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Articles 1 - 30 of 39
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Neuroimmunoendocrine Pathology And Cognitive Function In Type 2 Diabetes, Krista Wild
Neuroimmunoendocrine Pathology And Cognitive Function In Type 2 Diabetes, Krista Wild
Psychology Dissertations
Cognitive impairment among older adults with type 2 diabetes may worsen health outcomes via negative impact on compliance with medical self-care recommendations. Results of several previous studies indicate that cognitive deficits are present in older European American adults with type 2 diabetes under some conditions, particularly related to glucose dysregulation (as evidenced by high glycated hemoglobin, i.e., HbA1c). Despite the fact African Americans are disproportionately affected by diabetes and suffer significantly greater numbers of complications and more severe complications relative to European Americans, no published studies have examined cognitive functioning among older African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Further, …
The Therapist's Experience Of Feeling In Too Deep With A Client: A Phenomenological Exploration, Deborah Lynn Weisshaar
The Therapist's Experience Of Feeling In Too Deep With A Client: A Phenomenological Exploration, Deborah Lynn Weisshaar
Psychology Dissertations
Research regarding the experience of the psychotherapist in the therapeutic interaction is uncommon in scientific literature and rarer still in the literature of the U.S. When Freud recognized the therapist’s emotional experience in response to the client, he termed it countertransference and identified it as counterproductive to the analytic process. Later it was recognized as containing potentially useful information about the client. Despite a shift in academic concern away from the clinician’s experience, outcome studies have demonstrated the importance of the therapeutic relationship. If the therapist’s experience can help or hinder the relationship and, therefore, the process of therapy, it …
Estimating The Capacity Of Visual Short-Term Memory: A Transcranial Doppler Sonography Study, Natasha Ann Barrett
Estimating The Capacity Of Visual Short-Term Memory: A Transcranial Doppler Sonography Study, Natasha Ann Barrett
Psychology Theses
Estimates of the capacity of visuospatial short-term memory (VSTM) have ranged from less than 1 item to 4 +/- 1 items. The purpose of the present study was to find the capacity of VSTM by looking at the contribution of the other working memory systems (phonological loop and central executive) and determine the factor that limits VSTM capacity (either number of objects or object complexity). In this study, the psychophysiological measure of cerebral blood flow velocity also was incorporated to determine whether changes in cerebral blood flow velocity were indicative of VSTM performance and capacity. Both performance measures and cerebral …
Trauma Exposure And Behavioral Outcomes In Sheltered Homeless Children: The Moderating Role Of Perceived Social Support, Beryl Ann Cowan
Trauma Exposure And Behavioral Outcomes In Sheltered Homeless Children: The Moderating Role Of Perceived Social Support, Beryl Ann Cowan
Psychology Dissertations
This study examined the association between traumatic exposure and mental health outcomes in sheltered homeless children. Also investigated was the moderating role of perceived social support in the pathway between traumatic exposure and emotional distress. Trauma exposure was conceptualized in two ways: first through lifetime exposures to abuse, neglect, negative peers, community and interpersonal violence, and the loss of significant attachment figures, and; second through highly stressful events that occur s pecifically in the context of homelessness. Mental health outcomes included symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, aggression and posttraumatic stress. Perceived social support was measured through inventories of relationships with …
Timing Variables In Reading And Language: The Relation Of Naming Speed And Motor Speed To Auditory Temporal Processing, Cynthia M. Zettler
Timing Variables In Reading And Language: The Relation Of Naming Speed And Motor Speed To Auditory Temporal Processing, Cynthia M. Zettler
Psychology Dissertations
Naming speed, motor skill, and auditory temporal processing (ATP) are constructs that are important to reading and language. These variables require processing timing information inherent in the stimulus or processing stimuli rapidly. ATP deficits are found in individuals with reading impairments, but studies are conflicting regarding the relationship between reading and ATP. This study examined relationships between naming speed, motor speed, and ATP, and centered on possible factors why inconsistencies have occurred across studies examining the association between reading and ATP. If the timing element of naming speed (rapid automatized naming-RAN) and of motor speed is common to ATP, then …
