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Articles 1 - 30 of 47
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Landmark Vs. Manual Tracing: A Novel Method For Hippocampal Segmentation, Bryce Owen, Brock Kirwan
Landmark Vs. Manual Tracing: A Novel Method For Hippocampal Segmentation, Bryce Owen, Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Calculating hippocampal volume from MR images is an essential task in many studies of neurocognition in healthy and diseased populations. The “gold standard” method involves hand tracing, which is accurate but laborious, requiring expertly trained researchers and significant amounts of time. As such, segmenting large datasets with the standard method is impractical. Current automated pipelines are inaccurate at hippocampal demarcation and volumetry. We developed a semi-automated hippocampal segmentation pipeline based on the Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) suite of programs to segment the hippocampus. We applied the semi-automated segmentation pipeline to 172 scans (59 female) from groups that included participants diagnosed …
Alcohol And Nicotine Co-Dependence Iii, Scott C. Steffensen, Jeffery G. Edwards, Sterling N. Sudweeks
Alcohol And Nicotine Co-Dependence Iii, Scott C. Steffensen, Jeffery G. Edwards, Sterling N. Sudweeks
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Alcoholism and nicotine (NIC) addiction are chronic relapsing disorders that have enormous impact on society. Alcohol and NIC are the most commonly abused drugs, and a large body of evidence indicates that there is a positive correlation between their consumption. Today, smoking NIC-containing tobacco products is recognized as one of the greatest risk factors in the development of alcoholism. A major goal of addiction research is to characterize the critical neural substrates that are most sensitive to these drugs, adapt in association with chronic consumption and drive subsequent drug-seeking behavior. The long-term objective of our research program is to advance …
An Examination Of Relationship Processes On Cancer Screening Decisions In Married Couples, Wendy Birmingham
An Examination Of Relationship Processes On Cancer Screening Decisions In Married Couples, Wendy Birmingham
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. A family history of CRC is one of the strongest risk factors for the disease; those with a first-degree relative (i.e., a parent, sibling or child) with CRC have a two- to four-fold increased risk of CRC compared to the general population. A large literature indicates CRC screening can significantly reduce risk of CRC, yet screening rates remain less than optimal in those at increased risk. Some literature suggests that social influence and greater family support for screening and lower …
Impact Of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback On Fmri Measures Of Cognitive Functioning In Depressed And Non-Depressed Individuals, Patrick Steffen
Impact Of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback On Fmri Measures Of Cognitive Functioning In Depressed And Non-Depressed Individuals, Patrick Steffen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Evaluation of how well the academic objectives of the proposal were met The primary objectives of this project was to examine neurological changes in depressed individuals who were randomized to either a psychotherapy plus Heart Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback training or to a treatment as usual group. A control group with no history of depression was also studied. In the past two years, we were able to collect psychological, physiological, and imaging data from 30 participants (10 in an experimental group, 10 in a treatment as usual group, and the other 10 in a healthy control group) at baseline and …
Refining A Leaders Use Of The Therapeutic Relationship In Small Group Treatments: The Impact Of Group Questionnaire And Outcome Questionnaire Feedback, Gary Burlingame
Refining A Leaders Use Of The Therapeutic Relationship In Small Group Treatments: The Impact Of Group Questionnaire And Outcome Questionnaire Feedback, Gary Burlingame
Journal of Undergraduate Research
What follows is brief summary of how we used the MEG funding to support a 3-year multi-site randomized clinical trial involving students in group treatment at three Utah counseling centers—BYU, SUU & USU. We’ve organized the summary using the five report guidelines listed on the ORCA website.
Multimodal Testing Of Neural Interhemispheric Transfer After Concussion: A Cutting-Edge Mentored Experience, Michael Larson
Multimodal Testing Of Neural Interhemispheric Transfer After Concussion: A Cutting-Edge Mentored Experience, Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Mild traumatic brain injury, also known as concussion, is a public health concern that is receiving considerable attention in the media and scientific literature. Individuals who experience long-term deficits after concussion show cognitive and emotional dysfunction that can persist or worsen for several years post injury. These deficits can be associated with an increase of fifty percent in medical costs following injury and result in damage to family relationships, employment, and school performance. Currently, there are inadequate numbers of health professionals trained in the accurate diagnosis and identification of predictors of longterm problems following concussion. Furthermore, techniques to identify individuals …
Pre-Service Interdisciplinary Training In Autism Spectrum Disorders, Terisa P. Gabrielsen, Phd
Pre-Service Interdisciplinary Training In Autism Spectrum Disorders, Terisa P. Gabrielsen, Phd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project was designed to give mentoring experience to students across disciplines who were seeking additional knowledge and training in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participation in the project was intended to benefit students by giving them more knowledge within their field and across disciplines, helping future patients and clients with ASD and to enhance applications to specialty and graduate programs in related fields. Students produced a large (attendance=150) interdisciplinary training workshop for the community and developed a website collection of autism resources for clinicians and families.
