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2021

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Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Holistic Well-Being And Humanitarian Workers During Covid-19: Concepts, Challenges, And Recommendations, Nicholas Sherwood Dec 2021

Holistic Well-Being And Humanitarian Workers During Covid-19: Concepts, Challenges, And Recommendations, Nicholas Sherwood

Biennial Conference: The Social Practice of Human Rights

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated conflict dynamics and humanitarian disasters around the world, including Syria, Yemen, and East Africa. Humanitarian efforts designed to address these dynamics and disasters are also falling prey to the fallout of COVID, most notably increases in psychological distress experienced by humanitarian workers (HW) operating on the front lines of humanitarian zones. As such, new and innovative practices must be explored to support HW as they continue their desperately needed work; this imperative is further bolstered by calls in international human rights-based documents (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant …

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Adapting Applied Behavior Analysis In Autism Intervention To Improve Individualized Education For Children With Autism, Elisabeth Alonso Nov 2021

Adapting Applied Behavior Analysis In Autism Intervention To Improve Individualized Education For Children With Autism, Elisabeth Alonso

Symposium of Student Scholars

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) intervention for children diagnosed with autism provides detailed assessments of the clients’ abilities and guides skill acquisition with the goal of transitioning the client, often into a typical school classroom. The lack of accessible autism training and access to knowledgeable ABA professionals in school settings prevents teachers from engaging with their students on the autism spectrum. Furthermore, this gap in training does not equip teachers to follow through with the research-based interventions to improve students’ quality of life. Teachers must have an understanding of ABA in layman’s terms to improve the child’s classroom functioning. This research …

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Understanding The Dynamics Of Human Reliance And Trust On Automation, Carlos E. Bustamante Orellana, Lucero Rodriguez Rodriguez, Jordy Cevallos Chavez, Yun Kang Nov 2021

Understanding The Dynamics Of Human Reliance And Trust On Automation, Carlos E. Bustamante Orellana, Lucero Rodriguez Rodriguez, Jordy Cevallos Chavez, Yun Kang

Annual Symposium on Biomathematics and Ecology Education and Research

No abstract provided.

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Sentiment Analysis Of Radicalization On Social Media, Anna Singley Nov 2021

Sentiment Analysis Of Radicalization On Social Media, Anna Singley

Annual Symposium on Biomathematics and Ecology Education and Research

No abstract provided.

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Gender Performance And Political Identity At The Jan. 6 Capitol Riot, Emma E. Newton Nov 2021

Gender Performance And Political Identity At The Jan. 6 Capitol Riot, Emma E. Newton

Three Minute Thesis (3MT®) at UNI

The January 6th riot on the U.S. Capitol Building was heavily documented with recorded videos and photos, not just by mainstream news sources but by the rioters themselves. Rioters’ videos uploaded to social media, particularly the conservative-focused website Parler, provide a lens into performances of gender as they intersect with political identity, revealing new ways that communication studies scholars can understand how conservative arguments are constructed within gender performance. In this thesis, I rhetorically analyze rioters’ videos uploaded to Parler using a lens of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity, and further outline a conservative masculine and feminine performance of the …

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International Conference On Psychology, University For Business And Technology - Ubt Oct 2021

International Conference On Psychology, University For Business And Technology - Ubt

UBT International Conference

UBT Annual International Conference is the 9th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent …

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P-13 Predictors Of General Education Teachers Self-Efficacy For Educating Students With Asd, Renette Portecop-Prentice Oct 2021

P-13 Predictors Of General Education Teachers Self-Efficacy For Educating Students With Asd, Renette Portecop-Prentice

Celebration of Research and Creative Scholarship

This study examines the influence of ASD-specific training or professional development, peer observations, feedback from consultation/collaboration and teacher attitudes on general education teacher’s self-efficacy beliefs for educating students with ASD, as well as whether knowledge mediates the effect of professional development on teacher self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that the proposed theoretical model of teacher self-efficacy for educating students with ASD will fit an empirical model based on collected data. Data from 536 participants have been collected and are being analyzed. Preliminary results suggest that the hypothesized model does not fit the empirical model. However, the factors appearing to have the …

