Psychology Commons^™

Modeling Trust Dynamics In Strategic Interaction, Ion Juvina, Christian Lebiere, Cleotilde Gonzalez

Psychology Faculty Publications

We present a computational cognitive model that explains transfer of learning across two games of strategic interaction – Prisoner's Dilemma and Chicken. We summarize prior research showing that, when these games are played in sequence, the experience acquired in the first game influences the players’ behavior in the second game. The same model accounts for human data in both games. The model explains transfer effects with the aid of a trust mechanism that determines how rewards change depending on the dynamics of the interaction between players. We conclude that factors pertaining to the game or the individual are insufficient to …

Exploratory Study On The Effects Of Participation In A Recovery Mall At State-Operated Behavioral Healthcare Inpatient Hospital, Cheryl L. Meyer, Betty Yung, Cindy Sieck, Elizabeth Ellington

School of Professional Psychology Faculty Publications

We proposed an exploratory study on the effects of participation in a treatment mall. We interviewed currently enrolled patients at the Recovery Mall at a state-operated behavioral healthcare hospital in Ohio. Treatment malls are an increasingly popular approach to rehabilitation of inpatient populations (Webster & Harmon, 2006). The popularity of the approach is based on the theory that empowerment of the consumer to participate in decision-making will aid in restoring functioning and return to community living (Rahe, 2001). Treatment malls offer multiple simultaneous therapeutic activities, allow the involvement of consumers in making choices about their treatment plans and their daily …

Working Memory Capacity And Redundant Information Processing Efficiency, Michael J. Endres, Joseph W. Houpt, Chris Donkin, Peter R. Finn

Psychology Faculty Publications

Working memory capacity (WMC) is typically measured by the amount of task-relevant information an individual can keep in mind while resisting distraction or interference from task-irrelevant information. The current research investigated the extent to which differences in WMC were associated with performance on a novel redundant memory probes (RMP) task that systematically varied the amount of to-be-remembered (targets) and to-be-ignored (distractor) information. The RMP task was designed to both facilitate and inhibit working memory search processes, as evidenced by differences in accuracy, response time, and Linear Ballistic Accumulator (LBA) model estimates of information processing efficiency. Participants (N = 170) …

Can Two Dots Form A Gestalt? Measuring Emergent Features With The Capacity Coefficient, Robert D. Hawkins, Joseph W. Houpt, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend

Psychology Faculty Publications

While there is widespread agreement among vision researchers on the importance of some local aspects of visual stimuli, such as hue and intensity, there is no general consensus on a full set of basic sources of information used in perceptual tasks or how they are processed. Gestalt theories place particular value on emergent features, which are based on the higher-order relationships among elements of a stimulus rather than local properties. Thus, arbitrating between different accounts of features is an important step in arbitrating between local and Gestalt theories of perception in general. In this paper, we present the capacity coefficient …

Working Memory’S Workload Capacity, Andrew Heathcote, James R. Coleman, Ami Eidels, James M. Watson, Joseph W. Houpt, David L. Strayer

Psychology Faculty Publications

We examined the role of dual-task interference in working memory using a novel dual two-back task that requires a redundant-target response (i.e., a response that neither the auditory nor the visual stimulus occurred two back versus a response that one or both occurred two back) on every trial. Comparisons with performance on single two-back trials (i.e., with only auditory or only visual stimuli) showed that dual-task demands reduced both speed and accuracy. Our task design enabled a novel application of Townsend and Nozawa’s (Journal of Mathematical Psychology 39: 321–359, 1995) workload capacity measure, which revealed that the decrement in dual …

Dyslexia And Configural Perception Of Character Sequences, Joseph W. Houpt, Bethany L. Sussman, James T. Townsend, Sharlene D. Newman

Psychology Faculty Publications

Developmental dyslexia is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by unexpected difficulty in learning to read. Although it is considered to be biologically based, the degree of variation has made the nature and locus of dyslexia difficult to ascertain. Hypotheses regarding the cause have ranged from low-level perceptual deficits to higher order cognitive deficits, such as phonological processing and visual-spatial attention. We applied the capacity coefficient, a measure obtained from a mathematical cognitive model of response times to measure how efficiently participants processed different classes of stimuli. The capacity coefficient was used to test the extent to which individuals with …

Woodrow Wilson’S Ideological War: American Intervention In Russia, 1918-1920, Shane Hapner

Best Integrated Writing

Shane Hapner analyzes the effects of Woodrow Wilson’s principle of self-determination on American intervention in Russia from 1918-1920 in this essay written for the Integrated Writing course HST 4220: Soviet Union, taught by Dr. Seam Pollock at Wright State University.