Alcohol And Nicotine Co-Dependence, Taylor Woodward, Scott Steffensen
Alcohol And Nicotine Co-Dependence, Taylor Woodward, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Addiction is a diabolical neurochemical trap that robs people of their agency and catastrophically affects virtually every aspect of an addict’s life. Alcohol is one of the most statistically widespread and harmful addictive substances in our society (Nutt, King et al. 2010). Through physiological means, it destroys an addict’s dignity, disrupts the ability to maintain healthy relationships, and often results in premature death of the addict and those around him or her. M. Russell Ballard recently spoke about the spiritual implications of the pleasure center of the brain, stating that “when activated by certain drugs or behaviors, it overpowers the …
The Efficacy Of Neurofeedback Training In Enhancing High-Order Processing In Addicts, Ian Armstrong, Scott C. Steffensen
The Efficacy Of Neurofeedback Training In Enhancing High-Order Processing In Addicts, Ian Armstrong, Scott C. Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Biofeedback is a process by which a person learns to control physiological functions of their body that they would otherwise not be conscously aware of. This is accomplished by relaying real-time information back to the user in the form of data or a game. The user then modifies their physiological activity in order to achieve set goals through a process of operant conditioning. Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that utilizes EEG monitoring to collect a person’s electrical brainwave activity and display it back to them. In this experiment, the method in which that feedback is displayed to the subject …
Measuring Metamphetamine’S Effects On Dopamine Production During Exposure To Glutathione, Eli Schriever, Scott Steffensen
Measuring Metamphetamine’S Effects On Dopamine Production During Exposure To Glutathione, Eli Schriever, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
One of the primary focuses of much addiction research involves finding methods to alleviate methamphetamine (METH) addiction. METH is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the United States. Estimates by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Statistics are that 5.5% of all adults ages 26 and above have at tried METH at least one time. Given its high addictive potential, the chance for entering damaging addiction cycles among these individuals is very high, and can have great societal and economic consequences in addition to physical and mental problems on the individual level. While the need for better …
Identification Of Location And Timing Of Ros Production In Response To Meth Exposure, Andrew Lamprecht, Scott Steffensen
Identification Of Location And Timing Of Ros Production In Response To Meth Exposure, Andrew Lamprecht, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Methamphetamine is an extremely addictive drug that acts on the pleasure center of the brain. It causes an increase in the release of dopamine (DA) into the synaptic cleft. This rapid release of DA causes the “rush” felt by drug users. It also causes severe malfunctions in the brain such as anxiety, mood disorders, increased violence, reduced motor skills, impaired verbal learning, and psychosis. Among other things, the cause for these harmful effects could be related to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and their resulting oxidative damage. Oxidative damage has been suggested to constitute early signaling events in programmed cell death, …
Role Of Reactive Oxygen Species On Chronic Methamphetamine- Induced Dopamine Transmission In The Nucleus Accumbens, Devin Bradshaw, Scott Steffensen
Role Of Reactive Oxygen Species On Chronic Methamphetamine- Induced Dopamine Transmission In The Nucleus Accumbens, Devin Bradshaw, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive substance with many negative effects on the user. These effects include detriments to physical health such as “…extreme weight loss, severe dental problems (“meth mouth”), and skin sores caused by scratching. Methamphetamine use also raises the risk of contracting infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis B and C.” (“DrugFacts: Methamphetamine”, 2014). Negative health effects like this come from long term abuse of methamphetamine due to addiction to the substance. Reducing the cause of the addictive behavior (dopamine (DA) overstimulation causing neuronal damage) can help to prevent these negative effects of METH abuse. As the effects …
Effect Of Methamphetamine On Basal And Phasic Dopamine Release In The Striatum, Krisana Finlay, Scott Steffensen
Effect Of Methamphetamine On Basal And Phasic Dopamine Release In The Striatum, Krisana Finlay, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the action mechanism of the psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) on basal and phasic dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens. We investigated METH and its method of action. This was done to better understand the detailed mechanism behind METH and to provide better addiction-solving tools. Previous METH research provided a great starting point, showing a reduction in DA transmission and tyrosine hydroxylase, and increased DA axon and terminal damage, apoptosis (cell death) and axon degeneration.
