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- Eyewitness identification (3)
- Bottlenose dolphins (2)
- Confidence and accuracy (2)
- Humility (2)
- Trust (2)
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- Weapon focus effect (2)
- Biased Instructions (1)
- Biobehavioral research (1)
- California sea lions (1)
- Case law (1)
- Civil commitment statutes (1)
- Clinician humility (1)
- Clinician patient relationship (1)
- Coaching (1)
- Cognition paradigms (1)
- Cognitive factors (1)
- Cognitive load (1)
- Composite face effect; selective attention; holistic processing; divided attention (1)
- Confidence and Accuracy (1)
- Confidence–accuracy relationship (1)
- Creativity (1)
- Curiosity (1)
- Discriminability (1)
- Distance (1)
- Doctor patient relationship (1)
- Dolphin behavior (1)
- Dolphin cognition (1)
- Dual process (1)
- Encoding time (1)
- Eye use (1)
Articles 1 - 24 of 24
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Measuring The Contributions Of Perceptual And Attentional Processes In The Complete Composite Face Paradigm, William B. Erickson, Dawn R. Weatherford
Measuring The Contributions Of Perceptual And Attentional Processes In The Complete Composite Face Paradigm, William B. Erickson, Dawn R. Weatherford
Psychology Faculty Publications
Theories of holistic face processing vary widely with respect to conceptualizations, paradigms, and stimuli. These divergences have left several theoretical questions unresolved. Namely, the role of attention in face perception is understudied. To rectify this gap in the literature, we combined the complete composite face task (allowing for predictions of multiple theoretical conceptualizations and connecting with a large body of research) with a secondary auditory discrimination task at encoding (to avoid a visual perceptual bottleneck). Participants studied upright, intact faces within a continuous recognition paradigm, which intermixes study and test trials at multiple retention intervals. Within subjects, participants studied faces …
“He Was The One With The Gun!” Associative Memory For White And Black Faces Seen With Weapons, William B. Erickson, Arianna Wright, Moshe Naveh‑Benjamin
“He Was The One With The Gun!” Associative Memory For White And Black Faces Seen With Weapons, William B. Erickson, Arianna Wright, Moshe Naveh‑Benjamin
Psychology Faculty Publications
Much research has found that implicit associations between Black male faces and aggression afect dispositional judgments and decision-making, but there have been few investigations into downstream efects on explicit episodic memory. The current experiment tested whether such implicit associations interact with explicit recognition memory using an associative memory paradigm in younger and older adults. Participants studied image pairs featuring faces (of Black or White males) alongside handheld objects (uncategorized, kitchenware, or weapons) and later were tested on their recognition memory for faces, objects, and face/object pairings. Younger adults were further divided into full and divided attention encoding groups. All participants …
Seasonality Of Social Behaviour Among Immature Belugas (Delphinapterus Leucas) In Managed Care, Jackson R. Ham, Malin K. Lilley, Malin R. Miller, Heather M. Manitzas Hill
Seasonality Of Social Behaviour Among Immature Belugas (Delphinapterus Leucas) In Managed Care, Jackson R. Ham, Malin K. Lilley, Malin R. Miller, Heather M. Manitzas Hill
Psychology Faculty Publications
Belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ) in managed care have been reported to show seasonal variation in socio-sexual behaviour, hormone levels and respiration rates; however, little is known about the social interactions of wild belugas when they are not in summer, near-shore congregations. To better understand if belugas show seasonal variation in social interactions, this study recorded the behaviour of 10 belugas (five females, five males, ranging from birth to 10 years of age) housed in managed care. Social interactions typically peaked in the summer months but persisted at very low levels during the rest of the year. Sea - sonal …
When Experience Does Not Promote Expertise: Security Professionals Fail To Detect Low Prevalence Fake Ids, Dawn R. Weatherford, Devin Roberson, William B. Erickson
When Experience Does Not Promote Expertise: Security Professionals Fail To Detect Low Prevalence Fake Ids, Dawn R. Weatherford, Devin Roberson, William B. Erickson
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
The Effect Of Viewing Distance On Empirical Discriminability And The Confidence–Accuracy Relationship For Eyewitness Identification, Robert F. Lockamyeir, Curt A. Carlson, Alyssa R. Jones, Maria A. Carlson, Dawn R. Weatherford
