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Full-Text Articles in Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies
A Phenomenological Study Of Barriers And Needs Related To Opioid Prevention, Treatment, And Recovery In Rural Alabama, Joshua C. Eyer, Cho Rong Won, Megan Sawyer, Yan Luo, Kun Wang, Edson Chipalo, Gwen Thomas-Leblanc, Hee Lee
A Phenomenological Study Of Barriers And Needs Related To Opioid Prevention, Treatment, And Recovery In Rural Alabama, Joshua C. Eyer, Cho Rong Won, Megan Sawyer, Yan Luo, Kun Wang, Edson Chipalo, Gwen Thomas-Leblanc, Hee Lee
The Qualitative Report
Rural areas with limited access to preventive care, treatment, and recovery services are particularly affected by the opioid crisis. This study identified four rural areas in Alabama that had higher opioid prescription rates than the state and national average. This study explores the views of three groups [healthcare service providers, persons who use/used opioids (PWUO), and community stakeholders] on the barriers to and needs for opioid prevention, treatment, and recovery services using a phenomenological qualitative design. Purposeful and snowball sampling was used to recruit 95 participants across 12 focus groups which were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A seven-member analysis team …
Lived Experiences Of Former Stem Undergraduate Mentors Of An Afterschool Mentoring Program: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Pamela Martínez Oquendo, Kristin Vanwyngaarden, Christine E. Cutucache
Lived Experiences Of Former Stem Undergraduate Mentors Of An Afterschool Mentoring Program: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Pamela Martínez Oquendo, Kristin Vanwyngaarden, Christine E. Cutucache
The Qualitative Report
Studies have identified gaps in the development of undergraduate students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Students lack communication and problem-solving, impeding employment opportunities post-graduation. It is essential to prepare students for employment in STEM fields, as these fields remain in high demand and offer competitive wages for economic stability. Research has revealed that students gain critical thinking and problem-solving skills through students mentoring experiences. Evidence surrounding the inclusion of active learning strategies for in-classroom pedagogy has expanded in recent years, but the support mechanisms beyond the classroom remain unclear. Herein, we followed students for a decade after participation …
The Lived Experiences Of Middle Eastern Immigrant Women During Their Cancer Survivorship Journey: A Phenomenological Study, Enam Alsrayheen, Khaldoun Aldiabat, Catherine Aquino-Russell
The Lived Experiences Of Middle Eastern Immigrant Women During Their Cancer Survivorship Journey: A Phenomenological Study, Enam Alsrayheen, Khaldoun Aldiabat, Catherine Aquino-Russell
The Qualitative Report
The number of Middle Eastern immigrant women (MEIW) living in Canada has significantly increased. However, this group of women is underrepresented in health research and there is a gap in knowledge of their cancer survivorship experiences in Canada. This phenomenological qualitative approach was employed to uncover the meaning of the lived experiences of MEIW during their cancer survivorship journey (CSJ). Data were collected through unstructured interviews and one written description from three MEIW. The participants' perspectives of cancer risk factors were believed to be the cause of their cancer, and their CSJ was fear-inducing and anxiety-provoking. There appears to be …
The Dating And Hooking Up Experiences Of Black Women At Predominantly White Institutions: A Phenomenological Study, Patricia Carver, Donald Mitchell Jr.
The Dating And Hooking Up Experiences Of Black Women At Predominantly White Institutions: A Phenomenological Study, Patricia Carver, Donald Mitchell Jr.
The Qualitative Report
Within this study, we explored the dating and hooking up experiences of Black women interested in dating men while attending predominantly White institutions. Using a phenomenological approach, we investigated how participants’ dating and hooking up experiences influenced their college experiences. We used intersectionality, thriving, and belongingness to theoretically frame the study. Five themes emerged: defining dating and hooking up, the value of education, Black women’s wants, Black women’s experiences, and men’s expectations. We close with implications for practice and recommendations for future research.
Exposing The Mythology Of Balance And The Ecology Of Graduate Student Mother Resilience In Covid-19, Carolyn A. Oldham Ph.D., Kelly D. Bradley Ph.D.
Exposing The Mythology Of Balance And The Ecology Of Graduate Student Mother Resilience In Covid-19, Carolyn A. Oldham Ph.D., Kelly D. Bradley Ph.D.