Gene X Environment Interactions In Rhesus Macaques: A Test Of The Orchid-¬‐Dandelion Hypothesis, S. Andrew Aston, J. Dee Higley
Gene X Environment Interactions In Rhesus Macaques: A Test Of The Orchid-¬‐Dandelion Hypothesis, S. Andrew Aston, J. Dee Higley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Aston, S. Andrew Gene x Environment Interactions in Rhesus Macaques: A test of the Orchid-‐Dandelion Hypothesis Faculty Mentor: J. Dee Higley, Department of Psychology Numerous studies have shown that certain gene variants produce distinct phenotypes based on the environment in which an individual develops. Many of these so called gene-‐by-‐environment (GxE) interactions lead to an increased risk of developing psychopathology. The Orchid-‐ Dandelion Hypothesis posits that risk alleles have been conserved to the present day, suggesting that although risk alleles may prove deleterious in many environments, under the right conditions, such variants may bestow an evolutionary advantage. For my ORCA …
Marital Satisfaction, Error-Observation, And The Brain: Harmful Or Beneficial Effects Of Spouse Observation?, Chelsea Romney, Michael Larson
Marital Satisfaction, Error-Observation, And The Brain: Harmful Or Beneficial Effects Of Spouse Observation?, Chelsea Romney, Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Romney, Chelsea Marital Satisfaction, Error-observation, and the Brain: Harmful or Beneficial Effects of Spouse Observation? Faculty Mentor: Larson, Michael, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Introduction Rewarding marital relationships are associated with many positive outcomes in one’s physical and mental health (Robles, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2003). These benefits include improved cardiovascular functioning (Kiecolt-Glaser, & Newton, 2001), decreased depression risk (Robins & Reiger, 1991), higher self-reported levels of happiness (Proulx & Snyder-Rivas, 2013), and overall lower rates of mortality (Manzoli, Villari, Pirone & Boccia, 2007). Furthermore, positive health outcomes are not only due to marital status, but also to the quality of one’s …
Receiving Reward’S Effect On Ego-Depletion, Travis Johnson, Michael J. Larson, Phd
Receiving Reward’S Effect On Ego-Depletion, Travis Johnson, Michael J. Larson, Phd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Recent research suggests that willpower–the capacity to exert self-control–is a limited resource that is depleted after exertion (Job, Dweck & Walton, 2010). We aimed to explore the influence of ego-depletion on how we process rewards and punishment. Ego depletion specifically refers to the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up (i.e., depleted) after cognitive exertion. For example, an experiment performed by Kathleen Vohs and Todd Heatherton (2000) demonstrated how ego depletion was relevant in how it affected chronic dieters compared to non-dieters. Their results showed that dieters, in responding …
Cognitive Control And Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Katherine Slinn, Michael Larson
Cognitive Control And Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Katherine Slinn, Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project was an in-depth statistical analysis of previously collected data in order to explore the hypothesis that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a decrease in the ability to regulate behavior and to apply top-down cognitive control. OCD has been diagnosed in approximately 2.2 million Americans, typically appearing in early adulthood. Approximately half of these cases show severe functional impairment (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005). Obsessions are defined as unwanted and recurrent thoughts or impulses, and compulsions are repetitive behaviors that are driven by these obsessions, such as ordering or counting (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 20% to 30% …
Marital Satisfaction, Error-Observation, And The Brain: Harmful Or Beneficial Effects Of Spouse Observation?, Chelsea Romney, Michael Larson
Marital Satisfaction, Error-Observation, And The Brain: Harmful Or Beneficial Effects Of Spouse Observation?, Chelsea Romney, Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Romney, Chelsea Marital Satisfaction, Error-observation, and the Brain: Harmful or Beneficial Effects of Spouse Observation? Faculty Mentor: Larson, Michael, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Introduction Rewarding marital relationships are associated with many positive outcomes in one’s physical and mental health (Robles, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2003). These benefits include improved cardiovascular functioning (Kiecolt-Glaser, & Newton, 2001), decreased depression risk (Robins & Reiger, 1991), higher self-reported levels of happiness (Proulx & Snyder-Rivas, 2013), and overall lower rates of mortality (Manzoli, Villari, Pirone & Boccia, 2007). Furthermore, positive health outcomes are not only due to marital status, but also to the quality of one’s …
Electrophysiological Testing Of Iterhemispheric Transfer In Individuals With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Nathan Alder, Michael J. Larson