Circular Thinking: An Original Analysis Of Lord Of The Flies, John Callon

Best Integrated Writing

John Callon examines traits of circular thinking and imagery in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies in this essay written for the Integrated Writing course ENG 4560: Capstone in Integrated Language Arts Curriculum, taught by Dr. Nancy Mack at Wright State University.

Are The Main Institutional Changes That Created The “Business Man” Still Relevant?, Hayden Joblin

Best Integrated Writing

Hayden Joblin examines the forces driving the evolution of the modern business man and whether those still have relevance in this essay written for the Integrated Writing course EC 3190: Institutional Economics, taught by Dr. Hee Young Shin at Wright State University.

Identifying Genes Involved In Suppression Of Tumor Formation In The Planarian Schmidtea Mediterranea, Erin Dorsten

Best Integrated Writing

Erin Dorsten makes a proposal for a scientific study of experiments to identify genes involved in protecting an organism with negligible senescence from tumor formation in this piece written for the Integrated Writing course BIO 4020: Current Literature: Biology of Regeneration, taught by Labib Rouhana at Wright State University.

The Barb Report, Elizabeth Schoppelrei

Best Integrated Writing

Elizabeth Schoppelrei explores issues of sexuality, kindness, masculinity, discrimination, and respect in this short story written for the Integrated Writing course ENG 4830: Advanced Fiction Writing Seminar, taught by Dr. Erin Flanagan at Wright State University.

How To Recover From The Great Recession And Reduce The Government Debt, Hunter Cregger

Best Integrated Writing

Hunter Cregger proposes how to recover from the Great Recession of the 2000s and reduce government debt in this essay written for the Integrated Writing course EC 2050: Principles of Macroeconomics, taught by Dr. Hee Young Shin at Wright State University.

Inter-Tribal Disunity: An Analysis Of Inter-Tribal Conflict During The Black Hawk War Of 1832, Megan Bailey

Best Integrated Writing

Megan Bailey explores the effects of inter-tribal disunity and conflict on the Black Hawk War of 1832 in this essay written for the Integrated Writing course HST 3000: Introduction to Historical Analysis, taught by Dr. Noeleen McIlvenna at Wright State University.

Effects Of Caffeine And Vitamin E On Wisconsin Fast Plant, Sarah Ferguson

Best Integrated Writing

Sarah Ferguson examines the effects of caffeine and vitamin E on the growth of Wisconsin Fast Plant in this piece written for the Integrated Writing course BIO 3450: Concepts of Biology I for Early and Middle Childhood Education, taught by Mr. Len Kenyon at Wright State University.

Best Integrated Writing 2015 - Complete Edition

Best Integrated Writing

Best Integrated Writing includes excellent student writing from Integrated Writing courses taught at Wright State University. The journal is published annually by the Wright State University Department of English Language and Literatures.

Predicting Trust Dynamics And Transfer Of Learning In Games Of Strategic Interaction As A Function Of A Player’S Strategy And Level Of Trustworthiness, Michael Collins, Ion Juvina, Gary R. Douglas, Kevin A. Gluck

Psychology Faculty Publications

Individuals playing a sequence of different games have shown to learn about the other player’s behavior during their initial interaction and apply this knowledge when playing another game with the same individual in the future. Here we use a published computational cognitive model to generate predictions for an upcoming human study. The model plays both Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken Game with a confederate agent who uses one of two predetermined strategies and whose level of trustworthiness is manipulated. We go beyond the standard postdictive practice and adopt the increasingly popular practice of using the model to make a priori predictions …

Faster Than The Speed Of Rejection: Object Identification Processes During Visual Search For Multiple Targets, Hayward J. Godwin, Stephen Walenchok, Joseph W. Houpt, Michael C. Hout, Stephen D. Goldinger