The Qualitative Report
While the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the once marginalized conversation of academia’s gendered imbalance of opportunity, discussion of its impact on graduate student mothers has remained absent. Resilience has been cited as key to overcoming in the pandemic era with little discussion of how its conceptualization continues to marginalize females in the academy. Our phenomenological study explores graduate student mothers’ conceptualizations of balance, failure, success, and resilience using a family resilience framework which acknowledges the multiple identities to which they may avow and contexts in which they may operate. Employing an ecological conceptual framework, we engaged nine graduate student mothers …
The Asexual Male Experience: A Phenomenological Inquiry, Donna M. Mandigo, Louis F. Kavar
The Asexual Male Experience: A Phenomenological Inquiry, Donna M. Mandigo, Louis F. Kavar
The Qualitative Report
This article offers a phenomenological investigation into the experience of asexuality for self-identified asexual, cisgender men. No other study has been previously conducted on this phenomenon; the present study sought to provide new knowledge surrounding the experience of male asexuality and to illuminate any potential differences in the asexual experience between asexual men and asexual women for further conversation. A qualitative analysis of data derived from 8 asexual adult men between 30 and 65 years of age via semi-structured interviews provided detail-rich insight into the inner processes, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of asexual men. Five major themes arose to comprise …
Reflections On Trauma: A Phenomenological Qualitative Secondary Analysis Of Archived Interviews About Adolescent Experiences During The 1970 Kent State Student Shootings, Sheryl L. Chatfield, Kristen A. Debois, Erin Orlins
Reflections On Trauma: A Phenomenological Qualitative Secondary Analysis Of Archived Interviews About Adolescent Experiences During The 1970 Kent State Student Shootings, Sheryl L. Chatfield, Kristen A. Debois, Erin Orlins
The Qualitative Report
Among short-term mental health consequences for adolescents who have proximate or direct experience with mass shootings in school settings are posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder. Identifying incidence of enduring mental health impacts is challenging due to difficulty of tracking individuals into adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to use qualitative secondary analysis to explore how seven individuals reflectively describe and interpret their lived experiences as adolescents during the May 4, 1970, Kent State University Vietnam protest that resulted in deaths and injuries to students fired upon by Ohio National Guard. Archived transcripts from interviews conducted up to 48 …
Resiliency And Goals: A Phenomenological Exploration Of African American Male Attrition In High School, Dwayne H. Gatson, Christine Enslin
Resiliency And Goals: A Phenomenological Exploration Of African American Male Attrition In High School, Dwayne H. Gatson, Christine Enslin
The Qualitative Report
This article describes a phenomenological study that explored the lived experiences and perceptions of African American males with high school attrition. Sixteen event dropouts participated in individually taped semi-structured interviews, producing descriptive themes that were analyzed. Results from this study revealed eight major themes of (a) school climate matters, (b) social and emotional skills enhance development, (c) share responsibility of educational expectations, (d) support lacking, (e) engaging at-risk behavior, (f) apathetic view of education, (g) motivation is the education multiplier, and (h) respect is key to graduation. Findings and implications for stakeholders and future research are included that might prove …
The Role Of Support System: A Phenomenological Study Of Pre-Service Teachers’ International Teaching Practicum, Amrita Kaur, Muhammad Kamarul Kabilan, Hairul Nizam Ismail
The Role Of Support System: A Phenomenological Study Of Pre-Service Teachers’ International Teaching Practicum, Amrita Kaur, Muhammad Kamarul Kabilan, Hairul Nizam Ismail
The Qualitative Report
Professional and personal gains related to international teaching practicum (ITP) of pre-service teachers’ (PST) are evidenced in literature. However, challenges faced during ITP have the potential to function as stressors, which may inhibit PSTs’ learning and harm their emotional and psychological wellbeing, which in turn may influence their identity as future teachers and intention to continue as teachers. In the current study, we used interpretive phenomenological approach to examine 12 PSTs’ experiences of the provision of support system during international teaching practicum (ITP). We collected data for this study using in-depth phenomenological interviews and reflective journals. The positive experiences and …
Experiences Of College Sophomores' Utilization Of Counseling Services At A Faith Based University, Laurel Shaler, Lori Goss-Reaves, Jeffrey Boatner, Steve Johnson, Katherine Atkins
Experiences Of College Sophomores' Utilization Of Counseling Services At A Faith Based University, Laurel Shaler, Lori Goss-Reaves, Jeffrey Boatner, Steve Johnson, Katherine Atkins
The Qualitative Report
We designed this qualitative research study to better understand the experiences of college students in a United States context who do not seek counseling for their perceived need for help, and to address barriers that prevent them from doing so. The results of this phenomenological study indicate three barriers: negative feelings based upon ones’ past-experience with counseling, the stigma that surrounds a need for counseling, and the messages participants received from their parents regarding counseling. This research paper will elaborate on this study and will provide helpful information related to breaking these barriers.
