Psychology Commons^™

Subadditivity And The Unpacking Effect In Political Opinions, Renan Levine

Renan Levine

To explain subadditivity in judgments of probabilities, support theory (Tversky and Koehler 1994) emphasizes the increased availability of information about component events. This paper demonstrates that similar processes occur in responses to public opinion questions. When a broad description of a policy is “unpacked” into more specific component policies, support for the component policies exceeds support for the original, broad policy. This effect is especially strong when one or more of the unpacked policies make information available to the decision-maker that was not accessible when the broad description was provided. This behavior violates Luce’s (1959) axiom of independence of irrelevant …

Mental Training For Combat Sports, Randy Borum

Randy Borum

No abstract provided.

The Moral Dimension Of Children’S And Adolescents’ Conceptualisation Of Tolerance To Human Diversity, Rivka Witenberg

Rivka T Witenberg Dr

This study examined the kinds of justifications children and adolescents used to support tolerant and intolerant judgements about human diversity. For the tolerant responses, three main belief categories emerged, based on the beliefs that others should be treated fairly (fairness), empathetically (empathy) and that reason/logic ought to govern judgements (reasonableness). Fairness emerged as the most used belief to support tolerant judgements and the most commonly used combination of beliefs was found to be fairness/empathy, linking tolerance to moral reasoning, rules, and values. Specifically noticeable was that 6 to 7 year olds appealed to fairness more often in comparison to the …

Temporal Organization Of Eating In Low- And High-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Nancy Dess, J. Richard, S. Fletcher-Severe, C. Chapman

Nancy K Dess

When, where, and how much animals eat are influenced by food scarcity and risk of predation. The present study concerned the mediation of risk-related feeding patterns by emotion. Occidental Lowsaccharin- consuming (LoS) and High-saccharin-consuming (HiS) rats, which differ in both ingestion and emotionality, were studied in three steady-state paradigms: an “open economy” procedure (discrete session cyclic-ratio operant schedule) and two “closed economy” procedures (meal patterning, free feeding with running wheel access). Cyclic-ratio performance showed better defense of stable food intake against variable cost among LoS rats. In closed economies, LoS rats consumed a larger number of smaller meals and showed …

Ethnicity And Mental Health Treatment Utilization By Patients With Personality Disorders, Donna S. Bender, Andrew E. Skodol, Ingrid R. Dyck, John C. Markowitz, M. Tracie Shea, Shirley Yen, Charles A. Sanislow, Anthony Pinto, Mary C. Zanarini, Thomas H. Mcglashan, John G. Gunderson, Maria T. Daversa, Carlos M. Grilo

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

The authors examined the relationship between ethnicity and treatment utilization by individuals with personality disorders (PDs). Lifetime and prospectively determined rates and amounts of mental health treatments received were compared in over 500 White, African American, and Hispanic participants with PDs in a naturalistic longitudinal study. Minority, especially Hispanic, participants were significantly less likely than White participants to receive a range of outpatient and inpatient psychosocial treatments and psychotropic medications. This pattern was especially pronounced for minority participants with more severe PDs. A positive support alliance factor significantly predicted the amount of individual psychotherapy used by African American and Hispanic …

The Social Implications Of Enjoyment Of Different Types Of Music, Movies, And Television Programming, Alice Hall

Alice Hall

Stress-Induced Alterations In Hippocampal Plasticity, Place Cells, And Spatial Memory, Jeansok J. Kim, Hongjoo J. Lee, Adam C. Welday, Eunyoung Song, Jeiwon Cho, Patricia E. Sharp, Min W. Jung, Hugh T. Blair

Patricia E Sharp

Acute, inescapable, and unpredictable stress can profoundly modify brain and cognition in humans and animals. The present study investigated the ensuing effects of 2-h variable "audiogenic" stress on three related levels of hippocampal functions in rats: long-term potentiation, place cell activity, and spatial memory. In agreement with prior findings, we observed that stress reduced the magnitude of Schaffer collateral/commissural-Cornu Ammonis field 1 long-term potentiation in vitro, and selectively impaired spatial memory on a hidden platform version of the Morris water maze task. We also observed that stress impaired the stability of firing rates (but not firing locations) of place cells …

The Fall Of The 1977 Phillies: How A Baseball Team's Collapse Sank A City's Spirit, Mitchell J. Nathanson

