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Articles 1 - 30 of 582
Full-Text Articles in Science and Technology Studies
Decompression Wave Speed In Co2 Mixtures: Cfd Modelling With The Gerg-2008 Equation Of State, Alhoush Elshahomi, Cheng Lu, Guillaume Michal, Xiong Liu, Ajit R. Godbole, Phillip Venton
Decompression Wave Speed In Co2 Mixtures: Cfd Modelling With The Gerg-2008 Equation Of State, Alhoush Elshahomi, Cheng Lu, Guillaume Michal, Xiong Liu, Ajit R. Godbole, Phillip Venton
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The development of CO2 pipelines for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) raises new questions regarding the control of ductile fracture propagation and fracture arrest toughness criteria. The decompression behaviour in the fluid must be determined accurately in order to estimate the proper pipe toughness. However, anthropogenic CO2 may contain impurities that can modify the fluid decompression characteristics quite significantly. To determine the decompression wave speed in CO2 mixtures, the thermodynamic properties of these mixtures must be determined by using an accurate equation of state. In this paper we present a new decompression model developed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) …
Ion Radiography As A Tool For Patient Set-Up & Image Guided Particle Therapy: A Monte Carlo Study, Nicolas Depauw, Marta F. Dias, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld, Joao C. Seco
Ion Radiography As A Tool For Patient Set-Up & Image Guided Particle Therapy: A Monte Carlo Study, Nicolas Depauw, Marta F. Dias, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld, Joao C. Seco
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This study investigate the use of ion radiography as a tool for patient set-up and tumor tracking capabilities for image guided particle therapy (IGPT) using Monte Carlo simulations. One pediatric, two lung and one liver cancer patients were considered in this study. For each patient, 230 and 330 MeV proton, and 500 MeV/nucleon carbon ion pencil beams were simulated through their computed tomography (CT) data set using GEANT4.9.0. Energy, position and direction cosines of each particle were recorded in front and behind the patient. Ion radiographs were subsequently reconstructed using a dedicated in-house software. The image quality was assessed by …
Aperiodicity And Primitive Ideals Of Row-Finite K-Graphs, Sooran Kang, David Pask
Aperiodicity And Primitive Ideals Of Row-Finite K-Graphs, Sooran Kang, David Pask
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We describe the primitive ideal space of the C*-algebra of a row-finite k-graph with no sources when every ideal is gauge invariant. We characterize which spectral spaces can occur, and compute the primitive ideal space of two examples. In order to do this we prove some new results on aperiodicity. Our computations indicate that when every ideal is gauge invariant, the primitive ideal space only depends on the 1-skeleton of the k-graph in question. 2014 World Scientific Publishing Company.
Ozonation Of N-Nitrosamines In The Reverse Osmosis Concentrate From Water Recycling Applications, Takahiro Fujioka, Stuart Khan, James Mcdonald, Long Nghiem
Ozonation Of N-Nitrosamines In The Reverse Osmosis Concentrate From Water Recycling Applications, Takahiro Fujioka, Stuart Khan, James Mcdonald, Long Nghiem
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This study aims to evaluate the performance of ozone treatment for removing N-nitrosamines from reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate in water recycling applications. In the absence of any N-nitrosamine precursors, the destruction efficiency of N-nitrosamines was dependent on their molecular weight or the length of the alkyl chain in their molecular structure. Experiments conducted with RO concentrate showed that ozonation could lead to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), resulting in an increase in concentrations of these N-nitrosamines. Nevertheless, ozonation was effective for destruction of N-nitrosamines with molecular weight greater than that of NDEA (102 g/mol). 2014 Copyright 2014 …
Identity-Based Secure Distributed Data Storage Schemes, Jinguang Han, Willy Susilo, Yi Mu
Identity-Based Secure Distributed Data Storage Schemes, Jinguang Han, Willy Susilo, Yi Mu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Secure distributed data storage can shift the burden of maintaining a large number of files from the owner to proxy servers. Proxy servers can convert encrypted files for the owner to encrypted files for the receiver without the necessity of knowing the content of the original files. In practice, the original files will be removed by the owner for the sake of space efficiency. Hence, the issues on confidentiality and integrity of the outsourced data must be addressed carefully. In this paper, we propose two identity-based secure distributed data storage (IBSDDS) schemes. Our schemes can capture the following properties: (1) …
Mri Distortion: Considerations For Mri Based Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Amy Walker, Gary P. Liney, Peter E. Metcalfe, Lois Holloway
Mri Distortion: Considerations For Mri Based Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Amy Walker, Gary P. Liney, Peter E. Metcalfe, Lois Holloway
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Distortion in magnetic resonance images needs to be taken into account for the purposes of radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP). A commercial MRI grid phantom was scanned on 4 different MRI scanners with multiple sequences to assess variations in the geometric distortion. The distortions present across the field of view were then determined. The effect of varying bandwidth on image distortion and signal to noise was also investigated. Distortion maps were created and these were compared to the location of patient anatomy within the scanner bore to estimate the magnitude and distribution of distortions located within specific clinical regions. Distortion magnitude …