A Phenomenological Study Of International Students In Us Graduate Programs Through The Lens Of Personal Growth Initiative Construct, Hannah E. Acquaye Phd, Cari Welch, Leah N. Jacobs, Arielle Ross
A Phenomenological Study Of International Students In Us Graduate Programs Through The Lens Of Personal Growth Initiative Construct, Hannah E. Acquaye Phd, Cari Welch, Leah N. Jacobs, Arielle Ross
The Qualitative Report
Humans, unlike other creatures, have an inherent desire to develop and grow. This desire to grow, Personal Growth Initiative, is an intentional way that humans cognitively and behaviorally navigate their environment and resources to effect change. While many researchers argue that this construct works only in individualistic cultures, others contend that the construct is applicable to collectivist cultures as well. We therefore undertook an exploration of the lived experiences of eight international students from predominantly collectivist cultures, through the lens of the Personal Growth Initiative theory. Using a phenomenological qualitative methodology, we interviewed these doctoral students via semi-structured interview …
A Review Of Qualitative Methods In Health Communication Research, Liza Ngenye, Gary Kreps
A Review Of Qualitative Methods In Health Communication Research, Liza Ngenye, Gary Kreps
The Qualitative Report
This paper examines the ways that qualitative inquiry can be especially useful for gathering relevant descriptive data that can provide a deep understanding of health communication issues and processes, as well as to provide evidence-based guidance for addressing key challenges of health care delivery and promotion. This article promotes methodological diversity in research designs and illustrates the value of employing qualitative methods such as ethnography and grounded theory in health communication research. It is also provides calls for the application of less-used, unfamiliar qualitative methods such as phenomenology. Our careful bibliographic review of health communication research studies published over the …
"It Is What It Is:" Literacy Studies And Phenomenology, Jason D. Dehart
"It Is What It Is:" Literacy Studies And Phenomenology, Jason D. Dehart
The Qualitative Report
This investigation of the tenets of phenomenology is based on work completed using this methodology in educational studies. Specifically, the author writes about the way that phenomenology can be used when completing studies in the field of literacy. The author highlights foundational thinkers, along with major elements of methods and data collection that form the working parts of phenomenology. The author frames this article as a partially reflective account, looking at work that has been completed already, while also attempting to compose a descriptive investigation that other researchers can adopt for their own work in other fields.
Exploring Parenting Influences: Married African American Fathers’ Perspectives, Felicia L. Murray, Shann Hwa Hwang
Exploring Parenting Influences: Married African American Fathers’ Perspectives, Felicia L. Murray, Shann Hwa Hwang
The Qualitative Report
This qualitative study sought to understand married, resident African American fathers’ perceptions about parenting influences. Specifically, this study explored fathers’ perceptions about sources and/or experiences that informed their approaches and attitudes about parenting. Social learning theory, the modeling and compensation hypothesis, as well as literature on the intergenerational transmission of parenting served as theoretical frameworks. Eight fathers participated in semi-structured interviews. One main theme and four subthemes emerged from the data. Findings indicated that a number of influences including but not limited to experiences from their family of origin informed current parenting approaches and attitudes.
