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Articles 1 - 18 of 18
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Age Differences In Revision Of Causal Belief, Kristi M. Simmons
Age Differences In Revision Of Causal Belief, Kristi M. Simmons
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Inductive reasoning (IR) requires efficient working memory (WM). Research shows that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved during WM tasks and that PFC functioning declines with age. The ability to comprehend and update text-based information requires an intact PFC and efficient WM and IR. The current study presented a series of messages about the investigation of a warehouse fire to 48 young and 48 older adults. One message contained a piece of misinformation which another message corrected later. It was hypothesized that a memory cue to the misinformation with the correction statement should benefit older adults the most during the …
Recollection Is Impaired By The Modification Of Interpretation Bias, Paula T. Hertel, Elaina Vasquez, Amanda Benbow, Megan Hughes
Recollection Is Impaired By The Modification Of Interpretation Bias, Paula T. Hertel, Elaina Vasquez, Amanda Benbow, Megan Hughes
Psychology Faculty Research
The interpretation paradigm of cognitive-bias modification (CBM-I) was modified with instructions used in process-dissociation procedures for the purpose of investigating processes contributing to performance on the transfer task. In Experiment 1 nonanxious students were trained to interpret ambiguous situations in either a negative or benign way (or they read nonambiguous scenarios). They were then asked to respond to new ambiguous situations in the same way as contextually similar analogues during training, or to respond differently. Benign training proactively impaired memory for negative outcomes. This effect was replicated by anxious students in Experiment 2 and discussed with respect to the assumptions …
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, And Future Applications, Paula T. Hertel, A. Mathews
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, And Future Applications, Paula T. Hertel, A. Mathews
Psychology Faculty Research
Research conducted within the general paradigm of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, we examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. We also compare the techniques and goals of CBM research to other approaches to understanding cognition/emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and more generally, about causal …
Event Perception, Gabriel A. Radvansky, Jeffrey M. Zacks
Event Perception, Gabriel A. Radvansky, Jeffrey M. Zacks
Psychological & Brain Sciences Faculty Publications
Events are central elements of human experience. Formally, they can be individuated in terms of the entities that compose them, the features of those entities, and the relations amongst entities. Psychologically, representations of events capture their spatiotemporal location, the people and objects involved, and the relations between these elements. Here, we present an account of the nature of psychological representations of events and how they are constructed and updated. Event representations are like images in that they are isomorphic to the situations they represent. However, they are like models or language in that they are constructed of components rather than …
Does Crowding Obscure The Presence Of Attentional Guidance In Contextual Cueing?, Steven William Fiske
Does Crowding Obscure The Presence Of Attentional Guidance In Contextual Cueing?, Steven William Fiske
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The contextual cueing effect was initially thought to be the product of memory guiding attention to the target location. However, the steep search slopes obtained in contextual cueing indicate an absence of attentional guidance. We hypothesized that crowding could be obscuring the presence of attentional guidance and investigated this possibility in 2 experiments. Crowding was manipulated by varying the density of items in the local target region in a contextual cueing task. We observed a significant reduction in search slopes between the novel and repeated conditions when crowding was reduced. Enhancing crowding eliminated the contextual cueing effect. These findings suggest …
The Neural Correlates Of Retrospective Memory Monitoring: Convergent Findings From Erp And Fmri, Jeremy Clark Roper
The Neural Correlates Of Retrospective Memory Monitoring: Convergent Findings From Erp And Fmri, Jeremy Clark Roper
Theses and Dissertations
Monitoring the accuracy of memory is an automatic but essential process of memory encoding and retrieval. Retrospective memory confidence judgments are making effective and efficient decisions based on one's memories. The neural processes involved in retrospective confidence ratings were investigated with EEG and fMRI using a recognition memory task designed such that participants also rated their confidence in their memory response. Correct trials (hits and correct rejections) were examined for differences related to the participants' level of confidence in their response. There were significant differences in electrophysiological activity (in the FN400 and the late parietal component) associated with confidence rating, …
Essential Oils Peppermint And Rosemary Exposed To The Olfactory Sense And The Effects On Cognition And Perceived Mood, Tara A. Ricciardelli
Essential Oils Peppermint And Rosemary Exposed To The Olfactory Sense And The Effects On Cognition And Perceived Mood, Tara A. Ricciardelli
Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects
Recent research suggests that essential oils of a certain quality can enhance memory consolidation and cognitive performance. The present study examined whether the essential oils rosemary and peppermint were powerful enough to significantly improve short-term memory in recall and recognition tasks. Participants were in a room with a device that diffused a scent or water (no scent) for ten minutes prior to their entry. The participants viewed word lists and were later tested for accuracy in terms of recall and recognition. Results from a one-way analyses of variance demonstrated that peppermint and rosemary did not significantly improve short-term memory or …
When Being Sad Improves Memory Accuracy: The Role Of Affective State In Inadvertent Plagiarism, Amanda C. Gingerich
When Being Sad Improves Memory Accuracy: The Role Of Affective State In Inadvertent Plagiarism, Amanda C. Gingerich
Amanda C. Gingerich
Inadvertent plagiarism was investigated in participants who had been induced into a happy or sad mood either before encoding or before retrieval of items generated in a puzzle task. Results indicate that participants in a sad mood made fewer memory errors in which they claimed as their own an idea generated by another source than did those in a happy mood. However, this effect occurred only when mood was induced before encoding.
