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- Social security programs; industrialism; dependency theories; multinational corporate; MNC; peripheral nations; semiperipheral nations; non-core nations; (2)
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- Bred rats; acoustic startle; methylphenidate effects; food deprivation; startle reflex; intra-individual differences; inter-individual differences; prepulse inhibition (1)
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- Finickiness about drinking quinine adulterated water (1)
- Finickiness about drinking quinine solution & human depression (1)
- Food addiction (1)
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Articles 1 - 23 of 23
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Cognitive And Psychiatric Predictors To Psychosis In Velocardiofacial Syndrome: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study, Kevin Antshel, Robert Shprintzen, Wanda Fremont, Anne Higgins, Stephen Faraone, Wendy Kates
Cognitive And Psychiatric Predictors To Psychosis In Velocardiofacial Syndrome: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study, Kevin Antshel, Robert Shprintzen, Wanda Fremont, Anne Higgins, Stephen Faraone, Wendy Kates
Robert J. Shprintzen
Objective: To predict prodromal psychosis in adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS). Method: 70 youth with VCFS, 27 siblings of youth with VCFS and 25 community controls were followed from childhood (Mean age = 11.8 years) into mid-adolescence (mean age 15.0 years). Psychological tests measuring intelligence, academic achievement, learning/memory, attention and executive functioning as well as measures of parent and clinician ratings of child psychiatric functioning were completed at both time point. Results: Major depressive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses increased in the VCFS sample. With very low false positive rates, the best predictor of adolescent prodromal …
Interaction Among Gustation, Olfaction, And Vision In Flavor Identification, Michael Lauth
Interaction Among Gustation, Olfaction, And Vision In Flavor Identification, Michael Lauth
Michael Lauth
Even though the senses of taste, smell, and sight are distinct, there is a significant overlap among them in our perceptions of objects that helps us understand and differentiate the world. Everyone has experienced, when his or her nose gets congested, that his or her sense of taste changes as well. Many individuals do not equally understand the top-down processing with taste when someone sees objects they are about to eat. In the replicated study by our principle investigator, a random convenience sample of young adults (n=162) were recruited and tested to determine if they could taste four Jelly Belly …
Relative Reward And Operant Behaivor, Howard Cromwell
Relative Reward And Operant Behaivor, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
No abstract provided.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure Alters Oxytocin Receptor Gene Expression And Maternal Behavior In Rat, Howard Cromwell
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure Alters Oxytocin Receptor Gene Expression And Maternal Behavior In Rat, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is a persistent organic pollutant known to induce diverse molecular and behavioral alterations. Effects of PCB exposure could be transmitted to future generations via changes in behavior and gene expression. Previous work has shown that PCB-exposure can alter social behavior. The present study extends this work by examining a possible molecular mechanism for these changes. Pregnant rats (Sprague-Dawley) were exposed through diet to a combination of non-coplanar (PCB 47 - 2,20,4,40-tetrachlorobiphenyl) and coplanar (PCB 77 - 3,30,4,40- tetrachlorobiphenyl) congeners. Maternal care behaviors were examined by evaluating the rate and quality of nest building on the last 4 …
Emotion And Relative Reward Processing: An Investigation On Instrumental Successive Negative Contrast And Ultrasonic Vocalizations In The Rat., Howard Cromwell
Emotion And Relative Reward Processing: An Investigation On Instrumental Successive Negative Contrast And Ultrasonic Vocalizations In The Rat., Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Incentive contrast effects include changes in behavioral responses after a reward upshift (positive contrast) or downshift (negative contrast). Proposed influences on these behavioral changes are emotional state reactions after experiencing or anticipating a change in reward outcome. Rat ultrasonic vocalizations have been shown to be indicators of emotional state during behavior and anticipatory periods. The objective of the present study was to monitor rodent ultrasounds during incentive contrast using a classical runway procedure called instrumental successive negative contrast. The procedure is one that has been used often to examine incentive relativity because of its reliability in measuring negative contrast effects. …
An Introduction To Drugs And The Neuroscience Of Behavior, Adam Prus
An Introduction To Drugs And The Neuroscience Of Behavior, Adam Prus
Adam J Prus