Life Is Like A Box Of Derwents - An Autoethnography Colouring In The Life Of Child Sexual Abuse, Karen D. Barley Ms
Life Is Like A Box Of Derwents - An Autoethnography Colouring In The Life Of Child Sexual Abuse, Karen D. Barley Ms
The Qualitative Report
This autoethnographic study contains vignettes from my life of unrelated but interconnected experiences of sexual abuse which profoundly impacted my life through moments of epiphanous transformation. I am using my voice as the researcher and researched to write authentically and evocatively as a way of truth telling about a difficult subject. This autoethnography invites you to walk in the shoes of myself as the storyteller and for that reason the vignettes are deliberately provocative and expose aspects of my life that have previously been hidden. The vignettes weave together stories that have had a profound impact on me which eventually …
A Review Of The Phenomenological Heart Of Teaching And Learning: Theory, Research, And Practice In Higher Education, Jason D. Dehart
A Review Of The Phenomenological Heart Of Teaching And Learning: Theory, Research, And Practice In Higher Education, Jason D. Dehart
The Qualitative Report
This review of The Phenomenological Heart of Teaching and Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice in Higher Education focuses on the organization, strengths, and weaknesses of a newly-published qualitative research text that also serves as a guide for teachers who wish to improve their practice. The case study nature of the text is explored, as well as the contributions of the text’s authors. The book is most notable as a text that draws on the rich history of Merleau-Ponty and seeks to consider classroom instruction in higher education in light of phenomenological tenets.
Something For Everyone: A Review Of Qualitative Inquiry And Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Cecilia Tarnoki, Katheryne Puentes
Something For Everyone: A Review Of Qualitative Inquiry And Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Cecilia Tarnoki, Katheryne Puentes
The Qualitative Report
Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (2018), by John W. Creswell and Cheryl N. Poth was written for anyone who is considering themselves to be researchers or interested in learning more about qualitative research. As students in doctoral programs studying family therapy at Nova Southeastern University, we felt that parts of the text were explicitly tailored toward the social sciences; however, the chapters are useful for anyone interested in qualitative research from many angles and aspects.
Workplace Ostracism And Employee Reactions Among University Teachers In Pakistan, Tehreem Fatima, Ahmad Raza Bilal, Muhammad Kashif Imran
Workplace Ostracism And Employee Reactions Among University Teachers In Pakistan, Tehreem Fatima, Ahmad Raza Bilal, Muhammad Kashif Imran
The Qualitative Report
This study investigated the positive and negative behavioral outcomes resulting from the pragmatic and psychological impacts of workplace ostracism experienced by university teachers in Pakistan. Using a qualitative and phenomenological approach, the data were gathered from 20 ostracized teachers working in public and private sector higher educational institutions in Pakistan. The results revealed that participants faced both the psychological and pragmatic impacts of workplace ostracism. Most of the ostracized teachers indicated positive behavioral outcomes due to being collectivist and placing a high value on social relations. Ostracized teachers used resource investment strategies by improving in-role and extra-role performance that …
So You Want To Do Post-Intentional Phenomenological Research?, Katherine E. Soule, Melissa Freeman
So You Want To Do Post-Intentional Phenomenological Research?, Katherine E. Soule, Melissa Freeman
The Qualitative Report
In this article, phenomenology, both in its philosophical and methodological variants, is introduced in the form of a fictional dialogue between a student justifying her interest in using a post-intentional phenomenological approach in her dissertation to her major professor. The dialogue tackles founding philosophers, notably Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty; contemporary researchers, including A. Giorgi, B. Giorgi, van Manen, and Vagle; several phenomenological concepts, such as intentionality, bracketing, and bridling; and provides examples of three distinct approaches to phenomenological research.