Joseph W. Houpt

When engaged in a visual search for two targets, participants are slower and less accurate in their responses, relative to their performance when searching for singular targets. Previous work on this “dual-target cost” has primarily focused on the breakdown of attention guidance when looking for two items. Here, we investigated how object identification processes are affected by dual-target search. Our goal was to chart the speed at which distractors could be rejected, in order to assess whether dual-target search impairs object identification. To do so, we examined the capacity coefficient, which measures the speed at which decisions can be made, …

Can Two Dots Form A Gestalt? Measuring Emergent Features With The Capacity Coefficient, Robert X.D. Hawkins, Joseph W. Houpt, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend

Joseph W. Houpt

While there is widespread agreement among vision researchers on the importance of some local aspects of visual stimuli, such as hue and intensity, there is no general consensus on a full set of basic sources of information used in perceptual tasks. Gestalt theories place particular value on emergent features, which are based on the higher-order relationships among elements of a stimulus rather than local properties. Thus, arbitrating between different accounts of features is an important step in arbitrating between local and Gestalt theories of perception in general. In this paper, we present the capacity coefficient from Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) …

Working Memory’S Workload Capacity, Andrew Heathcote, James R. Coleman, Ami Eidels, Jason M. Watson, Joseph W. Houpt, David L. Strayer

Joseph W. Houpt

We examined the role of dual-task interference in working memory using a novel dual 2-back task that requires a redundant-target response (i.e., that neither the auditory nor visual stimulus occurred two back vs. one or both occurred two back) on every trial. Comparisons with performance on single 2 back trials (i.e., with only auditory or only visual stimuli) showed dual-task demands reduced both speed and accuracy. Our task design enabled a novel application of Townsend and Nozawa’s (1995) workload capacity measure, which revealed that the decrement in dual 2-back performance was mediated by sharing of a limited amount of processing …

Domestication Affects The Structure, Development And Stability Of Biobehavioural Profiles, Sylvia Kaiser, Michael B. Hennessy, Norbert Sachser

Psychology Faculty Publications

Domestication is an evolutionary process during which the biobehavioural profile (comprising e.g. social and emotional behaviour, cognitive abilities, as well as hormonal stress responses) is substantially reshaped. Using a comparative approach, and focusing mainly on the domestic and wild guinea pig, an established model system for the study of domestication, we review (a) how wild and domestic animals of the same species differ in behaviour, emotion, cognition, and hormonal stress responses, (b) during which phases of life differences in biobehavioural profiles emerge and (c) whether or not animal personalities exist in both the wild and domestic form. Concerning (a), typical …

The Influence Of Flow On Standard And Adaptive Performance In Teams, Jennifer N. Baumgartner

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The purpose of this study was to examine flow as it relates to different types of performance in teams. Participants (N = 165) in teams of five engaged in an airport simulation that included an unforeseen change during the second session. Flow was expected to be positively correlated with standard and adaptive performance and predict performance along with cognitive ability and personality. Positive affect was expected to mediate the relationship between flow and performance. Flow was positively correlated with the number of aircraft departed under standard conditions, negatively correlated with aircraft departed under adaptive conditions, and positively correlated with subjective …

Stability And Change: Stress Responses And The Shaping Of Behavioral Phenotypes Over The Life Span, Michael B. Hennessy, Sylvia Kaiser, Tobias Tiedtke, Norbert Sachser

Psychology Faculty Publications

In mammals, maternal signals conveyed via influences on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity may shape behavior of the young to be better adapted for prevailing environmental conditions. However, the mother's influence extends beyond classic stress response systems. In guinea pigs, several hours (h) of separation from the mother activates not only the HPA axis, but also the innate immune system, which effects immediate behavioral change, as well as modifies behavioral responsiveness in the future. Moreover, the presence of the mother potently suppresses the behavioral consequences of this innate immune activation. These findings raise the possibility that long-term adaptive behavioral change can be …

Not All Forms Of Misbehavior Are Created Equal: Perpetrator Personality And Differential Relationships With Cwbs, Caleb Braxton Bragg

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Most research has lumped counterproductive work behaviors into a single or a few categories. The present study, however, used dominance analysis to examine whether aggression, industriousness, dishonesty and self-control had differential predictive relationships with the Gruys and Sacket (2003) 11-Factor CWB model. I hypothesized that various CWBs would be differentially predicted by various personality traits, and that those predictive relationships would be moderated by self-control. The results indicated all CWBs are not created equal and should not be lumped into a single all-inclusive category. Counterproductive work behaviors are multidimensional, with unique predictors and covariates, and are best understood and predicted …

Individual Differences In The Use Of Remote Vision Stereoscopic Displays, Marc Winterbottom

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With the introduction of the next generation of aerial refueling tankers, such as the KC-46, boom operators will use relatively recently developed indirect view stereo displays in place of direct view crew stations. Existing vision standards for boom operators were developed during the 1950s and may not be adequate for medical screening for KC-46 boom operators. Mild anomalies in binocular alignment, currently allowed by USAF vision standards, may permit stereopsis, but may also predispose those individuals to visual complaints such as eye-strain or headaches when viewing stereoscopic displays.