Motor Control And Reading Fluency: Contributions Beyond Phonological Awareness And Rapid Automatized Naming In Children With Reading Disabilities., Christopher Blake Wolfe
Motor Control And Reading Fluency: Contributions Beyond Phonological Awareness And Rapid Automatized Naming In Children With Reading Disabilities., Christopher Blake Wolfe
Psychology Dissertations
Multiple domains of deficit have been proposed to account for the apparent reading failure of children with a reading disability. Deficits in both phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming are consistently linked with the development of a reading disability in young school age children. Less research, however, has sought to connect these two reading related processes to global theories of deficit, such as temporal processing deficits, in the explanation of reading fluency difficulties. This study sought to explore the relationship between aspects of temporal processing, as indexed through measures of motor fluency and control, and measures of reading related processes, …
Memory For "What", "Where", And "When" Information By Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) And Adult Humans, Megan L. Hoffman
Memory For "What", "Where", And "When" Information By Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) And Adult Humans, Megan L. Hoffman
Psychology Theses
The purpose for the present study was to examine working memory for what, where, and when information in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and adult humans using a computerized task. In Experiment 1, monkeys and humans completed three delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) tasks: 1) identity DMTS, 2) spatial DMTS, and 3) temporal DMTS. In Experiments 2, the identity and spatial tasks were combined so that monkeys had to report both what and where information about an event. In Experiment 3, the identity, spatial, and temporal tasks were combined in order to examine what-where-when memory integration. In Experiment 4, monkeys and humans were …
Self-Reported Inattention And Hyperactivity-Impulsivity As Predictors Of Attention Network Efficiency, Sanna Elina Lehtonen
Self-Reported Inattention And Hyperactivity-Impulsivity As Predictors Of Attention Network Efficiency, Sanna Elina Lehtonen
Psychology Dissertations
Previous research has shown that individuals endorsing inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity have deficient performance on tasks tapping different aspects of attention. Although there is empirical evidence suggesting that the behavioral domains of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity are linked to functioning of independent and separate brain areas and neurotransmitter systems, cognitive characterization of adults presenting with problems within these domains is not complete. The aim for this study was to identify the cognitive correlates of the core behavioral domains that define the diagnosis of AD/HD (i.e., inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity) in a sample of college students, utilizing a computerized attention task, the Attention Network …
Organizational Characteristics And Adolescent Political Development: Exploring The Experience Of Youth Activists In Youth Development Organizations, Michael N. Armstrong
Organizational Characteristics And Adolescent Political Development: Exploring The Experience Of Youth Activists In Youth Development Organizations, Michael N. Armstrong
Psychology Theses
Interest in youth civic engagement continues to increase and a small but growing group of organizations are seeking to get young people involved in political activism. At the same time, researchers are giving more attention to the features of adolescent settings and how they relate to the overall development of young people. What remains to be absent is a contextual understanding of how the characteristics of adolescent settings contribute specifically to political development. The purpose of this study is to identify organizational level characteristics of youth organizations that promote the political development of adolescents. Semi-structured interviews and grounded theory analysis …
Asian American Perceived Racism: Acculturation, Racial Identity, Social Context, And Sociopolitical Awareness As Predictors Of Asian American Perceived Racism, Jae Hyun (Julia) Lee
Asian American Perceived Racism: Acculturation, Racial Identity, Social Context, And Sociopolitical Awareness As Predictors Of Asian American Perceived Racism, Jae Hyun (Julia) Lee
Psychology Theses
Asian Americans are believed to be immune to social barriers and challenges, because of their successes in the U.S. society. This belief, also known as the model minority myth, has caused Americans including Asian Americans themselves to believe that they are not faced with social challenges such as racism. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship among acculturation, racial identity, social context and sociopolitical awareness. Series of multiple regressions were conducted to examine the predictive model. The findings suggested three plausible models of perceived racism among Asian Americans. First two models suggested that racism should be distinguished …