Performance Enhancement Of Bridges And Other Structures Through The Use Of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites: Some Recent Hong Kong Research, J G. Teng, S S. Zhang, Q G. Xiao, D Fernando, B Zhang
Performance Enhancement Of Bridges And Other Structures Through The Use Of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites: Some Recent Hong Kong Research, J G. Teng, S S. Zhang, Q G. Xiao, D Fernando, B Zhang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Due to their various advantages including excellent corrosion resistance and high strength-toweight ratios, fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been widely used as strengthening materials to enhance the performance of existing structures including bridges. In addition, FRP composites have attracted increasing attention for use in the construction of high-performance bridges and other structures. This paper presents a summary of some recent research undertaken atThe HongKong Polytechnic University (PolyU) in both areas. The paper covers the following topics of significant current interest examined in four recent PhD projects under the supervision of the first author: (1) strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams …
Bond Strength Model For Interfaces Between Near-Surface Mounted (Nsm) Cfrp Strips And Concrete, S S. Zhang, J G. Teng, T Yu
Bond Strength Model For Interfaces Between Near-Surface Mounted (Nsm) Cfrp Strips And Concrete, S S. Zhang, J G. Teng, T Yu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents an accurate bond strength model for carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips near-surface mounted (NSM) to concrete where debonding failure happens in the concrete layer adjacent to the interface between FRP and concrete. Both bonded joints with a sufficient bond length and those with an insufficient bond length are covered by the proposed model. The bond strength model was developed on the basis of an existing analytical solution as well as a recently proposed bond-slip model for such bonded joints. Numerical comparisons between the proposed bond strength model and 51 test specimens collected from the existing experimental studies as …
Towards Energy-Aware Optimisation Of Business Processes, Beatriz Lopez, Aditya Ghose, Tony Savarimuthu, Mariusz Nowostawski, Michael Winikoff, Stephen Cranefield
Towards Energy-Aware Optimisation Of Business Processes, Beatriz Lopez, Aditya Ghose, Tony Savarimuthu, Mariusz Nowostawski, Michael Winikoff, Stephen Cranefield
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Time dependent energy tariffs are a matter of concern to managers in organisations, who need to rethink how to allocate resources to business processes so that they take into account energy costs. However, due to the time-dependent costs, the resource optimisation problem needs to be redesigned. In this paper we formalise the energy-aware resource allocation problem, including time-dependent variable costs; and present a case study in which an auction mechanism is used to find a solution. Our results show how the choice of cost (energy, monetary, or duration) affects the schedules obtained.
A Systematic Review Of Bio-Inspired Service Concretization, Lijuan Wang, Jun Shen
A Systematic Review Of Bio-Inspired Service Concretization, Lijuan Wang, Jun Shen
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In service oriented computing, Web service selection is an important part of Web service composition. The Web service composition is achieved by solving the Web service concretization problem. The literature presents two types of Web service concretization approaches: local optimization approaches and global optimization approaches. There are three types of algorithmic methods in the global optimization approaches: optimal methods, sub-optimal methods, and soft constraints-based methods. The bio-inspired algorithms are sub-optimal methods. This paper will firstly present a hierarchical taxonomy of Web service concretization approaches. Then we conduct a systematic review on the current research of Web service concretization based on …
Intelligent Approaches To Complex Systems, P K. S Prakash, Nagesh Shukla
Intelligent Approaches To Complex Systems, P K. S Prakash, Nagesh Shukla
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Availability of large amount and variety of information and decision making problems in various complex systems ranging from transportation, supply chain, energy to logistics; have placed the need for the development & successful application of advanced intelligent approaches. It is argued that intelligent approaches such as analytics and optimisation techniques drive smarter decisions, faster actions and optimise outcomes in this era. However, there are no single best analytical or optimisation technique to deal with the challenges in various complex systems. It is due to the fact that a technique/approach may show a better performance for a given problem instance; but, …
A Coastal Groundwater Management Model With Indian Case Study, Sudip Basack, Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya, Prabir Maity
A Coastal Groundwater Management Model With Indian Case Study, Sudip Basack, Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya, Prabir Maity
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The complexity of the hydrogeological setup in coastal areas calls for the adoption of scientific groundwater management techniques. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater in coastal zones will lead to depression of the water table, with associated hazards such as putting the well out of use, rendering abstraction uneconomic with increased lift. A sustained regional groundwater drawdown below sea level runs the risk of saline water intrusion, even for confined coastal aquifers. Uncontrolled groundwater development may lead to reversal of the freshwater gradient, thereby resulting in saline water ingress into coastal aquifers. There are, however, several established methodologies to control and minimise …
