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Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata––Area N (Pp. 11–44), Amir Golani
Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata––Area N (Pp. 11–44), Amir Golani
'Atiqot
The excavations in Area N revealed building remains attributed to four phases, dating to EB IB (General Strata III–II) and EB II (General Stratum I). In Phase 4, structures with rounded outer corners were uncovered, characteristic of EB IB and early EB II in the southern Levant. During Phases 3–1, dated to EB II, smaller and more compact spaces were created, pointing to ongoing renovations in the buildings. These complex architectural remains may represent evidence of social organization at a time when the site was apparently a fully urbanized settlement. The ceramic finds fit in well with the pottery corpus …
Three Canaanite Design Scarabs, One Egyptian Obsidian Scarab And One Syrian Cylinder Seal From A Burial Cave Near Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Pp. 1–11), Baruch Brandl
'Atiqot
Four scarabs and a cylinder seal were unearthed in a burial cave near Ras ‘Ali, in Naḥal Zippori. Three of the scarabs are made of glazed steatite and one, of obsidian; the seal is made of serpentine. The three glazed steatite scarabs are locally made Canaanite products, while the obsidian scarab seems to have been imported from Egypt. The cylinder seal is a Syrian product that was imported from the Syrian coast, most probably from Ugarit. All the glyptic finds are typical of MB IIC in Canaan (sixteenth century BCE).
Crusader, Ayyubid And Mamluk-Period Remains From Tiberias (Pp. 183–208), Edna J. Stern
Crusader, Ayyubid And Mamluk-Period Remains From Tiberias (Pp. 183–208), Edna J. Stern
'Atiqot
The excavation exposed five primary phases of occupation, dating from the Roman to the Ottoman periods. In Phase 5, accumulations containing Roman- to Fatimid-period pottery were found. In Phase 4, a building was erected, a small part of which was excavated; twelfth-century pottery was found, as well as some residual sherds dating to the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods. Phase 3 continued the use of the Phase 4 building, with the addition of walls and the raising of floors; finds on the floor included pottery vessels, glass vessels and a stone mortar, all dating to the thirteenth century. Phase 2 …
The Fatimid, Crusader And Mamluk–Early Ottoman Ceramic Finds From The ‘Akko Marina: Some Insights Into Medieval Maritime Activity (Pp. 139–168), Edna J. Stern
'Atiqot
Ceramic sherds, dating from the Fatimid, Crusader and Mamluk–early Ottoman periods (eleventh to c. sixteenth centuries CE), were found while deepening the ‘Akko Marina. Of the Fatimid period, only a cooking bowl and a glazed bowl are represented. The pottery dating to the Crusader period consists of different types of glazed bowls, cooking ware, amphorae, a lid and oil lamps. The few sherds from the Mamluk–early Ottoman period belong to glazed vessels. The pottery retrieved from the ‘Akko Marina might have originated in trade, served as ballast, or may have arrived with pilgrims, merchants or other individuals who came to …
The Burial Ground At Ḥorbat Za‘Aq (Pp. 1–23), Irit Yezerski
The Burial Ground At Ḥorbat Za‘Aq (Pp. 1–23), Irit Yezerski
'Atiqot
Thirty-two rock-cut burial tombs were documented in the burial ground excavated at Ḥorbat Za‘aq, in the southern Judean Shephelah. The majority of the tombs date to Iron Age IIB–III; one tomb (Tomb 13) dates to MB IIB–C; another (Tomb 48), to the Roman or Byzantine period; and two tombs (Tombs 22 and 23) were reused in the Early Roman period. These tombs probably belonged to families who lived in villages or farms in the vicinity of the burial ground. The Iron Age IIB–III rock-cut tombs at H. Za‘aq were hewn according to local architectural traditions; however, they share certain features …
The Finds From The Ḥorbat Za‘Aq Burial Ground (Pp. 25–70), Irit Yezerski, Pirhiya Nahshoni
The Finds From The Ḥorbat Za‘Aq Burial Ground (Pp. 25–70), Irit Yezerski, Pirhiya Nahshoni
'Atiqot