“Have You Seen The Notebook?” “I Don’T Remember.” Using Popular Cinema To Teach Memory And Amnesia, Amanda Gingerich
“Have You Seen The Notebook?” “I Don’T Remember.” Using Popular Cinema To Teach Memory And Amnesia, Amanda Gingerich
Amanda C. Gingerich
The recent influx of films addressing different aspects of memory loss inspired the development of an upper-level undergraduate seminar that focuses on investigating amnesia through the lens of popular cinema. This discussion-based course included several written assignments and, at the end of one semester, a comprehensive take-home exam. Over the course of four semesters, a bank of student-authored discussion questions for each reading was collected and a list of topics and corresponding movies was honed.
Speeded Retrieval Abolishes The False Memory Suppression Effect: Evidence For The Distinctiveness Heuristic, C. S. Dodson, Amanda C. Gingerich
Speeded Retrieval Abolishes The False Memory Suppression Effect: Evidence For The Distinctiveness Heuristic, C. S. Dodson, Amanda C. Gingerich
Amanda C. Gingerich
We examined two different accounts of why studying distinctive information reduces false memories within the DRM paradigm. The impoverished relational encoding account predicts that less memorial information, such as overall famililarity, is elicited by the critical lure after distinctive encoding than after non-distinctive encoding. By contrast, the distinctiveness heuristic predicts that participants use a deliberate retrieval strategy to withhold responding to the critical lures. This retrieval strategy refers to a decision rule whereby the absence of memory for expected distinctive information is taken as evidence for an event’s nonoccurrence. We show that the typical false recognition suppression effect only occurs …
Why Distinctive Information Reduces False Memories: Evidence For Both Impoverished Relational-Encoding And Distinctiveness Heuristic Accounts, Amanda C. Gingerich, C. S. Dodson
Why Distinctive Information Reduces False Memories: Evidence For Both Impoverished Relational-Encoding And Distinctiveness Heuristic Accounts, Amanda C. Gingerich, C. S. Dodson
Amanda C. Gingerich
Two accounts explain why studying pictures reduces false memories within the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (J. Deese, 1959; H. L. Roediger & K. B. McDermott, 1995). The impoverished relational-encoding account suggests that studying pictures interferes with the encoding of relational information, which is the primary basis for false memories in this paradigm. Alternatively, the distinctiveness heuristic assumes that critical lures are actively withheld by the use of a retrieval strategy. When participants were given inclusion recall instructions to report studied items as well as related items, they still reported critical lures less often after picture encoding than they did after word encoding. …
Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory, T. B. Tran, Paula T. Hertel, Jutta Joormann
Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory, T. B. Tran, Paula T. Hertel, Jutta Joormann
Psychology Faculty Research
Previous research has shown that it is possible to experimentally induce interpretive biases using ambiguous scenarios. This study extends past findings by examining the effects of manipulating interpretation on subsequent memory. Participants were trained to interpret emotionally ambiguous passages in either a positive or negative direction. Transfer of the training to novel scenarios was tested. Following training, participants were also asked to recall details from these novel scenarios. The results indicate that the training was effective in inducing the intended group differences in interpretive bias. Importantly, participants exhibited memory biases that corresponded to their training condition. These results suggest that …
The Poreh Nonverbal Memory Test, Chelsea Kalynn Kociuba
The Poreh Nonverbal Memory Test, Chelsea Kalynn Kociuba
ETD Archive
Nonverbal memory focuses on the remembrance of information that cannot be described or put into a verbal component, such as remembering a person's face, identifying abstract stimuli, or remembering objects. Because nonverbal memory focuses on the remembrance of things that cannot be put into words it is a difficult construct to measure accurately. One area that is of great importance in the assessment of nonverbal abilities is spatial memory (Reynolds & Coress, 2007, Foster, Drago, & Harrison, 2009). Most of the tasks that have been developed to assess this construct employ verbally mediated clues allowing the examinee to compensate for …
In The Face Of Threat: How Relationship Threat Affects Cognitive Processing, Ariel Baruch
In The Face Of Threat: How Relationship Threat Affects Cognitive Processing, Ariel Baruch
Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014
