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Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Effect Of Cognitive Bias Modification-Memory On Depressive Symptoms And Autobiographical Memory Bias: Two Independent Studies In High-Ruminating And Dysphoric Samples, Janna N. Vrijsen, J. Dainer-Best, S. M. Witcraft, S. S. Papini, Paula T. Hertel, C. G. Beevers, Eni Sabine Becker, J. A. J. Smits
Effect Of Cognitive Bias Modification-Memory On Depressive Symptoms And Autobiographical Memory Bias: Two Independent Studies In High-Ruminating And Dysphoric Samples, Janna N. Vrijsen, J. Dainer-Best, S. M. Witcraft, S. S. Papini, Paula T. Hertel, C. G. Beevers, Eni Sabine Becker, J. A. J. Smits
Psychology Faculty Research
Memory bias is a risk factor for depression. In two independent studies, the efficacy of one CBM-Memory session on negative memory bias and depressive symptoms was tested in vulnerable samples. We compared positive to neutral (control) CBM-Memory trainings in highly-ruminating individuals (N = 101) and individuals with elevated depressive symptoms (N = 100). In both studies, participants studied positive, neutral, and negative Swahili words paired with their translations. In five study–test blocks, they were then prompted to retrieve either only the positive or neutral translations. Immediately following the training and one week later, we tested cued recall of all translations …
Cognitive Bias Modification: Retrieval Practice To Simulate And Oppose Ruminative Memory Biases, Paula T. Hertel, Amaris Maydon, Julia Cottle, Janna N. Vrijsen
Cognitive Bias Modification: Retrieval Practice To Simulate And Oppose Ruminative Memory Biases, Paula T. Hertel, Amaris Maydon, Julia Cottle, Janna N. Vrijsen
Psychology Faculty Research
Ruminative tendencies to think repetitively about negative events, like retrieval practice in laboratory experiments, should enhance long-term recall. To evaluate this claim, ruminators and non-ruminators learned positive, negative, and neutral adjective-noun pairs. Following each of four study phases, “practice” participants attempted cued recall of nouns from positive or negative pairs; study-only participants performed a filler task. Half the pairs of each valence were tested after the learning cycles, and all pairs were tested a week later. Large practice effects were found on both tests, even though ruminators showed a trait-congruent bias in recalling unpracticed negative pairs on the immediate test. …
Cognition In Emotional Disorders: An Abundance Of Habit And A Dearth Of Control, Paula T. Hertel
Cognition In Emotional Disorders: An Abundance Of Habit And A Dearth Of Control, Paula T. Hertel
Psychology Faculty Research
Emotional and other psychological disorders are categories of experience identified at least in part by the goal of having treatment plans for people in distress. Because the categories exist for such purposes, research efforts are organized to discover distinctions among the categories and between disordered and nondisordered individuals. Many of these distinctions are cognitive. When clinical scientists began experimental studies, the term “cognitive” had been used to refer primarily to conscious thoughts that characterize disorders (see Beck, 1976), but in more recent decades the term signifies an experimental approach framed according to the theories and paradigms of cognitive psychology. In …
Recollection Is Impaired By The Modification Of Interpretation Bias, Paula T. Hertel, Elaina Vasquez, Amanda Benbow, Megan Hughes
Recollection Is Impaired By The Modification Of Interpretation Bias, Paula T. Hertel, Elaina Vasquez, Amanda Benbow, Megan Hughes
Psychology Faculty Research
The interpretation paradigm of cognitive-bias modification (CBM-I) was modified with instructions used in process-dissociation procedures for the purpose of investigating processes contributing to performance on the transfer task. In Experiment 1 nonanxious students were trained to interpret ambiguous situations in either a negative or benign way (or they read nonambiguous scenarios). They were then asked to respond to new ambiguous situations in the same way as contextually similar analogues during training, or to respond differently. Benign training proactively impaired memory for negative outcomes. This effect was replicated by anxious students in Experiment 2 and discussed with respect to the assumptions …
Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory, T. B. Tran, Paula T. Hertel, Jutta Joormann
Cognitive Bias Modification: Induced Interpretive Biases Affect Memory, T. B. Tran, Paula T. Hertel, Jutta Joormann
Psychology Faculty Research
Previous research has shown that it is possible to experimentally induce interpretive biases using ambiguous scenarios. This study extends past findings by examining the effects of manipulating interpretation on subsequent memory. Participants were trained to interpret emotionally ambiguous passages in either a positive or negative direction. Transfer of the training to novel scenarios was tested. Following training, participants were also asked to recall details from these novel scenarios. The results indicate that the training was effective in inducing the intended group differences in interpretive bias. Importantly, participants exhibited memory biases that corresponded to their training condition. These results suggest that …
Interpretation Training Influences Memory For Prior Interpretations, E. Salemink, Paula T. Hertel, B. Mackintosh
Interpretation Training Influences Memory For Prior Interpretations, E. Salemink, Paula T. Hertel, B. Mackintosh
Psychology Faculty Research
Anxiety is associated with memory biases when the initial interpretation of the event is taken into account. This experiment examined whether modification of interpretive bias retroactively affects memory for prior events and their initial interpretation. Before training, participants imagined themselves in emotionally ambiguous scenarios to which they provided endings that often revealed their interpretations. Then they were trained to resolve the ambiguity in other situations in a consistently positive (n = 37) or negative way (n = 38) before they tried to recall the initial scenarios and endings. Results indicated that memory for the endings was imbued with …
Cognitive Habits And Memory Distortions In Anxiety And Depression, Paula T. Hertel, F. Brozovich
Cognitive Habits And Memory Distortions In Anxiety And Depression, Paula T. Hertel, F. Brozovich
Psychology Faculty Research
When anxious or depressed people try to recall emotionally ambiguous events, they produce errors that reflect their habits of interpreting ambiguity in negative ways. These distortions are revealed by experiments that evaluate performance on memory tasks after taking interpretation biases into account—an alternative to the standard memory-bias procedure that examines the accuracy of memory for clearly emotional material. To help establish the causal role of interpretation bias in generating memory bias, these disortions have been simulated by training interpretation biases in nondisordered groups. The practical implications of these findings for therapeutic intervention are discussed; future directions are described.