The objects retrieved from the favissa included anthropomorphic statues, cylindrical stands, bowls, goblets, tripod cups, pomegranate-shaped pendants, stone altars and a stone human statue. The cultic vessels are well-grounded in the religious iconography of the Ancient Near East in general and the Levant in particular. These finds resemble those from Ḥorbat Qitmit, where they were defined as Edomite. However, no indication of the deity worshipped …

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The Cultic Assemblage From ‘En Hazeva: The Restoration Process (Pp. 177–183), Michal Ben-Gal Jan 2025

The Cultic Assemblage From ‘En Hazeva: The Restoration Process (Pp. 177–183), Michal Ben-Gal

'Atiqot

This article describes the restoration process of the cultic vessels recovered from the Favissa at ‘En Hazeva. The objects were broken into very small pieces, which made their mending a challenging task. At the end of the restoration process, 70 clay vessels and objects were restored; most had a complete profile. It was evident that several vessel groups were made of the same batch of clay and fired under similar conditions, perhaps even made by the same potter. This may suggest that there was a functional affinity between the vessels and that they were most likely used together.

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A Rock-Cut Burial Cave From The Early, Intermediate And Late Bronze Ages Near Ḥorbat Zelef (Pp. 1–46), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

A Rock-Cut Burial Cave From The Early, Intermediate And Late Bronze Ages Near Ḥorbat Zelef (Pp. 1–46), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

The burial cave is located in the modern village of Shibli, on the northeastern slope of Mount Tabor. In the cave, five burial levels were identified, dating to Early Bronze Age IIB (V), Early Bronze Age III (IV), the Intermediate Bronze Age (III), Late Bronze Age I (II) and Late Bronze Age II (I). The burial goods from the cave include various prestige items, such as an axe head from EB I; bronze, carnelian and alabaster objects, as well as imported pottery vessels and heirloom scarab seals from LB I; and imported Cypriot pottery and jewelry from LB II. The …

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The Bone And Horn Industry In Late Ottoman Nazareth: The Evidence From Shihab Ad-Din (Pp. 61*–80*), Noa Raban-Gerstel, Guy Bar-Oz, Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

The Bone And Horn Industry In Late Ottoman Nazareth: The Evidence From Shihab Ad-Din (Pp. 61*–80*), Noa Raban-Gerstel, Guy Bar-Oz, Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

Animal bones recovered from excavations at Shihab ad-Din, Nazareth, provide an important source of knowledge about diet and subsistence practices in the past. The faunal remains presented in this report were retrieved from Crusader/Mamluk and Ottoman strata, and indicate bone-tool manufacturing at the site. The present study demonstrates that comprehensive analysis of such faunal assemblages can provide primary data on the diversity of the animals exploited, as well as on butchering and consumption patterns. Such studies can provide important information that eventually will enable us to evaluate issues of broader social importance.

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An Iron Age And Hellenistic-Period Site Near Be’Er Sheva‘ (With A Contribution By Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 61–80; English Summary, P. 88*), Yigal Israel, Oded Feder Jan 2025

An Iron Age And Hellenistic-Period Site Near Be’Er Sheva‘ (With A Contribution By Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 61–80; English Summary, P. 88*), Yigal Israel, Oded Feder

'Atiqot

The site is located on the northern bank of Naḥal Be’er Sheva‘. The remains of two pits dated to Iron Age II were uncovered, as well as five subterranean complexes from the Hellenistic period. Some of the subterranean complexes continued in use as dwellings even after the collapse of their ceilings. A small number of pottery vessels from Iron Age II (seventh century BCE) were found. The finds from the Hellenistic period include pottery vessels, loomweights, a jar stopper, fragments of millstones and round pounding-stones, as well as animal bones. The subterranean architecture continues local traditions from the Chalcolithic period, …

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 75–78), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 75–78), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the five burial caves at Sha‘ar Efrayim pointed to a difference between the burial traditions of the Chalcolithic population and those of the Early Bronze Age I population. The most prominent difference is the absence of infants in the Chalcolithic burials, in contrast to their presence in the EB I sample. This might indicate there was no population continuity between these two succeeding periods.