Data Scientists As Game Changers In Big Data Environments, Akemi T. Chatfield, Vivian N. Shlemoon, Wilbur Redublado, Faizur Rahman
Data Scientists As Game Changers In Big Data Environments, Akemi T. Chatfield, Vivian N. Shlemoon, Wilbur Redublado, Faizur Rahman
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The potential power of big data to generate insights and create new forms of value in the ways which transform organizations and society has been observed by big data-driven organizations and big data experts. Despite the recent sensational declaration of a data scientist as "the sexiest job of the 21st century", however, there has been the lack of rigorous studies of what a data scientist is, and what job skill requirements this hottest job title may need. In order to address this gap, we systematically examine relevant source material to extract definitions and categorize them with a classification scheme developed …
Roles Of Social Media In Open Data Environments: A Case Study Of The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Election Voting Results, Uuf Brajawidagda, Akemi T. Chatfield
Roles Of Social Media In Open Data Environments: A Case Study Of The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Election Voting Results, Uuf Brajawidagda, Akemi T. Chatfield
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Open data initiatives are critical to open government policies which promote transparency, citizen engagement and collaboration. However, they face challenges in realizing their potential benefits through citizens' active engagement. Despite the sharp rise of social media use by governments or quasi-governmental organizations to engage citizens in transforming public service quality and offers, very little has been written on enabling roles of social media in influencing the outcome of open data initiatives. This research examines the potential enabling roles of social media in motivating and having citizens' engagement easier in open data environments. Specifically, we present social media use in supporting …
Government Interactions With Citizens On Youtube To Solve Government Transparency Problems, Akemi T. Chatfield, Christopher Reddick
Government Interactions With Citizens On Youtube To Solve Government Transparency Problems, Akemi T. Chatfield, Christopher Reddick
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Abstract of a presentation.
Encoding High Dimensional Local Features By Sparse Coding Based Fisher Vectors, Lingqiao Liu, Chunhua Shen, Lei Wang, Anton Van Den Hengel, Chao Wang
Encoding High Dimensional Local Features By Sparse Coding Based Fisher Vectors, Lingqiao Liu, Chunhua Shen, Lei Wang, Anton Van Den Hengel, Chao Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Deriving from the gradient vector of a generative model of local features, Fisher vector coding (FVC) has been identified as an effective coding method for image classification. Most, if not all, FVC implementations employ the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to characterize the generation process of local features. This choice has shown to be sufficient for traditional low dimensional local features, e.g., SIFT; and typically, good performance can be achieved with only a few hundred Gaussian distributions. However, the same number of Gaussians is insufficient to model the feature space spanned by higher dimensional local features, which have become popular recently. …
Beyond The Game: Issues With Social Media And Sporting Events, Matthew Halliwell, Mark Freeman
Beyond The Game: Issues With Social Media And Sporting Events, Matthew Halliwell, Mark Freeman
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Society today is being transformed through the use of Social Media. While the resulting changes are typically marketed as having positive benefits on society, there is a negative side to Social Networking platform usage. This paper considers the case of Social Networking use for a perceived sports betting incident at the Super Bowl XLVIII with boxer Floyd Mayweather, to demonstrate the modified experience some users faced during the sporting event as a result of Social Media. Analysis of the broadcast of negative sentiments associated with inappropriate use and misinformation demonstrates how Social Networking allows opinions and ideas to be spread …
Whole-Genome Analysis Of Multienvironment Or Multitrait Qtl In Magic, Arunas P. Verbyla, Colin R. Cavanagh, Klara L. Verbyla
Whole-Genome Analysis Of Multienvironment Or Multitrait Qtl In Magic, Arunas P. Verbyla, Colin R. Cavanagh, Klara L. Verbyla
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations are now being utilized to more accurately identify the underlying genetic basis of quantitative traits through quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses and subsequent gene discovery. The expanded genetic diversity present in such populations and the amplified number of recombination events mean that QTL can be identified at a higher resolution. Most QTL analyses are conducted separately for each trait within a single environment. Separate analysis does not take advantage of the underlying correlation structure found in multienvironment or multitrait data. By using this information in a joint analysis-be it multienvironment or multitrait - it …
The Relationship Between The Quality Of Active Frontages And Public Perceptions Of Public Spaces, Emma Elizabeth Heffernan, Troy W. Heffernan, Wei Pan
The Relationship Between The Quality Of Active Frontages And Public Perceptions Of Public Spaces, Emma Elizabeth Heffernan, Troy W. Heffernan, Wei Pan