Godspeed: Counselor Education Doctoral Student Experiences From Diverse Religious And Spiritual Backgrounds, Alyse M. Anekstein, Lynn Bohecker, Tiffany Nielson, Hailey Martinez
Godspeed: Counselor Education Doctoral Student Experiences From Diverse Religious And Spiritual Backgrounds, Alyse M. Anekstein, Lynn Bohecker, Tiffany Nielson, Hailey Martinez
The Qualitative Report
Amidst growing literature regarding the importance of spirituality within counseling and counselor education, little is known of the experiences of doctoral students regarding their religious and spiritual backgrounds while matriculating through their doctoral program. This research explored the experiences of four researcher-participant counselor education doctoral students from diverse religious and spiritual backgrounds. This exploration deepened their understanding of the role their religious and spiritual identities played in their thoughts, emotions, challenges, and strengths of their experiences. A phenomenological autoethnography method was used for this study. A unique data analysis procedure was developed called Integrative Group Process Phenomenology (IGPP), which was …
Researcher, Analyze Thyself, Johnny Saldana
Researcher, Analyze Thyself, Johnny Saldana
The Qualitative Report
This article attempts to answer the phenomenological question, “What does it mean to be a qualitative researcher?” and an ancillary question, “What does ‘making meaning’ mean?” The author, in collaboration with selected participants at the 2018 The Qualitative Report and the International Institute for Qualitative Methodology’s Qualitative Research Methods conferences, proposes that research is devotion. Three major categories or components of devotion are purpose (personal and professional validation), belonging (communal grounding), and meaning (an enriched life). Ten subcategories or “elements of style” as qualitative researchers include: meticulous vigilance of details, unyielding resiliency, visionary reinvention, social savvy, humble vulnerability, representational responsibility, …
Black Virgin Islands Male High School Dropouts: A Qualitative Study, Edward L. Browne
Black Virgin Islands Male High School Dropouts: A Qualitative Study, Edward L. Browne
The Qualitative Report
The dropout phenomenon involving Black Virgin Islands male high school students residing in the United States Virgin Islands has become a major area of concern for parents, educators, policy makers, and other community stakeholders. However, little is known about the direct or indirect factors that lead many Black Virgin Islands male students to drop out of high school. For the actual study, the researcher used a qualitative phenomenological approach to examine the experiences of seven Black Virgin Islands males who dropped out of high school. The study results revealed seven important themes (a) grade retention, (b) disengagement with school officials, …
Elderly Patients’ Perception Of Pain Management After Open And Reduction Internal Fixation Surgery, Sharon M. Whyte-Daley
Elderly Patients’ Perception Of Pain Management After Open And Reduction Internal Fixation Surgery, Sharon M. Whyte-Daley
The Qualitative Report
Little is known about pain and pain management in older adults who experience open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgery. This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study explored two research questions: (a) What are the perceptions of pain and pain management in patients between 65 and 75 years of age, 48 hours after ORIF surgery in a community hospital? (b) What are the perceptions of adaptation after ORIF? A pilot study included four patients in two units of a Southern California hospital, followed by open ended, semi-structured interviews with 10 participants. Four themes emerged: (a) elderly patients experience different patterns of pain …
Pursuing A Dream: The Lived Experiences Of Early Leavers And Their Return To Alternative High School, Patrick Morrissette
Pursuing A Dream: The Lived Experiences Of Early Leavers And Their Return To Alternative High School, Patrick Morrissette
The Qualitative Report
This article describes a phenomenological study that explored the experiences of early leavers who chose to return to high school in order to pursue their diploma. Eighteen students, including males and females, participated in individual tape recorded interviews, during which they described their experiences, yielding written protocols that were thematically analyzed. Results from this study revealed seven prominent themes that included the following (a) facing reality, (b) launching process, (c) determination, (d) overcoming barriers, (e) supportive influences, (f) proving self, and (g) learning context. Findings and implications for educators and future research are included.