The bulk of the finds from the Ḥorbat Za‘aq burial ground comprise Iron Age pottery, with MB IIB–C artifacts originating in a single tomb (Tomb 13) and Roman finds from a number of others. The MB IIB–C ceramic assemblage is domestic in nature, comprising bowls, storage jars and juglets. The Iron Age IIB–III grave goods include pottery, metal artifacts and beads that are comparable to assemblages from Judahite settlements and burial sites. The finds consist mainly of small vessels, such as lamps, bowls, jugs and juglets. This Iron IIB–III pottery assemblage is typical of the second quarter of the eighth …
An Early Islamic Settlement And A Possible Open-Air Mosque At Eilat (With A Contribution By Tamar Schick) (Pp. 129–165), Yehudah Rapuano
An Early Islamic Settlement And A Possible Open-Air Mosque At Eilat (With A Contribution By Tamar Schick) (Pp. 129–165), Yehudah Rapuano
'Atiqot
Salvage excavations were carried out in the southernmost sector of an Early Islamic settlement within the industrial zone of Eilat. Three separate, rectilinear building units were uncovered, situated in close proximity to one another, each comprising rooms and courtyards. This Early Islamic village was part of a wider phenomenon of settlements that flourished on the desert periphery, in the shadow of the ancient port city of Ayla. After its abandonment, in the later part of the eighth century, the site was briefly reused, evidently in the ninth century; this use is marked by pits, some of which contained burials.
A Site From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Khirbat El-Burj (With Contributions By Robert Kool And Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–30*; English Summary, Pp. 167–169), Ilan Peretz, Pirhiya Nahshoni
A Site From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Khirbat El-Burj (With Contributions By Robert Kool And Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–30*; English Summary, Pp. 167–169), Ilan Peretz, Pirhiya Nahshoni
'Atiqot
The site is located at the foot of the Hebron Hills, one kilometer south of Tell Beit Mirsim. Two areas were excavated (Areas A and B). In Area A, a row of three rooms, possibly associated with a Roman bathhouse, was exposed. The artifacts recovered from the fills and the floors included tubuli, ceramic tiles and segments of mosaic panels, as well as fragments of pottery and glass vessels, and three coins. These finds date mostly to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods (end of third–fifth centuries CE). In Area B, the remains of a plastered installation, partly built …
Two Roman–Byzantine Subsurface Features At Ḥorbat Qastra (Castra), At The Foot Of Mount Carmel (Pp. 71–127), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Orit Rutgaizer, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Liora K. Horwitz, Nili Liphschitz, Henk K. Mienis
Two Roman–Byzantine Subsurface Features At Ḥorbat Qastra (Castra), At The Foot Of Mount Carmel (Pp. 71–127), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Orit Rutgaizer, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Liora K. Horwitz, Nili Liphschitz, Henk K. Mienis
'Atiqot
Two subterranean features were uncovered at Ḥorbat Qastra, situated on the southern outskirts of Haifa: Cave 1070, probably a reservoir, including two adjoining chambers (possibly a ritual bath, miqveh); and Cave 1071, consisting of two chambers, probably intended for dwelling. The caves yielded many restorable glass vessels, as well as pottery, dating from the fourth to seventh/eight centuries CE. The glass finds are characterized by their homogeneous fabric, workmanship and forms, indicating the existence of a local production center. Charred pieces of wood and a few carbonized seeds were found in Cave 1071, belonging to five species that still grow …
Early Bronze Age Fauna From Qiryat Ata—Area O (Pp. 61–70), Liora Kolska Horwitz
Early Bronze Age Fauna From Qiryat Ata—Area O (Pp. 61–70), Liora Kolska Horwitz
'Atiqot
Extensive salvage excavations at the site of Qiryat Ata exposed faunal remains dating to the three phases identified at the site: Phase 3, Early Bronze Age IB; Phase 2, Late Early Bronze Age IB; and Phase 1, Early Bronze Age II. The most common species in the Phase 3 assemblage is pig, followed by sheep/goat and cattle. For Phase 2, remains of cattle are the most numerous, followed by pig, with only scarce remains of sheep/goat. The largest proportion of identified bones from Area O was recovered from Phase 1: cattle predominate, with smaller numbers of pig and sheep/goat remains, …