Mitchell J Nathanson

Too often, the Philadelphia sports fan has been dismissed as a lout, a boorish dolt immune to reason, his vocabulary whittled down to a singular “boo.” This is particularly true when it comes to Phillies fans, who are more likely to turn on their team than any other in the city. Although the Eagles, Sixers and Flyers may hear it from the rafters when they’re not going well, only the Phils will hear it when they are. The strained relationship between the city and the Phillies, however, has deep historical and sociological roots; roots that directly correlate with the city’s …

Comparing Taiwanese And American Wow Player Cultures In Terms Of Achievement, C. T. Sun, Chien Hsun Chen, J. L. Hsieh, H. Lin

Chien Hsun Chen

When analyzing Taiwanese and American market separation and online gaming cultures, sooner or later researchers hear the assertion that players in Taiwan emphasize achievement and players in the US emphasize recreation. This belief may explain why a significant number of Taiwanese World of Warcraft (WoW) players claim that they would rather connect to North American game servers to play. To determine the truth (if any) of this belief, we investigated behaviors, tendencies, and motivations between Taiwanese and American WoW players using data collected via WoW’s unique clientdesigned user interface feature. Data on level upgrade efficiency and participation in guild-organized raids …

The Gift And Challenge Of "Free Will": The Connection To Transformational Archetypal Energies, Carroy U. Ferguson

Carroy U "Cuf" Ferguson, Ph.D.

In a previous writing, I spoke of “The Voices of Transformational Archetypal Energies,” and how they serve as the primary “Psychic Energy” behind AHP’s mission and “kindred spirits on the edge.” Again, I use easily recognized terms to evoke a common sense of these Higher Vibrational Energies, each with their own transcendent value, purpose, quality and “voice” unique to the individual that operate deep within our psyches (i.e., Love; Acceptance; Inclusion; Harmony). I want to use this opportunity to briefly call attention to the use and misuse of a wonderful human gift and its connection to these Transformational Archetypal Energies. …

The Cultural Approaches To Multiculturalism: Education Policy And Its Implications In Culture, Linda Margaret Broughton

Linda Margaret Broughton

The purpose of this discussion is to analyse three different European states in their approaches to education policy and culture. Each example of a national policy approach is considered separately, as an individual container (or thimble) with a distinct approach to policymaking and culture that is reflected through structure and content. At the same time, the discussion will analyse the comparative advantages of the separate systems in order to illustrate how one approach may address an issue that is problematic in another approach. The purpose of this discourse is to illustrate how a more comprehensive approach to culture in education …

The Sensitivity And Psychometric Properties Of A Brief Computer-Based Cognitive Screening Battery In A Depression Clinic, S A. Langenecker, A Caveney, B Giordani, E A. Young, Kristy Nielson, L J. Rapport, L A. Bieliauskas, M J. Mordhorst, S Marcus, N Yodkovik, K Kerber, S Berent, J K. Zubieta

Kristy Nielson

At present, there is poor accuracy in assessing cognitive and vegetative symptoms in depression using clinician or self-rated measures, suggesting the need for development of standardized tasks to assess these functions. The current study assessed the psychometric properties and diagnostic specificity of a brief neuropsychological screening battery designed to assess core signs of depression; psychomotor retardation, attention and executive functioning difficulties, and impaired emotion perception within an outpatient psychiatry setting. Three hundred eighty-four patients with mood disorders and 77 healthy volunteers participated. A large percentage of patients met diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder alone (49%) or with another comorbid …

The Effects Of Frontal Lobe Functioning And Age On Veridical And False Recall, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott

Jason C.K. Chan

Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Older adults’ heightened susceptibility to false memories has been linked to compromised frontal lobe functioning as estimated by Glisky and colleagues’ (Glisky, Polster, & Routhieaux, 1995) neuropsychological battery (e.g., Butler, McDaniel, Dornburg, Price, & Roediger, 2004). This conclusion, however, rests on the untested assumption that young adults have uniformly high frontal functioning. We tested this assumption, and we correlated younger and older adults’ frontal scores with veridical and false recall probabilities with prose materials. Substantial variability in scores on the Glisky battery occurred for younger (and older) adults. However, frontal scores and age were independent …

Does Research Provide Real Answers?, Alan A. Mackenzie

Alan A MacKENZIE

Reviewing papers of three research projects whose goals were to examine the effects of parental substance misuse on child psychopathology.