This up-to-date new text provides an introductory overview of the nervous system actions and behavioral effects of the major classes of psychoactive drugs. Appropriate for undergraduate students who have an introductory level background in psychology or other areas within the social sciences, AN INTRODUCTION TO DRUGS AND THE NEUROSCIENCE OF BEHAVIOR illustrates concepts and highlights research techniques. The book's most important feature is its pedagogical elements, which are not found in other psychopharmacology texts, but are particularly important for making this specialized topic approachable for undergraduates. Charts and diagrams illustrate basic concepts and processes important for understanding the actions and …
Behavior Analysis In The Era Of Medicalization: The State Of The Science And Recommendations For Practitioners, W. Wyatt
W. Joseph Wyatt
Recent decades have witnessed an increase in biological explanations of common disorders such as depression and anxiety, a phenonmenon termed “medicalization” (Conrad, 2007). Behavior analysts may find it difficult to implement non-drug treatment with a populace that has become inundated with biological explanations and a preference for medication as the treatment of choice. Research frequently cited in support of medicalization includes studies of drug effectiveness, as well as family studies and studies of brain structure and function. Methodological and interpretation difficulties within those bodies of research are described and recommendations are made so that behavioral practitioners may function optimally within …
Effects Of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (Pcb) On Response Perseveration And Ultrasonic Vocalization Emission In Rat During Development, Howard Cromwell
Effects Of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (Pcb) On Response Perseveration And Ultrasonic Vocalization Emission In Rat During Development, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
The 3 major symptoms of autistic spectrum disorders include 1) social behavioral alterations, 2) problems in communication and 3) higher-order motoric deficits of perseveration and stereotyped movements. Previous work has shown that early developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) alters rat pup social motivation and juvenile rat social recognition/investigation. The present work extends this previous research by examining how perinatal PCB exposure alters motoric functions and communication abilities at different stages of development. Action perseveration was examined using performance measures from a T-maze environment. Communication abilities were evaluated by monitoring ultrasound emission in rat pups during a brief isolation from …
Sweet Success, Bitter Defeat: A Taste Phenotype Predicts Social Status In Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, John Eaton
Sweet Success, Bitter Defeat: A Taste Phenotype Predicts Social Status In Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, John Eaton
Clinton D Chapman
For social omnivores such as rats and humans, taste is far more than a chemical sense activated by food. By virtue of evolutionary and epigenetic elaboration, taste is associated with negative affect, stress vulnerability, responses to psychoactive substances, pain, and social judgment. A crucial gap in this literature, which spans behavior genetics, affective and social neuroscience, and embodied cognition, concerns links between taste and social behavior in rats. Here we show that rats selectively bred for low saccharin intake are subordinate to high-saccharin-consuming rats when they compete in weight-matched dyads for food, a task used to model depression. Statistical and …
Mixed Emotional Experience Is Associated With And Precedes Improvements In Psychological Well-Being, Jonathan Adler, Hal Hershfield
Mixed Emotional Experience Is Associated With And Precedes Improvements In Psychological Well-Being, Jonathan Adler, Hal Hershfield
Jonathan M. Adler
Background The relationships between positive and negative emotional experience and physical and psychological well-being have been well-documented. The present study examines the prospective positive relationship between concurrent positive and negative emotional experience and psychological well-being in the context of psychotherapy. Methods 47 adults undergoing psychotherapy completed measures of psychological well-being and wrote private narratives that were coded by trained raters for emotional content. Results The specific concurrent experience of happiness and sadness was associated with improvements in psychological well-being above and beyond the impact of the passage of time, personality traits, or the independent effects of happiness and sadness. Changes …
Modernization And Status Change Among Aged Men And Women, Roger Clark
Modernization And Status Change Among Aged Men And Women, Roger Clark
Roger D. Clark
This study investigates the differences between the relationship between elderly occupational status and modernization for men and women. Consonant with previous findings [1], it finds that economic development is associated with relative losses of elderly men in professional and technical occupations. Augmenting those findings, however, it finds an even stronger association between development and such losses for women. In accounting for the differences, several explanations are advanced and tested, using data from fifty-one nations.