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Active frontages are often advocated in best practice guidance and by local planning authorities. However, little research has been carried out to establish what benefits, if any, active frontages offer. Previous research in this area has been limited to examining observed behaviour rather than analysing public perceptions. This article aims to improve the understanding of the relationship between the quality of an active frontage and public perceptions of the public space the frontage addresses. The research was carried out through a combination of a critical literature review and a questionnaire survey that engaged 152 participants. The participants' perceptions of a …
Tuning Houses Through Building Management Systems, Jose Ripper Kos, Massimo Fiorentini, Paul Cooper, Felipe Miranda
Tuning Houses Through Building Management Systems, Jose Ripper Kos, Massimo Fiorentini, Paul Cooper, Felipe Miranda
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper departs from an analogy of sailing race instruments to demonstrate the potential of automation systems on the house performance and, more important, on impacting households for a more sustainable behavior. Sailing instruments have positively influenced the results on experienced sailors' speed and ultimately have confirmed their observations on nature cycles. We have presented two research projects for the development of Building Management Systems for a house that relies mostly on natural ventilation and thermal mass and another one, based on a complex conditioning system with a solar assited HVAC system, connected to a Phase Change Material thermal storage. …
Higher Order Or Fractional Order Hardy-Sobolev Type Equations, Wenxiong Chen, Yanqin Fang
Higher Order Or Fractional Order Hardy-Sobolev Type Equations, Wenxiong Chen, Yanqin Fang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper we consider the following higher order or fractional order Hardy-Sobolev type equation.
An Architecture Framework Modification Supporting The Acquisition Stakeholders, Farid Shirvani, Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik, Allan P. Campbell
An Architecture Framework Modification Supporting The Acquisition Stakeholders, Farid Shirvani, Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik, Allan P. Campbell
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Architectural modeling is gaining support for urban system development to help governments, local agencies and large enterprises acquire, maintain and develop complex infrastructure. This paper proposes a modification to TRAK (The Rail Architecture frameworK) to make it more suitable for acquisition of the general class of urban infrastructure systems. In this paper four of the main system stakeholders, namely acquirer, developer, investor and regulator are chosen and their concerns are identified. In order to identify the gaps, the procurement viewpoints of TRAK are investigated and analyzed to show their inefficiencies in expressing acquisition scenarios and addressing the concerns of those …
Influence Of The Nonlinear Gain On The Stability Limit Of A Semiconductor Laser With Optical Feedback, Yuanlong Fan, Yanguang Yu, Jiangtao Xi, Huiying Ye
Influence Of The Nonlinear Gain On The Stability Limit Of A Semiconductor Laser With Optical Feedback, Yuanlong Fan, Yanguang Yu, Jiangtao Xi, Huiying Ye
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents the results revealing the influence of the nonlinear gain on the stability limit of a semiconductor laser (SL) with external optical feedback (EOF). A new system determinant is derived from the original Lang and Kobayashi (L-K) equations. By making analysis on the locus of the roots of the system determinant, the stability limit of the system is obtained, from which a number of important and interesting phenomenon revealed by the nonlinear gain is uncovered. The correctness of results is verified by numerical simulations.
Fault Approximation Tool For Grid-Connected Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators, Joel Kennedy, Philip Ciufo, Ashish Agalgaonkar
Fault Approximation Tool For Grid-Connected Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators, Joel Kennedy, Philip Ciufo, Ashish Agalgaonkar
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A novel fault approximation tool (FAT) is presented for use in distribution networks with a high penetration of inverter-interfaced distributed generation. The FAT does not rely on balanced operation nor an absolute reference point for voltage calculations, both of which are required for Newton-Raphson load flow calculations. Simulations show that the FAT provides an accurate representation of the transient and steady-state fault response for unbalanced faults when juxtaposed with a detailed small-signal model. The `sub-transient' response of the inverter-interfaced distributed generation is omitted to remove data considered extraneous from the perspective of distribution line protection analysis. The FAT is not …
Error Exponent Of Amplify And Forward Relay Networks In Presence Of I.I.D. Interferers, Bappi Barua, Farzad Safaei, Mehran Abolhasan
Error Exponent Of Amplify And Forward Relay Networks In Presence Of I.I.D. Interferers, Bappi Barua, Farzad Safaei, Mehran Abolhasan
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper, we derive the random coding error exponent of amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks in presence of arbitrary number of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) interferers both at the relay and the destination. Multiuser networks are common examples of interference limited networks. We derive the ergodic capacity of the network and present simulation results on the performance of the network where we compare the capacity and error exponent performance of interference limited networks with noise limited networks. Numerical results show that noise limited networks outperform interference limited networks even when only a very few interferers exist in the network.