Self-Handicapping And Managers' Duty Of Care, David A. Hoffman

David A Hoffman

This symposium essay focuses on the relationship between managers’ duty of care and self-handicapping, or constructing obstacles to performance with the goal of influencing subsequent explanations about outcomes. Conventional explanations for failures of caretaking by managers have focused on motives (greed) and incentives (agency costs). This account of manager behavior has led some modern jurists, concerned about recent corporate scandals, to advocate for stronger deterrent measures to realign manager and shareholder incentives. Self-handicapping theory, by contrast, teaches that bad manager behavior may occur even when incentives are well-aligned. Highly successful individuals in particular come to fear the pressure of replicating …

Comparison Of Alternative Models For Personality Disorders, Leslie C. Morey, Christopher J. Hopwood, John G. Gunderson, Andrew E. Skodol, M. Tracie Shea, Shirley Yen, Robert L. Stout, Mary C. Zanarini, Carlos M. Grilo, Charles A. Sanislow, Thomas H. Mcglashan

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

BACKGROUND: The categorical classification system for personality disorder (PD) has been frequently criticized and several alternative dimensional models have been proposed.

METHOD: Antecedent, concurrent and predictive markers of construct validity were examined for three models of PDs: the Five-Factor Model (FFM), the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) model and the DSM-IV in the Collaborative Study of Personality Disorders (CLPS) sample.

RESULTS: All models showed substantial validity across a variety of marker variables over time. Dimensional models (including dimensionalized DSM-IV) consistently outperformed the conventional categorical diagnosis in predicting external variables, such as subsequent suicidal gestures and hospitalizations. FFM facets …

Positive Childhood Experiences: Resilience And Recovery From Personality Disorder In Early Adulthood, Andrew E. Skodol, Donna S. Bender, Maria E. Pagano, M. Tracie Shea, Shirley Yen, Charles A. Sanislow, Carlos M. Grilo, Maria T. Daversa, Robert L. Stout, Mary C. Zanarini, Thomas H. Mcglashan, John G. Gunderson

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

OBJECTIVE: Recent follow-along studies of personality disorders have shown significant improvement in psychopathology over time. The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between positive childhood experiences related to resiliency and remission from personality disorder.

METHOD: Five hundred twenty patients with DSM-IV-based semistructured interview diagnoses of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorders were evaluated 6 times over 4 years between September 1996 and June 2002. Positive childhood experiences, including achievements, positive interpersonal relationships with others, and caretaker competencies, were measured using the Childhood Experiences Questionnaire-Revised. The effects of positive childhood experiences on clinically significant remission from …

Psychosocial Impairment And Treatment Utilization By Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder, Other Personality Disorders, Mood And Anxiety Disorders, And A Healthy Comparison Group, Emily B. Ansell, Charles A. Sanislow, Thomas H. Mcglashan, Carlos M. Grilo

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

This study compared psychosocial functioning and treatment utilization in 130 participants who were diagnosed with a borderline personality disorder (BPD), a non-BPD personality disorder (OPD), a mood and/or anxiety disorder (MAD), or had no current psychiatric diagnosis and served as a healthy comparison group. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) diagnoses, psychosocial functioning, and treatment utilization were determined by using well-established semistructured research interviews conducted by trained doctoral-level clinicians. Analysis of variance revealed the most severe deficits in functioning characterized the BPD group across areas of global functioning with more moderate impairments in functioning occurring in OPD …

Social Control Of Brain Morphology In A Eusocial Mammal, Geert De Vries, M. M. Holmes, G. J. Rosen, C. L. Jordan, B. D. Goldman, N. G. Forger

Geert De Vries

Social status impacts reproductive behavior in diverse vertebrate species, but little is known about how it affects brain morphology. We explore this in the naked mole-rat, a species with the most rigidly organized reproductive hierarchy among mammals. Naked mole-rats live in large, subterranean colonies where breeding is restricted to a single female and small number of males. All other members of the colony, known as subordinates, are reproductively suppressed. Subordinates can become breeders if removed from the colony and placed with an opposite sex partner, but in nature most individuals never attain reproductive status. We examined the brains of breeding …

Cerebellar Activation During Discrete And Not Continuous Timed Movements: An Fmri Study, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Timothy Verstynen, Matthew Brett, Richard Ivry

Rebecca M. C. Spencer

Individuals with cerebellar lesions are impaired in the timing of repetitive movements that involve the concatenation of discrete events such as tapping a finger. In contrast, these individuals perform comparably to controls when producing continuous repetitive movements. Based on this, we have proposed that the cerebellum plays a key role in event timing—the representation of the temporal relationship between salient events related to the movement (e.g., flexion onset or contact with a response surface). In the current study, we used fMRI to examine cerebellar activity during discrete and continuous rhythmic movements. Participants produced rhythmic movements with the index finger either …