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Industrialism, Region, And Social Security Expenditures, Roger Clark, Rachel Filinson
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Industrialism, Region, And Social Security Expenditures, Roger Clark, Rachel Filinson
Roger D. Clark
This study examines the determinants of spending on social security programs. We draw predictions from industrialism and dependency theories, for the explanation of social security programs. The explanations are tested with data on seventy-five nations, representative of core, semiperipheral and peripheral nations. Industrialization variables such as the percentage of older adults and economic productivity have strong effects in models involving all nations, as does multinational corporate (MNC) penetration in extraction, particularily when region is controlled; such penetration is negatively associated with spending on social security. We then look at industrialism and dependency effects for peripheral and non-core nations alone. The …
Food Dependence In Rats Selectively Bred For Low Versus High Saccharin Intake. Implications For "Food Addiction"., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Veronica Yakovenko, Elizabeth Speidel
Food Dependence In Rats Selectively Bred For Low Versus High Saccharin Intake. Implications For "Food Addiction"., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Veronica Yakovenko, Elizabeth Speidel
Clinton D Chapman
The "food addiction" concept implies that proneness to drug dependence and to food dependence should covary. The latter was studied in low- (LoS) and high- (HiS) saccharin-consuming rats, who differ in drug self-administration (HiS > LoS) and withdrawal (LoS > HiS). Sugary food intake in the first 1–2 h was higher in HiS than LoS rats. Sugar intake predicted startle during abstinence only among LoS rats. These results may suggest bingeing-proneness in HiS rats and withdrawal-proneness among LoS rats. However, intake escalation and somatic withdrawal did not differ between lines. Further study with selectively bred rats, with attention to definitions and measures, …
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Industrialism, Region, And Social Security Expenditures, Roger Clark, Rachel Filinson
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Industrialism, Region, And Social Security Expenditures, Roger Clark, Rachel Filinson
Rachel Filinson
This study examines the determinants of spending on social security programs. We draw predictions from industrialism and dependency theories, for the explanation of social security programs. The explanations are tested with data on seventy-five nations, representative of core, semiperipheral and peripheral nations. Industrialization variables such as the percentage of older adults and economic productivity have strong effects in models involving all nations, as does multinational corporate (MNC) penetration in extraction, particularily when region is controlled; such penetration is negatively associated with spending on social security. We then look at industrialism and dependency effects for peripheral and non-core nations alone. The …
Modulation Of Methylphenidate Effects On Wheel Running And Acoustic Startle By Acute Food Deprivation In Commercially And Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Ian Mclaughlin
Modulation Of Methylphenidate Effects On Wheel Running And Acoustic Startle By Acute Food Deprivation In Commercially And Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Ian Mclaughlin
Clinton D Chapman
Behavioral effects of the same dose of the same drug can vary in degree and direction between and within individuals. The present study examines behavioral base rates, feeding status, and dispositional differences as sources of inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity in drug response. Modulation of the effects of methylphenidate (MPD) on wheel running and acoustic startle by food deprivation was examined in three experiments. Freely fed or food deprived Harlan Sprague–Dawley rats (running study) or rats selectively bred for low (LoS) and high (HiS) saccharin intake (running and startle studies) were given MPD (10 mg/kg) or saline before testing. Overall drug …
Under Stress, Are We Morally Congruent? Physiological And Psychological Influences On Moral Judgments, Kymberlee O'Brien
Under Stress, Are We Morally Congruent? Physiological And Psychological Influences On Moral Judgments, Kymberlee O'Brien
Kymberlee M. O'Brien
Empirical work on moral decision-making strongly suggests that multi-system processes are involved, including affective, cognitive, and physiological mechanisms. While extensive neuroscientific research exists on the neurological correlates of high-conflict moral judgments, little psychophysiological research has investigated whether stress reactivity, as biological processes, may influence judgments that are explicitly socio-moral in nature.