Crowd Behavior Recognition Using Dense Trajectories, Muhammad Rizwan Khokher, Abdesselam Bouzerdoum, Son Lam Phung
Crowd Behavior Recognition Using Dense Trajectories, Muhammad Rizwan Khokher, Abdesselam Bouzerdoum, Son Lam Phung
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This article presents a new method for crowd behavior recognition, using dynamic features extracted from dense trajectories. The histogram of oriented gradient and motion boundary histogram descriptors are computed at dense points along motion trajectories, and tracked using median filtering and displacement information obtained from a dense optical flow field. Then a global representation of the scene is obtained using a bag-of-words model of the extracted features. The locality-constrained linear encoding with sum pooling and L2 plus power normalization are employed in the bag-of-words model. Finally, a support vector machine classifier is trained to recognize the crowd behavior in a …
Mining Mid-Level Features For Action Recognition Based On Effective Skeleton Representation, Pichao Wang, Wanqing Li, Philip O. Ogunbona, Zhimin Gao, Hanling Zhang
Mining Mid-Level Features For Action Recognition Based On Effective Skeleton Representation, Pichao Wang, Wanqing Li, Philip O. Ogunbona, Zhimin Gao, Hanling Zhang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Recently, mid-level features have shown promising performance in computer vision. Mid-level features learned by incorporating class-level information are potentially more discriminative than traditional low-level local features. In this paper, an effective method is proposed to extract mid-level features from Kinect skeletons for 3D human action recognition. Firstly, the orientations of limbs connected by two skeleton joints are computed and each orientation is encoded into one of the 27 states indicating the spatial relationship of the joints. Secondly, limbs are combined into parts and the limb's states are mapped into part states. Finally, frequent pattern mining is employed to mine the …
Quality Of Experience-Based Image Feature Selection For Mobile Augmented Reality Applications, Yi Cao, Christian H. Ritz, Raad Raad
Quality Of Experience-Based Image Feature Selection For Mobile Augmented Reality Applications, Yi Cao, Christian H. Ritz, Raad Raad
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Mobile augmented reality applications rely on automatically recognising a visual scene through matching of derived image features. To ensure the Quality of Experience (QoE) perceived by users, such applications should achieve high matching accuracy meanwhile minimizing the waiting time to meet real-time requirement. An efficient solution is to develop an effective feature selection method to select the most robust features against distortions caused by camera capture to achieve high matching accuracy whilst transmission and matching process of the features are significant reduced. Feature selection is also beneficial to reducing the computational complexities of the matching system so that waiting time …
Adaptive And Robust Feature Selection For Low Bitrate Mobile Augmented Reality Applications, Yi Cao, Christian H. Ritz, Raad Raad
Adaptive And Robust Feature Selection For Low Bitrate Mobile Augmented Reality Applications, Yi Cao, Christian H. Ritz, Raad Raad
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Mobile augmented reality applications rely on automatically matching a captured visual scene to an image in a database. This is typically achieved by deriving a set of features for the captured image, transmitting them through a network and then matching with features derived for a database of reference images. A fundamental problem is to select as few and robust features as possible such that the matching accuracy is invariant to distortions caused by camera capture whilst minimising the bit rate required for their transmission. In this paper, novel feature selection methods are proposed, based on the entropy of the image …
Balancing Energy In The Smart Grid Using Distributed Value Function (Dvf), Hassan Shirzeh, Fazel Naghdy, Philip Ciufo, Montserrat Ros
Balancing Energy In The Smart Grid Using Distributed Value Function (Dvf), Hassan Shirzeh, Fazel Naghdy, Philip Ciufo, Montserrat Ros
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
As the penetration of renewable energy resources increases in distribution networks, so does the need to manage these resources in an effective manner. Since these resources are installed to displace carbon-based generation and to provide an income stream to the resource owner, it is important that both installation objectives (as a minimum) can be met. With all of these renewable energy resources available, the opportunity also exists to assist with the energy management of this resource-rich distribution network. However, the renewable energy resources do not produce power in a deterministic manner. The available production depends on the time of day …