The purpose of this research was to measure individual differences in performance …

Barriers To Group Psychotherapy For Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual College Students, Sarah Peters

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While research has been conducted into the utilization and efficacy of group therapy with college students and with individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB), there is very limited research on their intersection. The purpose of this study was to determine barriers to group psychotherapy with college students who identify as LGB. Twenty-eight LGB undergraduate and graduate students from colleges and universities nationwide were recruited to complete an online survey including: a modified version of the Barriers Scale (Harris, 2013), which examined willingness to participate in group therapy, expectations of group psychotherapy, expectations of group members, expectations of …

Cognitive Analysis Of Multi-Sensor Information, Elizabeth Lynn Fox

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Multispectral imagery can supply an observer with different components of information to, in combination, lead to critical decisions. Human observers can be presented with two fusion techniques: 1) cognitive fusion presents the two sensor images within 5 degrees of visual angle and 2) algorithmic fusion aims to enhance image quality by combining relevant information from two individual sensor images into one composite image. Researchers have used methods such as comparing performance across different algorithms or comparing algorithmic fusion to a single-sensor image. However, cognitive fusion is a technique that provides all of the sensor information and, if utilized efficiently, may …

Once Careless, Always Careless? Temporal And Situational Stability Of Insufficient Effort Responding (Ier), Kelly Ann Camus

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In the current paper, I examined insufficient effort responding (IER) as a substantive construct rather than as a methodological nuisance as other researchers have done. Specifically, I focused on the relationship between personality traits and IER and the temporal and situational stability of IER. I hypothesized that agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and extraversion would be negatively associated with IER and that neuroticism would be positively related to IER. Also, I predicted that the extent to which a given participant engages in IER would be relatively stable across time and across tasks. The current sample (N = 288) consisted of students from …

A Study Of Exercise: Intentions And Behavior, Michael Raymond Hoepf

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Health concerns associated with obesity are becoming an increasingly large societal problem. Engaging in physical exercise is one effective way to combat obesity, but most people do not exercise enough to derive significant health benefits. In order to increase participation in exercise activities, it is first necessary to have a good understanding of why people are not exercising. The current research builds on prior research by investigating the proposition that conflict from work, family, and school roles can reduce time spent exercising. To accomplish this goal, I created exercise conflict scales by taking existing items from the work-family conflict literature …

Bridging The Gap: Exploring The Need For Better System Representations In Higher Education, Corinne P. Wright

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Higher education constitutes a sociotechnical system. Some students enter with cultural experiences that support the new endeavor whereas others are woefully under-supported. Student preparedness often is tightly coupled with student background. Some ethnic minorities and students from impoverished backgrounds enter the university setting with a high risk of not persisting or completing their higher education pursuits (e.g., Kuh, Kinzie, Bridges, & Hayek, 2007). Traditional conceptualizations of risk identify immutable factors, such as SES, with little opportunity for immediate mitigation. Traditional interventions to mitigate risk include either fitting the student to the system (e.g., Tinto, 1993) or fitting the system to …

Detecting Structure In Activity Sequences: Exploring The Hot Hand Phenomenon, Taleri Lynn Hammack

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Can humans discriminate whether strings of events (e.g., shooting success in basketball) were generated by a random or constrained process (e.g., hot and cold streaks)? Conventional wisdom suggests that humans are not good at this discrimination. Following from Cooper, Hammack, Lemasters, and Flach (2014), a series of Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical experiment examined the abilities of both humans and statistical tests (Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test and 1/f) to detect specific constraints that are representative of plausible factors that might influence the performance of athletes (e.g., learning, non-stationary task constraints). Using a performance/success dependent learning constraint that was calibrated to …