Rescue Excavations At The Early Bronze Age Site Of Qiryat Ata—Area O (With Contributions By Raphael Greenberg, Hamoudi Khalaily And Henk K. Mienis) (Pp. 27–60), Amir Golani
'Atiqot
The excavation at Qiryat Ata, Area O, was undertaken in the southern, peripheral zone of the site. Three primary settlement episodes were revealed: Phases 3 and 2 date to EB IB and consist of two buildings and associated surfaces, while Phase 1 dates to EB II and mainly consists of a large fortification wall. These three phases correlate with the three main occupation strata (III–I) that have been identified at the site. The finds in Area O include two large and homogenous pottery assemblages, dating to EB IB and EB II; four cylinder-seal impressions; flints, representing a relatively ‘clean’ EB …
Lead Fishing-Net Weights From The ‘Fisherman’S Grave,’ Akhziv (Hebrew, Pp. 9*–17*; English Summary, Pp. 242–243), Jacob Sharvit
Lead Fishing-Net Weights From The ‘Fisherman’S Grave,’ Akhziv (Hebrew, Pp. 9*–17*; English Summary, Pp. 242–243), Jacob Sharvit
'Atiqot
Some 73 lead fishing-net weights were found within a milk bowl in a Late Bronze Age II grave in the eastern Akhziv burial ground. Fishing nets, and the lead weights attached to them, are one of the earliest forms of fishing equipment, and have been used by Mediterranean fishermen for thousands of years. Thus, identifying and dating the weights is particularly difficult. The find of the lead weights in a sealed archaeological context in the Akhziv grave is especially important, because here they can be identified and dated, and a typological database can be constructed. Based on a comparison between …
A Late Bronze Age Ii Settlement On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 133–141), Yonatan Nadelman
A Late Bronze Age Ii Settlement On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 133–141), Yonatan Nadelman
'Atiqot
The excavation took place on a kurkar hill overlooking the sea. Four squares were opened on the southern slope, and settlement deposits of the Late Bronze Age II were revealed, without any architectural elements. A ceramic figurine was found. The vessels that were found at the site seem to indicate a single-period LB II settlement. The fabrics point to a number of sources, local (Canaanite) and foreign (Cypriot, Mycenaean and possibly Egyptian). This international character is clearly in keeping with the general picture of the period.
An Intermediate Bronze Age Settlement And A Middle Bronze Age Ii Cemetery At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 143–165), Tali Erickson-Gini, Yigal Israel
An Intermediate Bronze Age Settlement And A Middle Bronze Age Ii Cemetery At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 143–165), Tali Erickson-Gini, Yigal Israel
'Atiqot
A salvage excavation was conducted on the eastern slopes of a kurkar ridge that runs parallel to the Mediterranean shoreline. The excavation revealed remains from the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II. Architectural remnants of the Intermediate Bronze Age (2200–2000 BCE) comprise a ‘cluster’ of round or oval rooms, constructed of mud bricks. The pottery assemblage from the site is characteristic of the Intermediate Bronze Age in southern Canaan. Sixteen pit graves dating to MB II were discovered in three clusters. The inhabitants buried here may have lived in a satellite settlement of the MB II fortified city …
Botanical Remains From The Excavation On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 127–131), Yoel Melamed
Botanical Remains From The Excavation On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 127–131), Yoel Melamed
'Atiqot
Carbonized remains of seeds and fruit mixed with sand were collected in Areas A and B of the Late Bronze Age site (thirteenth century BCE) on the southern beach of Ashdod. The majority of the identified remains were of grapes; other species are represented by a few seeds.