This investigation examined the hypothesis that the presence of relationship threat leads to decreased working memory capacity, and also changes partner perceptions based on adult attachment style. To test this hypothesis, participants were exposed to a threat or no-threat manipulation and then completed measures examining partner perceptions and individual differences. Results suggest that the threat manipulation might have been strong enough for only highly anxious people. These individuals showed higher levels of working memory capacity following a relationship threat, compared to more securely attached persons, and later described their partners in more global, less desirable terms, regardless of threat condition. …
The Relationship Between Visual Stimuli On Learning And Memory, Jacob Glose, Melissa Luley
The Relationship Between Visual Stimuli On Learning And Memory, Jacob Glose, Melissa Luley
Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal
This study focused on the effects of visual stimuli on information retention. Previous research findings have provided much insight into the effects of visual stimuli on the process of retention. Visual stimuli aids in how much information will be absorbed as well as the process of gaining knowledge through the process of vision (Dake, 1999; Rogoff, 2005). Researchers believed there would be a difference in information retention, as measured by a comprehensive quiz, between participants who receive text with pictures and those who receive text only. This study presented 34 participants with an information source that was either text only …
Comparison Of Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition (Wms–Iv) And Third Edition (Wms–Iii) Dimensional Structures: Improved Ability To Evaluate Auditory And Visual Constructs, James B. Hoelzle, Nathaniel W. Nelson, Clifford A. Smith
Comparison Of Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition (Wms–Iv) And Third Edition (Wms–Iii) Dimensional Structures: Improved Ability To Evaluate Auditory And Visual Constructs, James B. Hoelzle, Nathaniel W. Nelson, Clifford A. Smith
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Dimensional structures underlying the Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition (WMS–IV) and Wechsler Memory Scale–Third Edition (WMS–III) were compared to determine whether the revised measure has a more coherent and clinically relevant factor structure. Principal component analyses were conducted in normative samples reported in the respective technical manuals. Empirically supported procedures guided retention of dimensions. An invariant two-dimensional WMS–IV structure reflecting constructs of auditory learning/memory and visual attention/memory (C1 = .97; C2 = .96) is more theoretically coherent than the replicable, heterogeneous WMS–III dimension (C1 = .97). This research suggests that the WMS–IV may have greater utility in identifying lateralized memory dysfunction.
Assessing Attentional Bias And Cerebral Laterality In Specific Phobia Using A Dichotic Listening Paradigm, Whitney Shay Jenkins
Assessing Attentional Bias And Cerebral Laterality In Specific Phobia Using A Dichotic Listening Paradigm, Whitney Shay Jenkins
LSU Master's Theses
Researchers have found fear to impact a variety of cognitive variables in individuals with specific phobia. Attentional bias is a cognitive variable that has received considerable attention in the specific phobia literature; however, the existing literature follows only one line of attentional bias—bias as encoded through images, words, or other content presented visually. This study aimed to expand on this area by assessing attention and cerebral laterality in individuals with specific phobia using a dichotic listening paradigm (i.e., via auditory means). Results indicated that participants with specific phobias do not significantly differ from controls in terms of the number of …
The Canine Sand Maze: An Appetitive Spatial Memory Paradigm Sensitive To Age-Related Change In Dogs, Hannah Salvin, Paul D. Mcgreevy, Perminder S. Sachdev, Michael Valenzuela
The Canine Sand Maze: An Appetitive Spatial Memory Paradigm Sensitive To Age-Related Change In Dogs, Hannah Salvin, Paul D. Mcgreevy, Perminder S. Sachdev, Michael Valenzuela
Spatial Cognition Collection
Aged dogs exhibit a spectrum of cognitive abilities including a syndrome similar to Alzheimer's disease. A major impediment to research so far has been the lack of a quick and accurate test of visuospatial memory appropriate for community-based animals. We therefore report on the development and validation of the Canine Sand Maze. A 4.5-m-diameter circular pool was filled with a sand and powdered food reward mix to a depth of 10 cm. Dogs were given 4 habituation and 16 learning trials which alternated a food reward being half (control trials) or fully-buried (acquisition trials) in a fixed location. After a …