Exploring The Role Of Culture And Race In African American Adolescents, Obari Sipho Yohance Cartman
Exploring The Role Of Culture And Race In African American Adolescents, Obari Sipho Yohance Cartman
Psychology Theses
There are myriad definitions of the terms race, ethnicity and culture in social sciences literature. Often these terms are used interchangeably with no conceptual rationale. This study aims to contribute to our greater understanding of the similarities and differences between the conceptualization and use of race and culture as they are experienced by African American adolescents. Multiple regression analyses and factor analysis were conducted for 223 African American high school aged students who completed a survey about racial and ethnic identity and a variety of positive youth development outcomes. Results showed preliminary support for race and culture being distinguishable yet …
Gate Control Theory And Its Application In A Physical Intervention To Reduce Children's Pain During Immunization Injections, Jean Eleanor Mennuti-Washburn
Gate Control Theory And Its Application In A Physical Intervention To Reduce Children's Pain During Immunization Injections, Jean Eleanor Mennuti-Washburn
Psychology Theses
Vaccinations provide protection against deadly diseases and children are scheduled to receive many immunization injections before the age of six. However, painful procedures, such as immunizations cause negative short- and long-term consequences for children. The Gate Control Theory of Pain suggests that physical interventions may be helpful, but they have not yet been validated as an effective intervention to manage children’s acute pain. This randomized trial examined the effectiveness of the ShotBlocker®, a physical intervention designed to decrease children’s injection pain, in a sample of 89 4- to 12- year-old children receiving immunizations at a pediatric practice. An ANOVA revealed …
Mediational Effects Of Perceived Child Control And Parental Coping Assistance On Peer Problem Outcomes In Families Of Children With Developmental Disabilities, Kara E. Snead
Psychology Theses
Literature to date suggests that child coping is often a direct result of coping assistance provided by parents. Findings have not considered aspects of the stressor that may impact what the parent suggests; specifically, the child’s role, and the controllability of the stressor particularly for children with intellectual disabilities. The current study examines how the child’s disability status and parental perceptions of the child’s control over a peer problem influence the type of coping suggestions parents offer and how specific types of coping assistance affect the outcome of the coping situation. Results indicated that mothers of children with mental retardation …
Mechanisms Through Which Supportive Adult Relationships And Future Orientation Contribute To Positive Outcomes In Low-Income African-American Adolescents., Kimberley Anne Broomfield
Mechanisms Through Which Supportive Adult Relationships And Future Orientation Contribute To Positive Outcomes In Low-Income African-American Adolescents., Kimberley Anne Broomfield
Psychology Dissertations
Adolescents raised in impoverished environments are at substantial risk of making poor life decisions because they are often exposed to high levels of neighborhood violence and substance use, and attend under-resourced schools. Despite facing these risks, many youth experience adaptive developmental outcomes in the face of these challenges. Resilience literature identifies the presence of a supportive adult relationship and a positive future orientation (i.e., an optimistic conceptualization of the future) as factors related to decreases in negative outcomes and increases in positive outcomes among youth exposed to conditions of risk This study examined both mediation and moderation as possible mechanisms …
Disentangling Pathways Of Adolescent Sexual Risk From Problem Behavior Syndrome, Kathryn Amanda Brookmeyer
Disentangling Pathways Of Adolescent Sexual Risk From Problem Behavior Syndrome, Kathryn Amanda Brookmeyer
Psychology Dissertations
Understanding the development of adolescent sexual risk behavior is complicated by the co-occurrence of sexual risk with substance use and delinquency, conceptualized as “problem behavior syndrome,” with common causes and influences underlying all three problem behaviors (Jessor & Jessor, 1977). Explaining the development of sexual risk becomes even more complex given the changing patterns of adaptation and maladaptation over the course of adolescence (Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Research also suggests that multiple pathways may forecast adolescent engagement in sexual risk behavior, underscoring the ideas of equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti & Rogosh, 1996). To understand the diverse nature …