A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni
'Atiqot
The site is located approximately 4 km west of Tel Ashdod, about 50 m from the shoreline. Two areas were excavated: in Area A, installations identified as winepresses, as well as occupation levels, were found; in Area B, a mud-brick complex was uncovered. One tomb (T1) was discovered, and traces indicating the presence of other tombs were discerned north of the site. In the building and in the vicinity of the winepresses numerous pottery sherds were found, of locally-produced vessels, as well as Cypriot, Mycenean and Egyptian imports. Other finds included an Egyptian scarab, spindle whorls and loomweights, metal fishhooks, …
A Late Bronze Age Cemetery On The Coast Of Palmahim (Pp. 9–57), Eli Yannai, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Yuval Liphshitz
A Late Bronze Age Cemetery On The Coast Of Palmahim (Pp. 9–57), Eli Yannai, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Yuval Liphshitz
'Atiqot
A total of 23 tombs were excavated in the Palmahim Northern Cemetery, located on the shore, some 200 m south of Naḥal Soreq’s outlet to the Mediterranean Sea, just north of Yavne-Yam. The tombs were hewn in bedrock and lined with stone slabs, a method of burial that is almost unique in the Late Bronze Age in Israel. The pottery from the Northern Cemetery was in a fine state of preservation, pointing to various production techniques, such as knife-paring, slipping, burnishing and painting. The assemblage, dating between the late fourteenth and the beginning of the thirteenth centuries BCE, includes local …
A Crusader-Period Bathhouse In ‘Akko (Acre) (With A Contribution By Danny Syon) (Pp. 71–108), Howard Smithline, Edna J. Stern
A Crusader-Period Bathhouse In ‘Akko (Acre) (With A Contribution By Danny Syon) (Pp. 71–108), Howard Smithline, Edna J. Stern
'Atiqot
A Crusader-period bathhouse, which was exposed in the Montmusard suburb north of the Crusader city wall, is the first large verifiable Crusader-period structure to be found in this area. It was constructed directly upon remains of the Hellenistic city, with no intervening occupation levels. The bathhouse, only partially preserved in its western part, is of the hypocaust type, comprising a furnace, a storage and stoking room, a northern hot room and a larger eastern hot room. Its eastern part was very poorly preserved due to extensive stone robbing during the Ottoman period. The finds include fragmentary ceramic vessels, water pipes …
Remains Of A Byzantine And Early Islamic Rural Settlement At The Be’Er Sheva‘ North Train Station (With Contributions By Natalya Katsnelson And Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–76*; English Summary, Pp. 140–142), Yigal Israel, Gregory Seriy, Oded Feder
Remains Of A Byzantine And Early Islamic Rural Settlement At The Be’Er Sheva‘ North Train Station (With Contributions By Natalya Katsnelson And Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–76*; English Summary, Pp. 140–142), Yigal Israel, Gregory Seriy, Oded Feder
'Atiqot
Two areas were excavated, uncovering the remains of four buildings (Buildings 100, 200, 300 and 400). Building 100, a watchtower, was probably erected during the Byzantine period. Building 300, a farmhouse, included a kitchen, in which two ovens were constructed; numerous pottery vessels date the building to the late Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. The building also yielded fragments of glass vessels, a fragment of a small iron pruning-knife and archaezoological finds. Building 400, the corner of a farmhouse, included pottery from the end of the Byzantine period. Building 200, probably from the beginning of the Early Islamic period, included …
Butchers’ Waste: Zooarchaeological Analysis Of A Crusader/Ayyubid Bone Deposit From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 99*–109*), Guy Bar-Oz, Noa Raban-Gerstel
Butchers’ Waste: Zooarchaeological Analysis Of A Crusader/Ayyubid Bone Deposit From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 99*–109*), Guy Bar-Oz, Noa Raban-Gerstel
'Atiqot