Stress-Induced Attenuation Of Acoustic Startle In Low-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Mitzi Gonzales, Cameryn Garrett, Nancy Dess
Stress-Induced Attenuation Of Acoustic Startle In Low-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Mitzi Gonzales, Cameryn Garrett, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
Exposure to stress can lead to either increased stress vulnerability or enhanced resiliency. Laboratory rats are a key tool in the exploration of basic biobehavioral processes underlying individual differences in the effect of stress on subsequent stressors’ impact. The Occidental low (LoS) and high (HiS) saccharin-consuming rats, which differ in emotional reactivity, are useful in this effort. In the present study, footshock affected acoustic startle amplitude 4h later among LoS but not HiS rats. Surprisingly, shock attenuated startle rather than sensitizing it, a finding not previously reported for male rats exposed to shock. Attenuation was blocked by administering the anxiolytic …
Temporal Organization Of Eating In Low- And High- Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Jocelyn Richard, Susan Severe
Temporal Organization Of Eating In Low- And High- Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Jocelyn Richard, Susan Severe
Clinton D Chapman
When, where, and how much animals eat are influenced by food scarcity and risk of predation. The present study concerned the mediation of risk-related feeding patterns by emotion. Occidental Low-saccharin- consuming (LoS) and High-saccharin-consuming (HiS) rats, which differ in both ingestion and emotionality, were studied in three steady-state paradigms: an "open economy" procedure (discrete session cyclic-ratio operant schedule) and two "closed economy" procedures (meal patterning, free feeding with running wheel access). Cyclic-ratio performance showed better defense of stable food intake against variable cost among LoS rats. In closed economies, LoS rats consumed a larger number of smaller meals and showed …
"Humans And Animals"? On Saying What We Mean, Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
"Humans And Animals"? On Saying What We Mean, Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
Discusses the linguistic phrase of "humans and animals" to distinguish humans categorically from all other animal species, and its application to psychology. It is suggested that the habit of using the human–animal convention persists because the human–animal dichotomy is institutionalized in psychology. Psychologists who study humans and those how study nonhumans tend to use different methodologies to train graduate students accordingly. They often use different publication venues and occupy different spaces. Separate ethics and funding boards review their research protocols. The nature of nonhuman animal minds and evolution is discussed. It is proposed that unexamined use of human–animal language should …
Individual Differences In Taste, Body Weight, And Depression In The "Helplessness" Rat Model And In Humans., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
Individual Differences In Taste, Body Weight, And Depression In The "Helplessness" Rat Model And In Humans., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
In Exp 1, exposure of rats to unsignaled, inescapable shock resulted in finickiness about drinking a weak quinine solution. In contrast, exposure to escapable shock resulted in marked individual differences in finickiness that were predicted by prestress body weight. A more sensitive index of finickiness was used in Exp 2, and a correlation between body weight and finickiness was observed in nonshocked rats. In Exp 3, measures of quinine reactivity and body weight predicted depressive symptomatology in a nonclinical human sample of 37 undergraduates. Although research in the helplessness paradigm usually focuses on environmental determinants of distress, the paradigm may …
Morphological And Behavioral Effects Of Perinatal Exposure To Aspartame (Nutrasweet®) On Rat Pups., Clinton Chapman, Raz Yirmiya, John Garcia, Edward Levin
Morphological And Behavioral Effects Of Perinatal Exposure To Aspartame (Nutrasweet®) On Rat Pups., Clinton Chapman, Raz Yirmiya, John Garcia, Edward Levin
Clinton D Chapman
Side effects of perinatal exposure to L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame [ASP]) were studied by providing ASP-containing water to female rats from 30 days before conception until the pups were 30 days of age. Compared with pups of mothers who drank plain water, ASP-exposed pups were not different in morphological (pinnae detachment, eye opening, incisor eruption, and body weight) and reflex (surface righting and negative geotaxis) development. No difference was found in the time taken by mothers to retrieve litters. At 30 days of age, performance of ASP-exposed Ss in a radial-arm maze differed from that of Ss not exposed. Results …
Inescapable Shock Increases Finickiness About Drinking Quinine-Adulterated Water In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Thomas Minor
Inescapable Shock Increases Finickiness About Drinking Quinine-Adulterated Water In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Thomas Minor
Clinton D Chapman
Conducted 3 studies with 108 male rats to examine the effect of inescapable shock on finickiness, operationally defined as suppressed consumption of quinine-adulterated water. Exposure to a single session of inescapable shock increased finickiness relative to simple restraint or no treatment. The effect of shock on finickiness was replicable, was specific to adulterated water, and persisted for at least 24 hrs. The weak quinine solution rejected by shocked Ss supported a conditioned taste aversion, suggesting that the difference between shocked Ss and controls was not due to the inability of the latter to taste the quinine. It is suggested that …
Nucleus Raphe Magnus And Vagal Inhibition Of Spinoreticular Tract Neuron Responses To Noxious Somatic And Visceral Inputs., Clinton Chapman
Nucleus Raphe Magnus And Vagal Inhibition Of Spinoreticular Tract Neuron Responses To Noxious Somatic And Visceral Inputs., Clinton Chapman
Clinton D Chapman
No abstract provided.