Humor Perception: The Contribution Of Cognitive Factors, Erin Baldwin
Humor Perception: The Contribution Of Cognitive Factors, Erin Baldwin
Psychology Dissertations
Most of the extant humor research has focused on humor comprehension with only a few studies investigating humor appreciation as a separate construct. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relation between humor and underlying cognitive processes. Literature on brain injured individuals has indicated that working memory, verbal and visual-spatial reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and concept formation are related to performance on comprehension tests of humor. In this study, cognitive processes underlying both verbal and nonverbal humor were investigated in a sample of healthy young adults. There is evidence that semantic and phonological humor are associated with different neural …
Effects Of Stigma, Sense Of Community, And Self-Esteem On The Hiv Sexual Risk Behaviors Of African American And Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men, Teresa Jacobs Finlayson
Effects Of Stigma, Sense Of Community, And Self-Esteem On The Hiv Sexual Risk Behaviors Of African American And Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men, Teresa Jacobs Finlayson
Psychology Dissertations
African-American and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionately large burden of the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. To further enhance HIV prevention efforts among men of color, a survey was conducted within New York City’s house ball community; a community largely comprised of racial and ethnic minority persons. Time-space sampling was adapted to recruit participants for the survey from venues frequented by members of the house ball community. Using logistic regression analysis, this study examined the effects of perceived stigma, enacted stigma, sense of community and self-esteem on unprotected anal intercourse …
Nonverbal Evidence Of Displaced Intergroup Affect, Patricia A. Mccord
Nonverbal Evidence Of Displaced Intergroup Affect, Patricia A. Mccord
Psychology Theses
This study examined the effects of racial insult on the propensity to either categorize or individuate outgroup members. Reaction times and self-reports measures were employed to gauge reactions to an insulting video. White and African American participants heard an insult, and then completed the Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT), as well as the Internal Motivation to Control Prejudice Scale (IMS) and the External Motivation to Control Prejudice Scale (IMS), the Motivation to Control Prejudice Scale (MCPRS) the Social Distance Scale (SDS), and made ratings on a feeling thermometer about the people in the insult video. African Americans showed more negative responses …
Developmental Trends In Social Cognition For Children With And Without Disabilities, Irene Ngai
Developmental Trends In Social Cognition For Children With And Without Disabilities, Irene Ngai
Psychology Theses
The purpose of this investigation was to explore the impact of disability status on age-related changes in social-information processing skills including children’s attributions of peer intent and response generation to hypothetical social scenarios may. SIP skills were evaluated using an adaptation of the Social Problem Solving Interview. One-hundred and seventeen children aged 7-13 years-old provided 1 to 4 sets of interview data, collected annually. The groups included 28 children with mental retardation, 56 with a specific learning disability, and 33 comparison children. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that both groups of children with disabilities demonstrated less cognitive flexibility than comparison children …
Revictimization: Advancing Theory And Method, Chantal Poister Tusher
Revictimization: Advancing Theory And Method, Chantal Poister Tusher
Psychology Dissertations
Revictimization, defined as victimization occurring at different points in time, has been found repeatedly in college, community, and clinical samples. Attempts to understand this relation have been theoretically and methodologically limited. Theoretically, most studies have considered only individual level characteristics such as personality traits, and methodologically, the variety of definitions and measures used makes comparisons difficult. This study investigated the effect of homelessness, an exosystem factor, as a moderator of the revictimization relation in a sample of 370 underserved women (191 in prison and 179 seeking healthcare at an urban, public hospital). A series of logistic regressions were conducted to …
Parental Stress And Its Relation To Parental Perceptions Of Communication Following Language Intervention, Ashlyn L. Smith
Parental Stress And Its Relation To Parental Perceptions Of Communication Following Language Intervention, Ashlyn L. Smith
Psychology Theses