Electrophysiological Testing Of Iterhemispheric Transfer In Individuals With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Nathan Alder, Michael J. Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A key issue in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI; also known as concussion) research is the identification and validation of a cost-effective, physiological measure that accurately identifies individuals who have experienced a mild TBI, is robust against motivation difficulties, and aids in the prediction of which individuals will experience persisting cognitive or emotional side effects. Nearly two million cases of TBI occur each year (Langlois, Rutland-Brown, & Thomas, 2004). Mild TBI is considered a major health concern (Ragnarsson, 2002) and can be associated with some long-term functional deficits including memory decline and decreased job satisfaction (Carroll et al., 2004; Iverson, …
Impact Of Major Depressive Disorder On Memory Specificity And Resting-State Fmri, Kayla Alder, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Impact Of Major Depressive Disorder On Memory Specificity And Resting-State Fmri, Kayla Alder, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Previous research suggests that those with depression have altered brain structures compared to control participants. For example, depressed individuals have smaller hippocampal volumes than those not diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (Brown, Rush & McEwen, 1999). The hippocampus plays a major role in memory, especially by storing different stimuli as separate and distinct memories in the brain (Yassa & Stark, 2011). This process of storing the stimuli separately correctly is known as pattern separation (PS). Depressed individuals also have reduced neurogenesis (the birth and growth of new neurons in adulthood) in the hippocampus compared to controls. Those diagnosed with …
Cognitive Control And Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Katherine Slinn, Michael Larson
Cognitive Control And Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Katherine Slinn, Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project was an in-depth statistical analysis of previously collected data in order to explore the hypothesis that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a decrease in the ability to regulate behavior and to apply top-down cognitive control. OCD has been diagnosed in approximately 2.2 million Americans, typically appearing in early adulthood. Approximately half of these cases show severe functional impairment (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005). Obsessions are defined as unwanted and recurrent thoughts or impulses, and compulsions are repetitive behaviors that are driven by these obsessions, such as ordering or counting (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 20% to 30% …
Electrophysiological Testing Of Iterhemispheric Transfer In Individuals With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Nathan Alder, Michael J. Larson, Phd
Electrophysiological Testing Of Iterhemispheric Transfer In Individuals With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Nathan Alder, Michael J. Larson, Phd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A key issue in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI; also known as concussion) research is the identification and validation of a cost-effective, physiological measure that accurately identifies individuals who have experienced a mild TBI, is robust against motivation difficulties, and aids in the prediction of which individuals will experience persisting cognitive or emotional side effects. Nearly two million cases of TBI occur each year (Langlois, Rutland-Brown, & Thomas, 2004). Mild TBI is considered a major health concern (Ragnarsson, 2002) and can be associated with some long-term functional deficits including memory decline and decreased job satisfaction (Carroll et al., 2004; Iverson, …
Receiving Reward’S Effect On Ego-Depletion, Travis Johnson, Michael J. Larson, Phd
Receiving Reward’S Effect On Ego-Depletion, Travis Johnson, Michael J. Larson, Phd
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Recent research suggests that willpower–the capacity to exert self-control–is a limited resource that is depleted after exertion (Job, Dweck & Walton, 2010). We aimed to explore the influence of ego-depletion on how we process rewards and punishment. Ego depletion specifically refers to the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up (i.e., depleted) after cognitive exertion. For example, an experiment performed by Kathleen Vohs and Todd Heatherton (2000) demonstrated how ego depletion was relevant in how it affected chronic dieters compared to non-dieters. Their results showed that dieters, in responding …
The Effects Of Chronic Ethanol In Δ Knockout Mice, Zachary Gardner, Scott Steffensen
The Effects Of Chronic Ethanol In Δ Knockout Mice, Zachary Gardner, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Substance abuse is a prolific problem with serious consequences. Specifically, alcohol abuse is the third leading cause of preventable mortality in the world (Mokdad et al., 2004). Each year the far-reaching effects of alcohol abuse cost the United States several hundred billion dollars annually (Office of National Policy, 2004). Treatment for individuals who suffer from this crippling disease is limited. In order to develop effective treatments we need to know more about the mechanisms of addiction and the changes that occur in the brain as a person becomes addicted.