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Fostering Perceived Organizational Support During Organizational Change, Linda Shanock, Joann Shehani Peiris, Alexandra M. Dunn, Haley Woznyj Oct 2021

Fostering Perceived Organizational Support During Organizational Change, Linda Shanock, Joann Shehani Peiris, Alexandra M. Dunn, Haley Woznyj

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Dealing with change is a regular occurrence for organizations these days. Whether organizations must react to an unplanned change or have time to proactively think through the implementation of a planned change, it is important for organizational representatives (e.g., supervisors, executives, HR professionals) to recognize that the change can and will affect their employees. No matter the type of change, employees are likely to feel uncertainty, anxiety, and stress through the change process and may also think of quitting. Despite literature pointing out that support can be helpful during change, there is not much literature on how employees feel supported …

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Increasing Incident Reporting Through Influencing Risk Perception, Catherine Parks, Veda Gopal Oct 2021

Increasing Incident Reporting Through Influencing Risk Perception, Catherine Parks, Veda Gopal

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Organizations commonly use data to predict future safety injuries through trending data reported by workers in daily interactions with hazards and risks. Trends in these “leading indicators” can then lead to efficacious subsequent intervention. However, this practice is rendered inoperable when no hazards and risks are reported. Many organizations seek to remedy poor reporting practices internally. It is not uncommon for corporate safety compliance teams to identify recurrent incident themes and launch focus initiatives to elicit more awareness and reporting in these areas with the ultimate goal of mitigating additional injuries. However, it is unclear whether such initiatives lead to …

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Nissan Motor Corporation: Talent Acquisition From A New Perspective, Kaitlyn Berry Oct 2021

Nissan Motor Corporation: Talent Acquisition From A New Perspective, Kaitlyn Berry

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Nissan Motor Corporation is a large, international organization that continues to be a major employer in the Middle Tennessee area, supporting over 11,500 jobs. I secured an internship with the Talent Acquisition team supporting the operations of the team at Nissan's Americas headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee. Although most Nissan internships are filled no later than February, I found and applied to a posting in mid-March. I completed a brief phone screen with the internship recruiter before a larger interview with the Senior Manager of Talent Acquisition and another Recruiting Manager. The original placement was from May 10th through August 13th …

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Ardent Health Services Organizational Development Team Internship Experience, Anna White Oct 2021

Ardent Health Services Organizational Development Team Internship Experience, Anna White

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Ardent Health Services is a healthcare investment company. It includes 30 geographically dispersed hospitals and a corporate office, totaling approximately 26,000 employees. I worked on the corporate organizational development team, which is responsible for performance management, employee surveys, and training. I found the position through a master’s program alumni connection and underwent an interview process. The two major projects I contributed to are an employee experience pulse survey and a voluntary turnover project using exit survey data. For the survey, I created a communications plan targeting various groups in the organization and including multiple communications methods. These were intentionally spread …

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The Effect Of Cross-Cultural Engagement On Intercultural Sensitivity Levels In Monolingual And Multilingual Individuals, Nicole Yoo, David Earnest Oct 2021

The Effect Of Cross-Cultural Engagement On Intercultural Sensitivity Levels In Monolingual And Multilingual Individuals, Nicole Yoo, David Earnest

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Interculturally sensitive individuals are more confident when it comes to intercultural interaction (Chen et al, 2000). For today’s globalized work force, intercultural interaction is common, making interculturally sensitive employees necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of cross-cultural engagement on intercultural sensitivity, and to determine if monolingual and multilingual individuals have a greater increase in intercultural sensitivity. While many organizations understand the importance of having interculturally sensitive employees, there is not much information on how intercultural sensitivity is increased. Cross-cultural engagement can facilitate a positive view of an unknown culture (Marginean et al, 2019). Studies show …