Current research indicates that parents of children with developmental disabilities experience more parental stress than parents of typically developing children, yet most are able to successfully cope with the additional care giving demands. There has been little research however, on the role of the communication ability of children with developmental disabilities on parental stress. This study examined the effects of a parent-implemented language intervention on parental stress and its relation to parental perceptions of communication development in young toddlers (N = 59) and their parents. Results indicate that parent stress did not decrease significantly following language intervention. Parents’ perceptions about …
The Impact Of Stereotypes On Public Speaking Performance And Anxiety, Simon Y. Kim
The Impact Of Stereotypes On Public Speaking Performance And Anxiety, Simon Y. Kim
Psychology Dissertations
Public speaking anxiety is a common experience in both community and clinical populations and can have a negative impact on quality of life. Although contemporary treatments have been found to be effective, there is a lack of cultural relevance in existing theories and treatments. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of stereotypes, a culturally relevant variable, on public speaking performance and anxiety for African Americans and Asian Americans. Participants (N=97) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions where they either received feedback that was stereotype confirming or non-stereotype confirming. Analyses of variance procedures were …
Predictors Of Treatment Adherence In Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role Of Age, Body Satisfaction And Prospective Memory In Medication And Diet Behavior., Christina Helen Vlahou
Predictors Of Treatment Adherence In Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role Of Age, Body Satisfaction And Prospective Memory In Medication And Diet Behavior., Christina Helen Vlahou
Psychology Dissertations
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn’s disease & ulcerative colitis) is a chronic illness in which medication and dietary adherence may determine disease natural history and severity of symptoms. We hypothesized that age, prospective memory (PM) and body satisfaction would predict medication and dietary adherence in adolescents with IBD and that gender and age would modify the relation between body satisfaction and adherence, with older girls being less adherent than younger children. Fifty-seven participants aged 10-21 (M = 16.5, SD = 2.3) with IBD and their caregivers were recruited. Informed consent, demographics and body satisfaction questionnaires were completed. PM was assessed …
Trajectories Of Pure And Co-Occurring Internalizing And Externalizing Problems From Age 2 To Age 12: Findings From The Nichd Study Of Early Child Care, Kostas Andrea Fanti
Trajectories Of Pure And Co-Occurring Internalizing And Externalizing Problems From Age 2 To Age 12: Findings From The Nichd Study Of Early Child Care, Kostas Andrea Fanti
Psychology Dissertations
According to previous research, internalizing and externalizing problems tend to be comorbid or co-occur at different ages in development (Angold, Costello, & Erkanli, 1999). The question that this dissertation addresses is how and why internalizing and externalizing problems, two disorders that represent separate forms of psychopathology, co-occur in children. This is an important question for the developmental psychopathology perspective because an appreciation of the concept of co-occurrence is essential for explaining the development and taxonomy of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and for understanding the etiology and course of these symptoms (Achenbach, 1990). Attempts to explain co-occurrence have proposed that co-occurring …
Speaking While Black: The Relationship Between African Americans' Racial Identity, Fear Of Confirming Stereotypes, And Public Speaking Anxiety, Mayowa Obasaju
Speaking While Black: The Relationship Between African Americans' Racial Identity, Fear Of Confirming Stereotypes, And Public Speaking Anxiety, Mayowa Obasaju
Psychology Theses
Though the field of psychology is moving forward in its awareness of the importance of studying and addressing cultural issues, there is still a dearth of literature on the subject, especially in the area of anxiety (Heurtin-Roberts, Snowden, & Miller, 1997). The current study tested the following hypotheses 1) African-Americans’ self-reported concerns over confirming stereotypes would be related to their own self-reported levels of social anxiety. 2) There would be a negative relationship between how negatively African-Americans think others view African-Americans in general, and levels of social anxiety; 3) The relationship between public regard, concern over confirming stereotypes, and levels …
Cognitive Predictors Of Adaptive Functioning In Children With Tumors Of The Cerebellar And Third Ventricle Regions, Aimilia Papazoglou