Longitudinal Diagnostic Efficiency Of Dsm-Iv Criteria For Borderline Personality Disorder: A 2-Year Prospective Study, Carlos M. Grilo, Charles A. Sanislow, Andrew E. Skodol, John G. Gunderson, Robert L. Stout, Donna S. Bender, Shirley Yen, M. Tracie Shea, Leslie C. Morey, Mary C. Zanarini, Thomas H. Mcglashan

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of the DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD). METHODS: At baseline, we used semistructured diagnostic interviews to determine criteria and diagnoses; blinded assessments were performed 24 months later with 550 participants. Diagnostic efficiency indices (specifically, conditional probabilities, total predictive power, and kappa) were calculated for each criterion determined at baseline, with the independent BPD diagnosis at follow-up used as the standard. RESULTS: Longitudinal diagnostic efficiencies for the BPD criteria varied, with the criteria of suicidality or self-injury and unstable relationships demonstrating the most predictive utility. CONCLUSIONS: BPD criteria differ in their predictive …

Passing Encounters East And West: Comparing Japanese And American Pedestrian Interactions, Miles L. Patterson, Yuichi Iizuka, Mark E. Tubbs, Jennifer Ansel, Masao Tsutsumi, Jackie Anson

Miles Patterson

No abstract provided.

Bibliografia De La Antoni Tapies, Armando Silva

armando silva

Exposición sobre el proyecto de imaginarios urbanos de armando silva en la fundación Antoni Tapies de Barcelona, mayo del 20007

Bibliografia De La Antoni Tapies, Armando Silva

armando silva

Exposición sobre el proyecto de imaginarios urbanos de armando silva en la fundación Antoni Tapies de Barcelona, mayo del 20007

Natural Course Of Bulimia Nervosa And Of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified: 5-Year Prospective Study Of Remissions, Relapses, And The Effects Of Personality Disorder Psychopathology, Carlos M. Grilo, Maria E. Pagano, Andrew E. Skodol, Charles A. Sanislow, Thomas H. Mcglashan, John G. Gunderson, Robert L. Stout

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively the natural course of bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and to test for the effects of personality disorder psychopathology on remission and relapse.

METHOD: Subjects were 92 female patients with current bulimia nervosa (N = 23) or EDNOS (N = 69) at baseline enrollment in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Axis I psychiatric disorders (including eating disorders) were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Version, and personality disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV). The course of eating disorders was assessed …

14. Filial Dependency And Recantation Of Child Sexual Abuse Allegations., Lindsay C. Malloy, Thomas D. Lyon, Jodi A. Quas

Thomas D. Lyon

Nonverbal Behavior In A Global Context Dialogue Questions And Responses, Miles Patterson, Joann Montepare

Miles Patterson

No abstract provided.

Distinctions Between General And Personal Courage, Cynthia L. S. Pury, Robin M. Kowalski, Jana Spearman

Cynthia L. S. Pury

How courageous is an action? Perhaps it depends on the comparison group, with crucial differences between general courage, or actions that would be courageous for anyone, and personal courage, or actions that are courageous only for the particular actor. To explore these possible distinctions, 250 undergraduates (151 female) wrote about a time they acted courageously, then made multiple ratings of the action including personal and general courageousness. Actions high in general courage were taken with more confidence, less fear, and fewer personal limitations: actions high in personal courage were taken with more fear, despite greater difficulty. Both ratings and narrative …

Human Strengths, Courageous Actions, And General And Personal Courage, Cynthia L. S. Pury, Robin M. Kowalski

Cynthia L. S. Pury

College students (N = 298, 54% female) described a time when they acted courageously, then rated their courageous action on each of 24 Values in Action (VIA) strengths (Peterson & Seligman, 2004), and on general and personal courage (Pury, Kowalski, & Spearman, 2007). Three of the four strengths of Courage -- Persistence, Integrity, and Bravery -- had mean ranks placing them in the top five strengths, along with Hope, a strength of transcendence, and Kindness, a strength of humanity. Multiple strengths were associated with higher general courage (actions that would be courageous for anyone), lower personal courage (actions that are …

A Review Of Transformational Leadership Models And Its Linkage To The Scholarship/Practice/Leadership Model, Grace S. Thomson

Dr. Grace S. Thomson

The success of organizations is the result of a combination of factors: financial, material and technological resources, logistics, and human capital.

These factors are put together to achieve the desired goals consistent with the corporate mission. In this context, firms are in constant seeking of the best individuals who will lead and carry out this journey to success. These individuals are expected to have special characteristics that ensure that their actions will turn out into positive results for the organization. These extraordinary individuals are the leaders.

This document will present a discussion of four leadership theories, their similarities and differences …