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Lgbtq+ Leadership: Benefits Of Breaking Boundaries In The Workplace, Aarti Polavarapu, Jamie Forman, Nicholas P. Salter Oct 2021

Lgbtq+ Leadership: Benefits Of Breaking Boundaries In The Workplace, Aarti Polavarapu, Jamie Forman, Nicholas P. Salter

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

With the increasing emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) at work, it is imperative to learn about the experiences of LGBTQ+ leaders, about which there is still a dearth of research. Most of the existing literature has focused on the challenges members of the LGBTQ+ community face at work. In this study, we wanted to identify both the positive aspects of being an LGBTQ+ leader and the benefits brought to the workplace by individuals that hold both leadership positions and an LGBTQ+ identity. This study was a part of a larger project examining the experiences of LGBTQ+ leaders. We …

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Being Annoyingly High In Psychological Safety: An Internship, Alex Lewis Oct 2021

Being Annoyingly High In Psychological Safety: An Internship, Alex Lewis

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

I began my internship with Talent Metrics after seeing the posting on LinkedIn for a remote Summer consulting research internship. I was immediately intrigued because after submitting my resume I was asked to complete a general I-O knowledge test along with providing a work sample of my writing. While I had samples available from class, they asked for me to generate one related to information they provided, which I thought was a cool way of evening the playing field if an applicant did not have a suitable work sample. After interviewing, I was extended an offer after a conversation of …

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‘Should I Stay Or Should I Go?’ Investigating Recruitment And Retention At Sustainable Organizations, Mackenzie Law, Madison Sexton, Erik Mediros, Amanda Lillie, Luke Vavricka, Kelly Mccarthy, Arman Shahi, Teague Vreeland, Braxton Lee, Andrew Webb Oct 2021

‘Should I Stay Or Should I Go?’ Investigating Recruitment And Retention At Sustainable Organizations, Mackenzie Law, Madison Sexton, Erik Mediros, Amanda Lillie, Luke Vavricka, Kelly Mccarthy, Arman Shahi, Teague Vreeland, Braxton Lee, Andrew Webb

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

As the private sector continues to come under scrutiny from stakeholders for sustainability behaviors, it has become increasingly important to effectively assess the cost-benefit of sustainable corporate social responsibility (Stahl et al., 2020). The increasing value for sustainability has led to a reassessment of the bottom line that includes people, planet, and traditional notions of profit. The widespread adoption of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics and ratings (Howard-Grenville, 2021) demonstrates that organizations need to strive to perform to maintain competitive relevance. However, the question remains, how do industry professionals assess the value of implementing sustainability in organizations? HR professionals, …

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Hazard Closing Actions In Predicting Safety Incidents, Isabella Lopez, Haley Henderson, Jacob Ledford, Shawn Bergman, Timothy Ludwig, Yalcin Acikgoz Oct 2021

Hazard Closing Actions In Predicting Safety Incidents, Isabella Lopez, Haley Henderson, Jacob Ledford, Shawn Bergman, Timothy Ludwig, Yalcin Acikgoz

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Predictive analytics is a tool to be used in a number of areas including organizational health and safety. This proposal will explain how predictive analytics will be applied to an organization's health and safety data to understand the circumstances that lead to a construction injury. Specifically, this proposal examines time lags between when a hazard is reported by a front-line worker/foreman and the time it takes to mitigate the hazard and administratively “close out” the hazard report. We hypothesize that construction sites that take a longer time between opening and closing a hazard will have had more incidents of injury …

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Retaining Employees Through And Beyond Pregnancy: The Importance Of Career Encouragement And Career Engagement, Sarah Iverstine, Alexandra Zelin Oct 2021

Retaining Employees Through And Beyond Pregnancy: The Importance Of Career Encouragement And Career Engagement, Sarah Iverstine, Alexandra Zelin