Cognitive Predictors Of Adaptive Functioning In Children With Tumors Of The Cerebellar And Third Ventricle Regions, Aimilia Papazoglou
Psychology Theses
As pediatric brain tumor survival rates increase, research has begun to further explore the influence of brain tumors and their treatment on functioning. The current study explored the ability of attention, learning, and memory abilities as measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and receptive language abilities as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test to predict adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Children with tumors of the cerebellar region were hypothesized to display relative impairments in attention, whereas children with tumors of the third ventricle region were hypothesized to display relative impairments in learning and memory. …
Hiv Infection, Negative Life Events, And Intimate Relationship Power: The Moderating Role Of Community Resources For Black South African Women, Bethany Ketchen
Hiv Infection, Negative Life Events, And Intimate Relationship Power: The Moderating Role Of Community Resources For Black South African Women, Bethany Ketchen
Psychology Dissertations
Background: Black South Africans were forced to live under the oppressive regime of apartheid for more than four decades. This system of government not only restricted the economic and educational opportunities for Blacks, but it also marginalized women by encouraging the preservation of a violent, patriarchal society. As a result of a long history of nationalized oppression, Black women in South Africa continue to be an economically and socially vulnerable group. Their vulnerability is translated into limited intimate relationship power, which confers a host of health and safety risks. Thus, the current study explored whether negative life events and/or HIV …
The Psychosocial Adjustment Of Black South African Children Of Hiv-Infected Mothers, Frances L. Palin
The Psychosocial Adjustment Of Black South African Children Of Hiv-Infected Mothers, Frances L. Palin
Psychology Dissertations
Research from the U.S. suggests that maternal HIV-infection negatively impacts children's psychosocial functioning and that resources (e.g., the parent-child relationship) positively influence their adjustment to maternal HIV-infection. Although HIV-infection in South Africa is most prevalent among Black South African women, there is limited research examining its impact on their children. In addition, as these children are exposed to numerous socio-cultural stressors beyond those associated with HIV-infection, they are at particular risk for psychosocial difficulties. This study had two aims: 1) to evaluate whether maternal HIV-infection confers risk for psychosocial difficulties (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behaviors) among Black South African children; …
Complex Trauma Exposure And Psychological Outcomes In Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders, Samuel Joseph Fasulo
Complex Trauma Exposure And Psychological Outcomes In Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders, Samuel Joseph Fasulo
Psychology Dissertations
This study examined the extent to which the lifetime traumatic and stressful experiences of incarcerated youths cluster in meaningful and understandable ways. It also evaluated the differential effects of various types of these events on a variety of psychosocial outcomes for this population. The sample consisted of 185 incarcerated male and female adolescents (ages 12-19). Confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that an empirically-derived model based on negative event type (i.e., Community Violence, Interpersonal trauma/stress, and Loss) better predicted how negative life events group together on the Adolescent Stress and Trauma Exposure Questionnaire -Version 2 (ASTEQ-2) than the model based on …
Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) Maintain Learning Set Despite Second-Order Stimulus-Response Spatial Discontiguity, Michael J. Beran, David A. Washburn, Duane M. Rumbaugh
Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) Maintain Learning Set Despite Second-Order Stimulus-Response Spatial Discontiguity, Michael J. Beran, David A. Washburn, Duane M. Rumbaugh
Language Research Center
In many discrimination-learning tests, spatial separation between stimuli and response loci disrupts performance in rhesus macaques. However, monkeys are unaffected by such stimulusresponse spatial discontiguity when responses occur through joystick-based computerized movement of a cursor. To examine this discrepancy, five monkeys were tested on a learning-set task that required them to touch computer-graphic "levers" {which differed in location across experimental phases) with a cursor in order to select an associated test stimulus. The task produced both first-order (joystick and lever) and second-order (lever and stimuli) spatial discontiguity between the stimuli to be discriminated and the discriminative response. Performance was significantly …