The Effect Of Viewing Distance On Empirical Discriminability And The Confidence–Accuracy Relationship For Eyewitness Identification, Robert F. Lockamyeir, Curt A. Carlson, Alyssa R. Jones, Maria A. Carlson, Dawn R. Weatherford
Psychology Faculty Publications
The distance from which an eyewitness views a perpetrator is a critical factor for eyewitness identification, but has received little research attention. We presented three mock-crime videos to participants, varying distance to three perpetrators (3, 10, or 20 m). Across two experiments, increased distance reduced empirical discriminability in the form of a mirror effect, such that correct identifications decreased while false identifications increased. Moreover, high confidence identifications were associated with high accuracy at 3 m (Experiment 1 and 2) and 10 m (Experiment 2), but not at 20 m. We conclude that eyewitnesses may be less likely to identify a …
Using A Fork As A Hairbrush: Investigating Dual Routes To Release From Functional Fixedness, Dawn R. Weatherford, Lemira V. Esparza, Laura J. Tedder, Olivia K. H. Smith
Using A Fork As A Hairbrush: Investigating Dual Routes To Release From Functional Fixedness, Dawn R. Weatherford, Lemira V. Esparza, Laura J. Tedder, Olivia K. H. Smith
Psychology Faculty Publications
Functional fixedness involves difficulty with conceptualizing creative object uses. When it obstructs problem solving, individuals must reframe their approach. We examined how different training techniques – chunk decomposition (i.e., considering an object’s basic parts and physical properties) and constraint relaxation (i.e., considering an object’s different functions) – might rely upon different routes to creative reframing. Additionally, we investigated how different forms of cognitive load interact with these dual routes. Participants learned one of three techniques. Chunk decomposition participants created object breakdown diagrams; constraint relaxation participants created object functions lists; and, free association (control) participants wrote a word that they associated …
You Shall Not Pass: How Facial Variability And Feedback Affect The Detection Of Low-Prevalence Fake Ids, Dawn R. Weatherford, William B. Erickson, Jasmyne Thomas, Mary E. Walker, Barret Schein
You Shall Not Pass: How Facial Variability And Feedback Affect The Detection Of Low-Prevalence Fake Ids, Dawn R. Weatherford, William B. Erickson, Jasmyne Thomas, Mary E. Walker, Barret Schein
Psychology Faculty Publications
In many real-world settings, individuals rarely present another person’s ID, which increases the likelihood that a screener will fail to detect it. Three experiments examined how within-person variability (i.e., differences between two images of the same person) and feedback may have influenced criterion shifting, thought to be one of the sources of the low-prevalence effect (LPE). Participants made identity judgments of a target face and an ID under either high, medium, or low mismatch prevalence. Feedback appeared after every trial, only error trials, or no trials. Experiment 1 used two controlled images taken on the same day. Experiment 2 used …
Laterality Of Eye Use By Bottlenose (Tursiops Truncatus) And Rough-Toothed (Steno Bredanensis) Dolphins While Viewing Predictable And Unpredictable Stimuli, Malin K. Lilley, Amber J. De Vere, Deirdre B. Yeater
Laterality Of Eye Use By Bottlenose (Tursiops Truncatus) And Rough-Toothed (Steno Bredanensis) Dolphins While Viewing Predictable And Unpredictable Stimuli, Malin K. Lilley, Amber J. De Vere, Deirdre B. Yeater
Psychology Faculty Publications
Laterality of eye use has been increasingly studied in cetaceans. Research supports that many cetacean species keep prey on the right side while feeding and preferentially view unfamiliar objects with the right eye. In contrast, the left eye has been used more by calves while in close proximity to their mothers. Despite some discrepancies across and within species, laterality of eye use generally indicates functional specialization of brain hemispheres in cetaceans. The present study aimed to examine laterality of eye use in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) under managed care. Subjects were …
Delivering Psychological Services To Military Members, Karen C. Kalmbach, Bret A. Moore
Delivering Psychological Services To Military Members, Karen C. Kalmbach, Bret A. Moore
Psychology Faculty Publications