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

With the influx of women into the workplace over the past few decades, researchers have often focused on how women struggle at work due to pregnancy and the physical changes their body goes through (Draper, 2006). Working women who become pregnant are often perceived as not dedicated, distracted from their work, and more likely to not return to work. Furthermore, they are often overlooked for promotions, bonuses, and awards because they are perceived as uncommitted (Wiese & Ritter, 2012). However, researchers have often overlooked the extent to which career encouragement and career engagement can impact a women’s career, especially for …

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Do Psychology Students Know The Job Skills They Are Gaining?, Mark Allen, Jordan Woodward, Cori Ferguson, Alexa Sterling, Shawn Bergman Oct 2021

Do Psychology Students Know The Job Skills They Are Gaining?, Mark Allen, Jordan Woodward, Cori Ferguson, Alexa Sterling, Shawn Bergman

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Psychology graduates experience high levels of underemployment (50%), despite obtaining a range of competencies during their undergraduate studies that are highly applicable to their professional development and future endeavors in the workforce (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2021; Landrum et al., 2017). Throughout psychology courses, undergraduate students gain a number of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that are sought after by employers. This study seeks to determine whether these underemployment rates are, in part, due to a lack of guidance from universities on how their curriculum and KSAOs taught connect to the workforce (Halonen & Dunn, 2018). …

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Linking Psychology Curriculum With Career Skills, Aidan Todd, Paige Farmer, Taylor Bott, Megan Hineline, Jenna Hochstetler, Shawn Bergman Oct 2021

Linking Psychology Curriculum With Career Skills, Aidan Todd, Paige Farmer, Taylor Bott, Megan Hineline, Jenna Hochstetler, Shawn Bergman

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

A psychology degree remains a popular option for undergraduate students. This demonstrates the appeal of a degree that pertains to an understanding of social constructs, individual motivation, statistical analysis, research design, and problem-solving. Notwithstanding the numerous skills undergraduate psychology students gain in their studies, they remain chronically underemployed in the workforce. A possible explanation for the underemployment of undergraduate students involves a closer look at the transferable skills acquired by undergraduate psychology core courses. It is the intent of this study to grasp a better understanding of what knowledge, skills, and abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) students gain from undergraduate …

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Dart: Data Analytics Readiness Tool, Nicholas Granowsky, Daphne Slusher, Ava Young, Yalcin Acikgoz, Shawn Bergman, Timothy Ludwig, Taylor Berry Oct 2021

Dart: Data Analytics Readiness Tool, Nicholas Granowsky, Daphne Slusher, Ava Young, Yalcin Acikgoz, Shawn Bergman, Timothy Ludwig, Taylor Berry

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Various obstacles such as a lack of analytics readiness (e.g. disparate databases, missing data, low validity) or competencies (e.g. personnel capable of cleaning data and running analyses) are causing underutilization of analytics in organizations. A safety-analytics maturity assessment such as the Data Analytics Readiness Tool (DART) can assist organizations with understanding their current capabilities. Organizations can then advance their analytics capabilities to eventually predict safety incidents and identify preventative measures for specific risk variables. The proposed safety-analytics assessment evaluates: (a) quality of the data currently available, (b) organizational norms around data collection, scaling, and nomenclature, (c) foundational infrastructure for technological …

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Quality Or Quantity: Using Natural Language Processing As To Assess Safety Checklist Quality, Jacob Leslie, Elizabeth Surratt, Charles Matthews, Shawn Bergman, Timothy Ludwig, Yalcin Acikgoz Oct 2021

Quality Or Quantity: Using Natural Language Processing As To Assess Safety Checklist Quality, Jacob Leslie, Elizabeth Surratt, Charles Matthews, Shawn Bergman, Timothy Ludwig, Yalcin Acikgoz

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Occupational injuries extract a large social and economic toll on workers and companies alike. Behavior-based safety (BBS) is a method for reducing workplace accidents by identifying at-risk behaviors and reinforcing safe behaviors. BBS requires the direct observation and collection of specific behaviors (pinpoints) by managers and coworkers to be effective. Observers record their findings on behavioral checklists that contain free- and fixed-response items. Literature shows that behavioral checklists are more effective when done at a measured pace, when responses to the checklists are varied, when greater context is given by free response, and when checklist items are more specific. While …