“I Am Just Like Everyone Else, Except For A Nine-Digit Number”: A Thematic Analysis Of The Experiences Of Dreamers, Joanna Méndez-Pounds Ph.D., Denise A. Nicholas, Natali Gonzalez, Jason B. Whiting
“I Am Just Like Everyone Else, Except For A Nine-Digit Number”: A Thematic Analysis Of The Experiences Of Dreamers, Joanna Méndez-Pounds Ph.D., Denise A. Nicholas, Natali Gonzalez, Jason B. Whiting
The Qualitative Report
This qualitative thematic analysis study explored the experiences of DREAMers, undocumented students raised in the US awaiting the passage of the DREAM Act. We used a phenomenologically-informed textual analysis which resulted in a summary essence of the experience of DREAMers, describing how even though DREAMers are like other contributing members of society “except for a nine-digit number,” certain characteristics make their experience unique. Two websites containing experiences of individuals identifying as DREAMers as they wait for the passage of the DREAM Act, were analyzed to draw out specific themes that represented DREAMers’ experiences. Results revealed the following themes, Uncertainty about …
International Students’ Transition Experiences In Rural Texas: A Phenomenological Study, Ian Lertora, Richard C. Henriksen Jr., Jesse Starkey, Chi-Sing Li
International Students’ Transition Experiences In Rural Texas: A Phenomenological Study, Ian Lertora, Richard C. Henriksen Jr., Jesse Starkey, Chi-Sing Li
The Qualitative Report
Due to the growth in the number of international students attending universities in Texas and the need to provide appropriate counseling services to them, nine international students were interviewed about their experiences of transitioning from their home country to college in rural Texas. The authors employed the transcendental phenomenological approach to qualitative research (Moustakas, 1994) which allowed for the following seven emergent themes were identified that described the participants’ experiences: American TV; Knowing Someone; Like a Movie; Everybody Saying Hi; Transportation is Inconvenient; I Miss Noodles; and Being Optimistic. The emergent themes provided the basis for implications and recommendations for …
Twenty Years Of Technology Integration And Foreign Language Teaching: A Phenomenological Reflective Interview Study, Nilsa Becho Sullivan, Kakali Bhattacharya
Twenty Years Of Technology Integration And Foreign Language Teaching: A Phenomenological Reflective Interview Study, Nilsa Becho Sullivan, Kakali Bhattacharya
The Qualitative Report
The evolution of the use of technology in the foreign language classroom has proven to be a challenge. In this paper, we highlight a study whose purpose is to understand how one retired foreign language educator reflected on the ways in which she integrated different modes of technology in her classroom. In this interview study, the participant discussed how technology has evolved in the span of her twenty-year career as a foreign language educator and how she integrated various technologies as they evolved in her classroom. The researchers employed a modified van Kaam method as defined by Moustakas (1994) to …
Cyberbullying In Rural Communities: Origin And Processing Through The Lens Of Older Adolescents, Lisa Reason, Michael Boyd, Casey Reason
Cyberbullying In Rural Communities: Origin And Processing Through The Lens Of Older Adolescents, Lisa Reason, Michael Boyd, Casey Reason
The Qualitative Report
The experiences of older adolescent cyberbullying victims from a rural community were explored in this qualitative study. Findings revealed that cyberbullying originates primarily as the result of jealousy over romantic relationships and cultural, religious, or sexual orientation intolerance. Participants also indicated that cyberbullies tend to be more brazen and cruel as the result of perceived anonymity. In addition, participants reported feelings of helplessness and rage in response to the attacks. Finally, participants suggested that the lack of knowledge and understanding of cyberspace resulted in a lack of emotional support and protection against cyberbullying.
Walking On Eggshells: The Lived Experience Of Partners Of Veterans With Ptsd, Tiffany A. Beks
Walking On Eggshells: The Lived Experience Of Partners Of Veterans With Ptsd, Tiffany A. Beks
The Qualitative Report
This phenomenological study examined the descriptions of lived experience among female partners of veteran men with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) via internet discussion forums. Personal, self-initiated written accounts of 30 partners were analyzed with respect to meaning, challenges, coping responses, and role in veterans’ healing and rehabilitation. Following data analysis, five descriptive themes emerged: all-consuming effect of the illness, walking on eggshells, ambiguous loss, alone, and facing PTSD as a unit. The central meaning of these themes describes the widespread priority of the veterans’ illness, and the resulting isolation, grief, and apprehension experienced by intimate partners as they assume …
Lived Experiences Of A Hong Kong Physical Education Teacher: Ethnographical And Phenomenological Approaches, Raymond Kim Wai Sum, Teng-Yao Shi
Lived Experiences Of A Hong Kong Physical Education Teacher: Ethnographical And Phenomenological Approaches, Raymond Kim Wai Sum, Teng-Yao Shi
The Qualitative Report
This study employed ethnographical and phenomenological methods to explore the lived experiences and career of a Hong Kong secondary school physical education (PE) teacher (Wharton) in order to embody his versatile roles through phenomenological description of a lived body itself and the lived world. The central research question is “How does a male secondary school PE teacher manage his work life and the embodiment of his professional roles?” Data collection techniques were in-depth interviewing, participant observation and field notes, participant’s reflection documentation and visual elicitation. Concepts of “play to learn,” “professional development” and “political empowerment” were used to examine Wharton’s …