Since 2001, less than half of one percent of the American public have volunteered to serve in the United States Armed Forces. With high-tempo repeated deployments and unconventional warfare, the Post 9/11 military has been exposed to unique trauma and stressors during an unprecedented two-decade long conflict. In voluntarily taking on this role, members are immersed in the total institution of military culture and required to make countless personal sacrifices, often experiencing trauma or other stressors that most in a civilian population will never face. Prevalence rates of mental health problems in active duty as well as veteran populations suggest …
Posttraumatic Growth In Military Populations: Theory, Research, And Application, Karen C. Kalmbach, Bret A. Moore
Posttraumatic Growth In Military Populations: Theory, Research, And Application, Karen C. Kalmbach, Bret A. Moore
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Humble Doctors, Healthy Patients? Exploring The Relationships Between Clinician Humility And Patient Satisfaction, Trust, And Health Status, Ho Phi Huynh, Amy Dicke-Bohmann
Humble Doctors, Healthy Patients? Exploring The Relationships Between Clinician Humility And Patient Satisfaction, Trust, And Health Status, Ho Phi Huynh, Amy Dicke-Bohmann
Psychology Faculty Publications
Objective: In medicine, numerous commentaries implore clinicians (e.g., physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners) to display more humility. However, given the complex power dynamics between patients and clinicians, one should not presume that patients desire and appreciate humble clinicians. This paper examines the relationship between clinician humility and patient outcomes, and aims to provide empirical evidence for the significance of clinician humility.
Methods: In two studies, patients (N = 497) recalled their most recent visit to a clinician through an online survey platform (Qualtrics). Patients rated their clinician’s humility, their satisfaction and trust with their clinician, and their …
Humble Coaches And Their Influence On Players And Teams: The Mediating Role Of Affect-Based (But Not Cognition-Based) Trust, Ho Phi Huynh, Clint E. Johnson, Hillary Wehe
Humble Coaches And Their Influence On Players And Teams: The Mediating Role Of Affect-Based (But Not Cognition-Based) Trust, Ho Phi Huynh, Clint E. Johnson, Hillary Wehe
Psychology Faculty Publications
Humility is a desirable quality for leaders across different domains, but not much is known about humility in sports coaches. This study integrated positive and organizational psychology to define humility as it pertains to sports coaches and examined humble coaches’ influence on player development and team climate. Additionally, trust was examined as a mediator between coaches’ humility and the two outcomes. Participants (N = 184; Mage = 23.44, SDage = 8.69; 73.4% women) rated their coaches’ humility and reflected on the coaches’ influence and their team climate. Results indicated that affect-based, but not cognition-based, trust mediated the …
Characterizing Curiosity-Related Behavior In Bottlenose (Tursiops Truncatus) And Rough-Toothed (Steno Bredanensis) Dolphins, Malin K. Lilley, Amber J. De Vere, Deirdre B. Yeater, Stan A. Kuczaj
Characterizing Curiosity-Related Behavior In Bottlenose (Tursiops Truncatus) And Rough-Toothed (Steno Bredanensis) Dolphins, Malin K. Lilley, Amber J. De Vere, Deirdre B. Yeater, Stan A. Kuczaj
Psychology Faculty Publications
Dolphins are frequently described as curious animals; however, there have been few systematic investigations of how dolphins behave when they are curious and the extent to which individual differences in curiosity exist in dolphins. Previous research has described individual differences in dolphins’ frequency of interactions with environmental enrichment as well as quantifying curiosity-related traits of dolphins via personality assessments, though behavioral observation and trait rating components have not been part of the same study. The present study describes two different experiments designed to elicit curiosity in 15 bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and 6 rough-toothed (Steno bredanensis) dolphins. In Experiment 1, dolphins …
Rocs In Eyewitness Identification: Instructions Vs. Confidence Ratings, Laura Mickes, Travis M. Travis M. Seale-Carlisle, Stacy A. Wetmore, Scott D. Gronlund, Steven E. Clark, Curt A. Carlson, Charles A. Goodsell, Dawn R. Weatherford, John T. Wixted
Rocs In Eyewitness Identification: Instructions Vs. Confidence Ratings, Laura Mickes, Travis M. Travis M. Seale-Carlisle, Stacy A. Wetmore, Scott D. Gronlund, Steven E. Clark, Curt A. Carlson, Charles A. Goodsell, Dawn R. Weatherford, John T. Wixted
Psychology Faculty Publications