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The Role Of Race On The Prevalence Of And Perceived Response To Workplace Sexual Harassment, Alexa Sterling, Jacqueline Bergman, Kristl Davison, Shawn Bergman Oct 2021

The Role Of Race On The Prevalence Of And Perceived Response To Workplace Sexual Harassment, Alexa Sterling, Jacqueline Bergman, Kristl Davison, Shawn Bergman

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Utilizing an intersectional approach to understand the convergence of sexual harassment (SH) and race in the workplace, this study will explore the following research questions: Do people of color experience greater rates of workplace SH, specifically when committed by non-minority perpetrators? Do people of color report and perceive that SH complaints are taken seriously by their organization? Based on the notion of double jeopardy, that various factors of identity have a multiplicative effect on experienced discrimination, it is expected that minority members are more likely to experience SH and less likely to report, and if they report, they will perceive …

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Engagement, Perceived Leadership Effectiveness, And Performance As Predictors Of Voluntary And Involuntary Turnover Among Nurses, Anna White, Glenn Littlepage Oct 2021

Engagement, Perceived Leadership Effectiveness, And Performance As Predictors Of Voluntary And Involuntary Turnover Among Nurses, Anna White, Glenn Littlepage

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Turnover is costly to organizations due to lost productivity and employee replacement expenses. Nurses have particularly high voluntary turnover rates and are in high demand. The purpose of the research project is to examine predictors of voluntary and involuntary turnover among nurses. Hypotheses are that engagement and positive perceptions of leadership will be negatively related to voluntary turnover and stronger predictors of voluntary than involuntary turnover. Additionally, performance rating will be negatively related to involuntary turnover and a stronger predictor of involuntary than voluntary turnover. Data will be collected from several thousand nurses at geographically dispersed hospitals owned by a …

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Looking For A More Effective Online Learning Experience: Personality And Attention Ability As Moderators, Caroline Smith, Courtney Keim Oct 2021

Looking For A More Effective Online Learning Experience: Personality And Attention Ability As Moderators, Caroline Smith, Courtney Keim

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Historically, organizations have used in-person training, while sometimes relying on technology (e.g., pre-recorded tapes), to train employees. However, online instruction has become the preferred method of educational and organizational learning experiences, exacerbated by the COVID pandemic (Use, 2020). Sometimes online learning produces greater knowledge gain and similar satisfaction to in-person instruction, and other times the learning is equal (cf. Sitzmann, et al., 2006). Despite the assumption that online training is cheaper and easier to deliver, it should be implemented so that the technology allows for effective learning (Salas et al., 2012, emphasis added) and in ways that accommodate disabilities (Use, …

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The Relationship Between Occupational Category And Workplace Aggression: Workaholism As A Potential Moderator, Trevor Skinner, Shahnaz Aziz Phd Oct 2021

The Relationship Between Occupational Category And Workplace Aggression: Workaholism As A Potential Moderator, Trevor Skinner, Shahnaz Aziz Phd

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Work environments are ever-changing and differ between blue- and white-collar employees. Our goal is to investigate the relationship between occupational category, workplace aggression, and workaholism. The work environment hypothesis emphasizes the role of workplace contextual factors and the work environment on workplace aggression (Salin, 2015). Occupational category, which includes blue- and white-collar positions, is one such work environmental factor. Blue-collar positions are described using manual labor (Finstad et al., 2019), while white-collar positions deal with information rather than things (Anjum & Parvez, 2013). Workplace aggression is the intentional acts by individuals to harm others in an organization or the organization …

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What Do You Mean By ‘Safe’?: Embedding Granularity Into A Global Threads Company’S Safety Recording Practices, Catherine Parks, Veda Gopal Oct 2021

What Do You Mean By ‘Safe’?: Embedding Granularity Into A Global Threads Company’S Safety Recording Practices, Catherine Parks, Veda Gopal