A small assemblage of 162 complete and fragmentary bones was retrieved from strata dated to the second half of the twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE. The faunal remains comprise predominantly domesticated livestock: sheep and goat (most frequent) as well as domestic fowl, cattle, an equid, a pig and a dog. In addition, a single shell fragment of a tortoise and two fish head-fragments were identified. The anatomical representation of sheep/goat skeletal elements seems to indicate a context of a butcher’s shop. The absence of burnt bones further attests to the excavated refuse being principally the leftovers of butchery deposits. More than 38% …
An Iron Age Cemetery And Other Remains At Yavne (With A Contribution By Danny Syon)(Pp. 1*–33*), Raz Kletter, Yossi Nagar
An Iron Age Cemetery And Other Remains At Yavne (With A Contribution By Danny Syon)(Pp. 1*–33*), Raz Kletter, Yossi Nagar
'Atiqot
Excavations at Yavne, on the plain immediately north of the ancient tell, uncovered finds from several periods: small finds from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages; a Late Bronze Age tomb; an Iron Age cemetery; and scanty remains from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The Iron Age cemetery comprised 28 tombs and graves. This large, dense cemetery provides significant archaeological evidence of the Philistine city of Yavne during the tenth–eighth centuries BCE.
A Magical Amulet From The Cemetery On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 127–132), Gabriel Mazor
A Magical Amulet From The Cemetery On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 127–132), Gabriel Mazor
'Atiqot
A magical amulet, discovered in a burial cave within the Roman-period cemetery on Sallah ed-Din Street, is made from cobalt glass and is of fair workmanship. The amulet is engraved on the obverse with the image of Artemis/Diana in a frontal hunting posture, and on the reverse, with Greek letters. This finding supports the assumption that the cave may have served the family of a Roman veteran of the Tenth Legion, who resided in Aelia Capitolina sometime during the second–third centuries CE.
Faunal Remains From The 1994–1996 Excavations At The Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Pp. 19–34), Ronny Reich, Ya'akov Billig, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Omri Lernau
Faunal Remains From The 1994–1996 Excavations At The Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Pp. 19–34), Ronny Reich, Ya'akov Billig, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Omri Lernau
'Atiqot
This study focused on the faunal remains (N = 3618) retrieved from three strata unearthed above the Second Temple-period stone-paved road along the southern part of the western wall of the Temple Mount. The three strata date to the Early Roman (first century BCE and first century CE–70 CE; Stratum 4), the Late Roman–Byzantine (second–sixth centuries CE; Stratum 3) and the Early Islamic (seventh–eighth centuries CE; Stratum 2) periods. The faunal remains from the Early Roman period reflect the large amounts of waste created by the various populations in the city, with a predominance of Jewish pilgrims. Following the destruction …
Marble Items From The Late Byzantine Buildings Along The Eastern Fringes Of Tel Shiqmona (Hebrew, Pp. 135–142; English Summary, P. 96*), Ira Barash
'Atiqot
Marble items found in the excavation at Tel Shiqmona include fragments of chancel screens, one of them decorated with the head of an animal—a ram or sheep; Corinthian capitals, characteristic of the fifth–sixth centuries CE; a column; carved items; and pavers and wall liners. Most of the marble items were found in a building that was probably a church, located in Area D/E.
Three Persian-Period Metallic Finger Rings From Burial Cave 2, South Ḥorbat Tittora (Pp. 33*–40*), Baruch Brandl
Three Persian-Period Metallic Finger Rings From Burial Cave 2, South Ḥorbat Tittora (Pp. 33*–40*), Baruch Brandl
'Atiqot
Three metal finger rings were found in a repository in a burial cave, excavated at South Ḥorbat Tittora. The rings are all-metal products, and they are relatively well-preserved. They were dated to the Persian period (fifth–fourth centuries BCE), based on their shape, decoration and excavated parallels. They comprise a welcome addition to the relatively small number of all-metal rings from the Persian period that has been found in the country.