From the perspective of signal-detection theory, different lineup instructions may induce different levels of response bias (Clark, 2005). If so, then collecting correct and false identification rates across different instructional conditions will trace out the ROC – the same ROC that, theoretically, could also be traced out from a single instruction condition in which each eyewitness decision is accompanied by a confidence rating. We tested whether the two approaches do in fact yield the same ROC. Participants were assigned to a confidence rating condition or to an instructional biasing condition (liberal, neutral, unbiased, or conservative). After watching a video of …
Do Pinnipeds Have Personality? Broad Dimensions And Contextual Consistency Of Behavior In Harbor Seals (Phoca Vitulina) And California Sea Lions (Zalophus Californianus), Amber J. De Vere, Malin K. Lilley, Lauren Highfill
Do Pinnipeds Have Personality? Broad Dimensions And Contextual Consistency Of Behavior In Harbor Seals (Phoca Vitulina) And California Sea Lions (Zalophus Californianus), Amber J. De Vere, Malin K. Lilley, Lauren Highfill
Psychology Faculty Publications
Personality has now been studied in species as diverse as chimpanzees and cuttlefish, but marine mammals remain vastly underrepresented in this area. A broad range of traits have been assessed only once in each of bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions, while consistent individual differences in a few specific behaviors have been identified in grey seals. Furthermore, the context component of definitions of personality is not often assessed, despite evidence that animals may show individual patterns of behavioral consistency across contexts. The current study therefore aimed to use behavioral coding to assess underlying personality factors and consistency across contexts in …
The Weapon Focus Effect: Testing An Extension Of The Unusualness Hypothesis, Curt A. Carlson, William E. Pleasant, Dawn R. Weatherford, Maria A. Carlson, Jane E. Bednarz E. Bednarz
The Weapon Focus Effect: Testing An Extension Of The Unusualness Hypothesis, Curt A. Carlson, William E. Pleasant, Dawn R. Weatherford, Maria A. Carlson, Jane E. Bednarz E. Bednarz
Psychology Faculty Publications
The weapon focus effect (WFE) occurs when a weapon distracts eyewitnesses, harming memory for the perpetrator and other details. One explanation is that weapons are unusual in most contexts, and unusual objects distract eyewitnesses. We extended this unusualness hypothesis to include typical objects used in a distinctive manner, as criminals often make use of a typical object as a weapon (e.g., tire iron, beer bottle). Undergraduates (N = 963) viewed a video depicting a man with a handgun, distinctive object, typical object and action, or typical object used as a weapon. Only the handgun reduced eyewitness identification accuracy relative to …
The Influence Of Perpetrator Exposure Time And Weapon Presence/Timing On Eyewitness Confidence And Accuracy, Curt A. Carlson, David F. Young, Dawn R. Weatherford, Maria A. Carlson, Jane E. Bednarz E. Bednarz, Alyssa R. Jones
The Influence Of Perpetrator Exposure Time And Weapon Presence/Timing On Eyewitness Confidence And Accuracy, Curt A. Carlson, David F. Young, Dawn R. Weatherford, Maria A. Carlson, Jane E. Bednarz E. Bednarz, Alyssa R. Jones
Psychology Faculty Publications
Crimes can occur in a matter of seconds, with little time available for an eyewitness to encode a perpetrator’s face. The presence of a weapon can further exacerbate this situation. Few studies have featured mock crimes of short duration, especially with a weapon manipulation. We conducted an experiment to investigate the impact of weapon presence and short perpetrator exposure times (3 versus 10 s) on eyewitness confidence and accuracy. We found that recall concerning the perpetrator was worse when a weapon was present, replicating the weapon focus effect. However, there was no effect on eyewitness identification accuracy. Calibration analyses revealed …
Out Of The Mouth Of Babes: Lessons From Research On Human Infants, Stan A. Kuczaj, Malin K. Lilley
Out Of The Mouth Of Babes: Lessons From Research On Human Infants, Stan A. Kuczaj, Malin K. Lilley
Psychology Faculty Publications
Marine mammal behavior and cognition researchers often face a number of challenges, including the research subjects’ lack of interest and verbal abilities, as well as choosing a paradigm with appropriate stimuli for the subjects’ perceptual and cognitive abilities. Researchers who work with human infants often encounter similar challenges when studying infant cognition and have developed strategies to overcome these challenges, including using stimuli that capture the infants’ attention, determining what tasks are age-appropriate, and using conditioned responses to test discrimination abilities. This paper encourages marine mammal researchers to learn from the research paradigms and techniques used in human infant research …