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Organizations use data to predict future safety incidents through identifying trends and subsequent interventions. However, a lack of data variability can prove fatal to analytics, as it gives no opportunity to capitalize on discrepancies that should exist in everyday working environments. Without the ability to use data to correlate safety incidents and associated factors, targeted safety interventions become more difficult to implement effectively. A solution to this obstacle lies in reassessing current data-collection practices and directly providing an opportunity for greater variance. Thus, we recently worked to enhance the safety recording practices at production facilities of a global threads manufacturing …

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Utc Industrial-Organizational Psychology Alumni Mentoring Program: Fostering Connections Across I-O Generations, Ashton Adams, Celeste Bremmer, Ali Corominas, Christopher J. L. Cunningham Oct 2021

Utc Industrial-Organizational Psychology Alumni Mentoring Program: Fostering Connections Across I-O Generations, Ashton Adams, Celeste Bremmer, Ali Corominas, Christopher J. L. Cunningham

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

The UTC I-O Psychology Graduate Program developed an alumni mentoring program to foster connections between current graduate students and alumni. The program, led by a student coordinator, alumni coordinator, and graduate program director, creates a mutually beneficial opportunity for students and alumni. Alumni (mentors) gain skills in coaching and mentoring, expand their network, and gain insights on current trends and research. Students (mentees) gain skills in networking and taking charge of their own development, and gain insights on how to apply evidence-based practices in the field. Successes of the program include building students’ confidence in their ability to translate class …

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I/O Psychology Connections In Healthcare And Simulation Based Education - Center For Learning And Innovation, Brianna M. Billotti Oct 2021

I/O Psychology Connections In Healthcare And Simulation Based Education - Center For Learning And Innovation, Brianna M. Billotti

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Administrative Intern, Research Assistant The Center for Learning and Innovation Northwell Health 1979 Marcus Ave New Hyde Park, NY 11042 The goal of this poster is to share the experience of a graduate student in I/O Psychology interning in healthcare and researching simulation-based education. Hofstra University’s graduate program in Industrial/Organizational Psychology works closely with Northwell Health’s Center for Learning and Innovation to assist students in completing internship requirements, fostering their unique affiliated professional partnership. Northwell Health is New York’s largest healthcare provider with more than 76,000 employees in 23 hospitals and 830 outpatient facilities.1,2 The Center for Learning and Innovation …

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Identifying And Analyzing Astronomers' Preferences For The Next Decade Of Nasa, Sheri Leder, Kristin Weger, Bryan Mesmer Oct 2021

Identifying And Analyzing Astronomers' Preferences For The Next Decade Of Nasa, Sheri Leder, Kristin Weger, Bryan Mesmer

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

In our research, we investigated the preferences of students and professionals in the astronomy and astrophysics communities to better understand what space-based missions and research activities the scientific community would most likely prioritize for the NASA Decadal Survey. The decadal is conducted by the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to address past and present research as well as changes in civil policy, new programs, and how the community may respond to the results, among other topics of interest. The aim of the current research is to survey preferences in the astronomy and astrophysics community to better …

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Motivational Drivers Of Heavy Work Investment: Intercultural Comparison Between Usa And Middle East, Lydia Garas, Shahnaz Aziz Oct 2021

Motivational Drivers Of Heavy Work Investment: Intercultural Comparison Between Usa And Middle East, Lydia Garas, Shahnaz Aziz

River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference

Heavy work investment (HWI) is the framework developed by Snir and Harpaz (2009, 2012, 2015) to differentiate between two overlapping concepts—workaholism and work engagement. While both entail spending considerable time and effort at work, workaholism involves an underlying internal compulsion and is the negative subtype of HWI, while work engagement includes passion and work enjoyment, and thus is the positive subtype of HWI (Clark et al., 2016; Snir & Harpaz, 2009). More focus has been given to outcomes of HWI types rather than their underlying motives (Taris et al., 2014; van Beek et al., 2012). Also, the scarcity of random …

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