Polymorphisms Of The Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene And The Association With Stress, Randall Beck, Michael J. Larson
Polymorphisms Of The Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene And The Association With Stress, Randall Beck, Michael J. Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Polymorphisms in the GR gene are an interesting and important area of research as these polymorphisms may be associated with an attenuated ability to cope with stress. This project bridged an unexplored gap between cellular and environmental stress and the expression of the GR gene—specifically the Bcl1 polymorphism of the GR gene. Cellular stress is any damage caused to the cell that alters its ability to function properly (Milisav, 2011). The Bcl1 polymorphism has what are known as C and G alleles that are genotyped as either homozygous GG, homozygous CC, or heterozygous CG (Srivastava et al., 2011). The homozygous …
The Effects Of Chronic Ethanol In Δ Knockout Mice, Zachary Gardner, Scott Steffensen
The Effects Of Chronic Ethanol In Δ Knockout Mice, Zachary Gardner, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Substance abuse is a prolific problem with serious consequences. Specifically, alcohol abuse is the third leading cause of preventable mortality in the world (Mokdad et al., 2004). Each year the far-reaching effects of alcohol abuse cost the United States several hundred billion dollars annually (Office of National Policy, 2004). Treatment for individuals who suffer from this crippling disease is limited. In order to develop effective treatments we need to know more about the mechanisms of addiction and the changes that occur in the brain as a person becomes addicted.
Role Of Reactive Oxygen Species In Methamphetamine Modulation Of Dopamine Release In The Nucleus Accumbens, Tyler Ekins, Scott Steffensen
Role Of Reactive Oxygen Species In Methamphetamine Modulation Of Dopamine Release In The Nucleus Accumbens, Tyler Ekins, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a problem that continues to cause much harm across the United States. The cost of METH use in 2005 alone was estimated to be 23.4 billion dollars (Nicosia et al., 2009). Other societal costs of METH abuse include suicide attempts, premature death, increased health care expenses, loss of workplace productivity, incarceration, child maltreatment, foster care, violent crime, and theft (Nicosia et al., 2009). Understanding the mechanism by which METH acts on the brain is the first step in being able to synthesize a pharmacotherapeutic method to treat METH addiction.
Effects Of Exercise On Food-Related Cognition, Tyshae Davis, Michael J. Larson
Effects Of Exercise On Food-Related Cognition, Tyshae Davis, Michael J. Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
With the emergence of positive psychology at the turn of the century a greater focus has been centered on understanding and improving individual well-being. Various techniques, including gratitude journaling, have been shown to reframe individual perspective and promote well-being. Theories and studies have shown that relationships are a key component of happiness, but techniques to aid participants in reframing towards a relational perspective have been absent to date. This study tests the technique of relational journaling and its effect on participant well-being against daily event and gratitude journaling.
Polymorphisms Of The Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene And The Association With Stress, Randall Beck, Michael J. Larson
Polymorphisms Of The Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene And The Association With Stress, Randall Beck, Michael J. Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Polymorphisms in the GR gene are an interesting and important area of research as these polymorphisms may be associated with an attenuated ability to cope with stress. This project bridged an unexplored gap between cellular and environmental stress and the expression of the GR gene—specifically the Bcl1 polymorphism of the GR gene. Cellular stress is any damage caused to the cell that alters its ability to function properly (Milisav, 2011). The Bcl1 polymorphism has what are known as C and G alleles that are genotyped as either homozygous GG, homozygous CC, or heterozygous CG (Srivastava et al., 2011). The homozygous …
Effects Of Exercise On Food-Related Cognition, Tyshae Davis, Michael J. Larson
Effects Of Exercise On Food-Related Cognition, Tyshae Davis, Michael J. Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Since the Yerkes-Dodson theory was initially put forward (as early as 1906), multiple theorists have suggested an inverted-U relationship between physiological arousal and cognitive performance. Literature on this topic, however, is mixed, with some studies showing evidence supporting the inverted-U relationship and others showing a more linear relationship. Exercise and food-related cognition is one area where the inverted-U hypothesis could be applied. Some studies have shown that high-intensity exercise induces an acute, but temporary suppression to hunger and energy intake compared to low-intensity exercise (King, Tremblay, & Blundell, 1997) and that high-intensity exercise favors negative energy balance to a greater …