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Excavations At Rogem Gannim, Jerusalem: Installations Of The Iron Age, Persian, Roman And Islamic Periods (Pp. 79–106), Raphael Greenberg, Gilad Cinamon Jan 2025

Excavations At Rogem Gannim, Jerusalem: Installations Of The Iron Age, Persian, Roman And Islamic Periods (Pp. 79–106), Raphael Greenberg, Gilad Cinamon

'Atiqot

Some five kilometers west of ancient Jerusalem lies a large Iron Age tumulus. At the base of this tumulus, rock-cut installations were uncovered, including winepresses, caves and cisterns. The winepresses were first executed during the Iron Age, resembling the type that prevailed in the region west of Jerusalem during that time. The pottery and small finds from the Iron Age/Persian period included mainly storage jars, with a relative abundance of stamped jar handles, alluding to the economical activity at the site. Following the site's abandonment at the end of the Persian period, a rural settlement was established during the Early …

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The Faunal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 67–72), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

The Faunal Remains From The Burial Caves At Sha‘Ar Efrayim (Pp. 67–72), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

The faunal remains from the Sha‘ar Efrrayim burial caves (Nos. 1, 3–5) were attributed to two main periods, in accordance with the other finding in the caves: Late Chalcolithic and Late Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I. They comprise a small, but important, sample, representing a wide range of both domestic and wild taxa. These remains seem to be the first convincing evidence of animal offerings in Late Chalcolithic/EB IA contexts in the southern Levant.

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A Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I Burial Ground Near Sha‘Ar Efrayim In The Sharon Plain (Pp. 1–53), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink Jan 2025

A Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I Burial Ground Near Sha‘Ar Efrayim In The Sharon Plain (Pp. 1–53), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink

'Atiqot

Near Sha‘ar Efrayim, in the Sharon coastal plain, five karstic burial caves were uncovered, belonging to two burial phases: from the Chalcolothic periodand Early Bronze Age I. The finds attributed to the Chalcolithic period included clay coffins and domiform ossuaries—both exhibiting red-painted designs and applied features—and typical pottery vessels, e.g., V-shaped bowls, cornets, fenestrated bowl stands, holemouths, lug handles and achurn(?). The EB I assemblage comprised Gray Burnished Ware, vessels with wavy-ledged handles and high looped handles and a potstand. Other finds include bone objects, beads, metal finds and an outstanding clay female figurine. Post EB I finds were retrieved …

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 99–104; English Summary, Pp. 81*–82*), Helena Sokolov, Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 99–104; English Summary, Pp. 81*–82*), Helena Sokolov, Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

During the excavation at Ḥorbat Hazaz, 94 bronze coins were uncovered, 36 of which were identified. The earliest coin dates to the Seleucid period and the latest, to the Early Islamic period. Noteworthy among the Roman coins are a coin of Hadrian struck in Ascalon and a coin of Faustina II minted in Gaza. Of the Byzantine-period coins, four are small pentanummi, some most probably imitations. Of note is a coin of Constans II that was overstruck on a coin of Heraclius.

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A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri Jan 2025

A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri

'Atiqot

This article aims at demonstrating a new method of identifying ancient remains during surveys. It is suggested that archaeological sites can be observed in surveys based on the dispersion of the Onopordum cynarocephalum plant. This plant, a thistle, thrives on minerals, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, which are usually found in organically enhanced soils that are associated with human habitation throughout the ages; therefore, it can be used as an indicator of the existence of ancient remains.

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A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The excavation at Moshav Elqosh revealed a burial cave featuring vaulted chambers with burial troughs. Finds in the cave included pottery oil lamps, glass vessels, coins and jewelry items—all dating to the fourth century CE. One coin was found wrapped in linen cloth. The coin finds probably reflect the pagan practice of paying Charon to cross the river Styx to the netherworld. The absence of pottery further points to a pagan Phoenician population.