Law Enforcement And Military Members: Engaging In The Community, Karen C. Kalmbach, Randy Garner
Law Enforcement And Military Members: Engaging In The Community, Karen C. Kalmbach, Randy Garner
Psychology Faculty Publications
This chapter seeks to assist law enforcement by providing an empirical review of research on the relationship between military service and risk of dangerousness—to self (suicide) or others (violent crime). Risk posed by military members is poorly understood and largely overstated by media reports. The following discussion will reveal that—notwithstanding the unique aspects of military culture and service—most risk factors for violence (towards self and others) are similar for both military members and nonmilitary alike. However, some aspects of military service, (e.g., combat exposure), may impact the behavior and thought processes of service members who come into contact with law …
Predictors Of Juvenile Court Dispositions In A First-Time Offender Population, Karen C. Kalmbach, Phillip M. Lyons
Predictors Of Juvenile Court Dispositions In A First-Time Offender Population, Karen C. Kalmbach, Phillip M. Lyons
Psychology Faculty Publications
Scholars and policy makers have long been troubled by the potential for some youth to receive disparate sanctioning as a function of extralegal factors, especially against the backdrop of ethnic/racial minority group overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system as a whole. Beginning in the late 1990s, many states began to adopt a graduated sanctions model in response to the emerging ‘get tough’ zeitgeist of the day. Originally intended by the federal government to reinforce juvenile accountability and to ensure equitable treatment of all youth in custody, some stakeholders began to note concerns about uneven outcomes in the use of graduated …
The Effects Of Explicit And Implicit Cognitive Factors On The Learning Patterns In The Iowa Gambling Task, Melissa J. Hawthorne, Dawn R. Weatherford, Karin Tochkov
The Effects Of Explicit And Implicit Cognitive Factors On The Learning Patterns In The Iowa Gambling Task, Melissa J. Hawthorne, Dawn R. Weatherford, Karin Tochkov
Psychology Faculty Publications
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become a standard tool in the area of decision making, but recent studies have indicated that cognitive factors might distort the implicit learning expected from the original design of the task. This paper examines the effects of cognitive factors on the performance and learning outcomes of the IGT along two dimensions. First, the instructions for the task are manipulated to test whether more detailed information is conducive to adopting a winning strategy in the IGT. Second, procedural priming’s role is investigated by administering a pattern recognition task ahead of the IGT. The results indicate …
Legal Authority And Limitations, Phillip M. Lyons, Karen C. Kalmbach
Legal Authority And Limitations, Phillip M. Lyons, Karen C. Kalmbach
Psychology Faculty Publications
The core element for emergency involuntary commitment is dangerousness to oneself or others. Statutes typically also mandate immediate or near immediate petition to the courts, and require immediate or near immediate professional psychiatric review. This chapter reviews the case law associated with civil commitment statutes, both historically and in terms of current issues.
Ethical Issues In Conducting Forensic Evaluations, Karen C. Kalmbach, Phillip M. Lyons
Ethical Issues In Conducting Forensic Evaluations, Karen C. Kalmbach, Phillip M. Lyons
Psychology Faculty Publications
The role of the forensic mental health professional (MHP) often differs substantially from that of the typical clinician. These differences bear directly on the ethical delivery of services.
Ethical And Legal Standards For Research In Prisons, Karen C. Kalmbach, Phillip M. Lyons
Ethical And Legal Standards For Research In Prisons, Karen C. Kalmbach, Phillip M. Lyons
Psychology Faculty Publications
Biobehavioral research, especially that which is conducted with prisoners, has become much more closely regulated in the last 30 years. State and federal law, as well as professional standards, regulate the conduct of many types of research; in the case of prisoners, this regulation is even more stringent. However, currently no mandatory, uniform, national regulatory or oversight process exists, and many privately funded research endeavors are operating in a regulatory void. In response to this, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission has argued for the creation of a single, national, independent regulatory body to oversee all human participant research, regardless of …