“The Lord Will Roar From Zion” (Amos 1:2): The Lion As A Divine Attribute On A Jerusalem Seal And Other Hebrew Glyptic Finds From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations (Pp. 1*–13*), Tallay Ornan, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Shua Kisilevitz, Benjamin Sass
“The Lord Will Roar From Zion” (Amos 1:2): The Lion As A Divine Attribute On A Jerusalem Seal And Other Hebrew Glyptic Finds From The Western Wall Plaza Excavations (Pp. 1*–13*), Tallay Ornan, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Shua Kisilevitz, Benjamin Sass
'Atiqot
A stamp seal bearing the image of a roaring lion and a Hebrew legend was found during the excavations of the Western Wall Plaza, Jerusalem. It is the first seal with a lion motif to be published from Iron Age II Jerusalem, and one of only a few from Judah bearing a lion motif. Two other glyptic finds include a fragment of a scaraboid, inscribed in Hebrew, and a bulla, with a palmette and traces of a Hebrew inscription. These finds are an important addition to the growing corpus of both inscribed and uninscribed seals that have been unearthed in …
A Graeco-Egyptian Amulet From Nysa-Scythopolis (Bet She’An) (Pp. 89*–92*), Gabriel Mazor
A Graeco-Egyptian Amulet From Nysa-Scythopolis (Bet She’An) (Pp. 89*–92*), Gabriel Mazor
'Atiqot
A magical amulet was found in the Roman-Byzantine civic center of Nysa-Scythopolis (Bet She’an). It is made of cobalt glass and engraved with an intaglio design on the obverse and an incised Greek inscription on the reverse. The amulet is related to digestive healing practices that prevailed in the Graeco-Roman world. Medical amulets of this type were widespread and are generally dated to the Roman period (second–third centuries CE); however, an early Byzantine dating for similar amulets has also been suggested. It seems reasonable that magical amulets of the Graeco-Egyptian type were still in use or even newly manufactured, either …
The Archaeozoological Finds From Khirbat El-Thahiriya (Pp. 79*–81*), Moshe Sade
The Archaeozoological Finds From Khirbat El-Thahiriya (Pp. 79*–81*), Moshe Sade
'Atiqot
The faunal assemblage from Khirbat el-Thahiriya is mostly domestic, attesting that the main branch of economy at this settlement was sheep/goat herding. The hen/cock category comprises an unusually high percentage of the assemblage, suggesting that these birds also played an important role in the economy of the site. The wild species comprise birds, Trigger fish, fish and mole.
Khirbat Za‘Kuka: An Iron Age I Site Between Jerusalem And Bethlehem (Pp. 1*–20*), Emanuel Eisenberg
Khirbat Za‘Kuka: An Iron Age I Site Between Jerusalem And Bethlehem (Pp. 1*–20*), Emanuel Eisenberg
'Atiqot
Salvage excavations at the site exposed a pillared house, characteristic of Iron Age I settlements in the Central Hill Country. The finds indicate that the ground floor of the building was used for storage, food processing and other daily activities and the residential space was probably on the second floor. A round oil press was unearthed in the western part of the building. It is a simple, domestic installation, typical of Iron Age I. Two bell-shaped pits, hollowed in the bedrock, were apparently used to store agricultural products. Seven cisterns recorded at the site probably belonged to the settlement and …
The Pottery From Ḥorbat Biz‘A (Pp. 33*–47*), Peter Gendelman
The Pottery From Ḥorbat Biz‘A (Pp. 33*–47*), Peter Gendelman
'Atiqot
A salvage excavation on the outskirts of Ḥorbat Biz‘a uncovered a large quantity of pottery from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The pottery was ascribed to three well-dated ceramic assemblages, in correlation with the stratigraphy at the site: first–early second centuries CE; Late Roman period (late third–fourth centuries CE); and Byzantine period (until the late sixth–seventh centuries CE). All three assemblages present a small number of fine tableware and cooking wares, and a large quantity of storage vessels, pointing to the industrial nature of the site.