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Remains Of The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 81–97; English Summary, Pp. 78*–81*), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

Remains Of The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 81–97; English Summary, Pp. 78*–81*), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation at Ḥorbat Hazaz in Ashqelon revealed remains dating from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The finds from the Roman period included ten infant burials in jars, dating to the fourth century CE, a refuse level and a few coins; the finds from the Byzantine period included building remains, debris and a refuse pit. The small finds from the Early and Late Roman periods were retrieved from the refuse level and included pottery—bowls and burial jars—and glass vessels with plastic decoration. The small finds from the Byzantine period included pottery—a bowl bearing a Greek inscription, two mold-decorated bowls …

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Results Of Three Small Excavations At Nahf, Upper Galilee (Pp. 87–101), Howard Smithline Jan 2025

Results Of Three Small Excavations At Nahf, Upper Galilee (Pp. 87–101), Howard Smithline

'Atiqot

The village of Nahf is located north of Karmi’el, on the lower southern slope of the Mount Meron Massif. The three areas excavated revealed occupational levels from Early Bronze Age IB, Early Bronze Age II, Middle Bronze Age II, Iron Age I–II and the Persian period. Large quantities of Hellenistic-period potsherds, including many storage vessels and a stamped Rhodian amphora handle, point to the site’s important role as a commercial center for the production of oil and wine during this period. The Hellenistic settlement ceased to exist during the second half of the second century BCE, probably following the Hasmonean …

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Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Malta, located in the Nazareth Hills, exposed evidence of occupation dating to Middle Bronze Age II (potsherds), Iron Age II and the Persian and Roman periods. The Iron II occupation included a massive fortification wall and many rock-hewn installations, including channels, grinding and pounding stones and possibly, winepresses (Area A), as well as a four-room house (Area C). The Iron Age settlement reveals intra-site planning, familiar from other contemporary sites in the central hill region. The architectural elements of the Persian period are chiefly of a domestic nature, including stone buildings, numerous rock-hewn installations (Area B), pits …

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A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer Jan 2025

A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer

'Atiqot

On the southwestern fringes of Tell Qasile, a burial cave hewn in sandstone (kurkar) was exposed. It was almost completely destroyed in the past, and only the lower eastern part was preserved. The pottery and coins found in the cave dated to the Late Roman period (third–fourth centuries CE). The upper parts of some of the jars had been purposely removed, attesting that they may have served as ossuaries. The numerous animal bones and rampant disorder indicate that the cave was used a dump in a later phase. The finds from the cave point at either a Jewish or Samaritan …

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Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni Jan 2025

Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni

'Atiqot

The site is located north of Bet She’an and sits on brown basaltic soil. Two occupational layers were revealed, dating from the Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (Stratum II) and the Late Roman–Early Byzantine (Stratum I) periods. Most of the potsherds retrieved were attributed to the later phase. A study of the frequency of the pottery types indicates that a workshop operated at the site, specializing in the production of storage vessels. As few analogous vessels are known from contemporary sites outside of Bet She’an, it would seem that the urban center at Bet She’an was large enough to support the pottery …

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Tel Hazor: Areas Q (The Eastern Spur) And N (Pp. 17*–42*), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

Tel Hazor: Areas Q (The Eastern Spur) And N (Pp. 17*–42*), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

Excavations in the eastern Lower City of Tel Hazor revealed part of a courtyard building (Area Q2) and a rampart (Area Q3), as well as a drainage channel and a rampart system (Area N). The building, dating to the Late Bronze Age, exhibited three building phases. Beneath the Phase II floor, two storage-jar burials were found, one of which contained fragmentary bones of a child. The finds in the building were sparse, including decorated ware, Bichrome ware and Chocolate-on-White ware. Also found were a zoomorphic figurine, an anthropomorphic(?) object and an alabastron. The building was of public (administrative?) character, as …

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The Medieval Ceramics From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 75–104), Adrian J. Boas Jan 2025

The Medieval Ceramics From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 75–104), Adrian J. Boas

'Atiqot

The ceramic assemblage from Khirbat Ka‘kul is typical of village sites from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries CE, reflecting on the regionalism of certain wares and the broad distribution of others. Some imported wares from Cyprus were found as well, probably indicating trade in imports. Handmade painted wares are numerous amongst the finds, as are coarse handmade cooking pots. A small quantity of metal, bone and stone finds was recovered, the most exceptional being a small bronze cross.

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