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- Inequity (4)
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- Depression (2)
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- Conformity (1)
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- Disordered Eating (1)
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Articles 1 - 20 of 20
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Own And Others’ Prior Experiences Influence Children’S Imitation Of Causal Acts, Rebecca Williamson, Andrew N. Meltzoff
Own And Others’ Prior Experiences Influence Children’S Imitation Of Causal Acts, Rebecca Williamson, Andrew N. Meltzoff
Psychology Faculty Publications
Young children learn from others’ examples, and do so selectively. Here we examine whether the efficacy of prior experience influences children’s tendency to imitate. 36-‐ month-‐olds received prior experience on a causal learning task. The children either performed the task themselves or watched an adult perform it. The nature of the experience was systematically manipulated such that the actor had either an easy or a difficult experience solving the task. Next, a second adult demonstrated an innovative technique for solving the task. Children who had a difficult first-‐person experience and those who had witnessed another person having a difficult time …
An Evolutionary Perspective On Morality, Sarah F. Brosnan
An Evolutionary Perspective On Morality, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Moral behavior and concern for others are sometimes argued to set humans apart from other species. However, there is some evidence that humans are not the only animal species to possess these characteristics. Work from behavioral biology and neuroscience has indicated that some of these traits are present in other species, including other primates. Studying these behaviors in other species can inform us about the evolutionary trajectory of morality, either helping understand how the behaviors evolved and which environmental characteristics were critical for their emergence. While this evolutionary approach to human behavior is not always well received, a brief historical …
Comparative Economics: Responses To The Assurance Game In Monkeys, Apes, And Humans Using Equivalent Procedures, Sarah F. Brosnan, Audrey Parrish, Michael J. Beran, Timothy Flemming, Lisa Heimbauer, Catherine Talbot, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro, Bart J. Wilson
Comparative Economics: Responses To The Assurance Game In Monkeys, Apes, And Humans Using Equivalent Procedures, Sarah F. Brosnan, Audrey Parrish, Michael J. Beran, Timothy Flemming, Lisa Heimbauer, Catherine Talbot, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro, Bart J. Wilson
Psychology Faculty Publications
There is great interest in the evolution of economic behavior. In typical studies, species are asked to play one of a series of economic games, derived from game theory, and their responses are compared. The advantage of this approach is the relative level of consistency and control that emerges from the games themselves; however in the typical experiment, procedures and conditions differ widely, particularly between humans and other species. Thus, in the current study we investigated how three primate species, capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans, played the Assurance (or Stag Hunt) Game using procedures which were, to the best of …
The Role Of Psychological Flexibility In The Relationship Between Self-Concealment And Disordered Eating Symptoms, Akihiko Masuda, M. S. Boone, C. A. Timko
The Role Of Psychological Flexibility In The Relationship Between Self-Concealment And Disordered Eating Symptoms, Akihiko Masuda, M. S. Boone, C. A. Timko
Psychology Faculty Publications
The present cross-sectional study investigated whether psychological flexibility mediates the association between self-concealment and disordered eating (DE) symptoms among non-clinical college students. Data of 209 male and female participants (nfemale = 165), aged 18-22 years old, were used for analyses. Self-concealment was found to be positively associated with DE symptoms (i.e., general eating disorder symptoms and eating disorder-related cognitions) and negatively associated with psychological flexibility. Psychological flexibility was inversely associated with DE symptoms. Finally, psychological flexibility was found to mediate the association between self-concealment and DE symptoms after accounting for gender, ethnic background, and body mass index (BMI).
Psychological Flexibility Mediates The Relation Between Self-Concealment And Negative Psychological Outcomes., Akihiko Masuda, P. L. Anderson, J. W. Wendell, Matthew Price, A. B. Feinstein, Y. Chou
Psychological Flexibility Mediates The Relation Between Self-Concealment And Negative Psychological Outcomes., Akihiko Masuda, P. L. Anderson, J. W. Wendell, Matthew Price, A. B. Feinstein, Y. Chou
Psychology Faculty Publications
Consisting of two cross-sectional studies, the present study investigated whether psychological flexibility mediates the relations between self-concealment and negative psychological outcomes. Study 1 examined whether psychological flexibility mediates the relations between self-concealment and emotional distress in stressful interpersonal situations. In addition to replicating results of Study 1, Study 2 investigated whether psychological flexibility mediates the relationship between self-concealment and general psychological ill-health. Psychological flexibility was found to mediate the relation between self-concealment and emotional distress in stressful interpersonal settings and to partially mediate the relationship between self-concealment and general psychological ill-health.
Measuring Children’S Perceptions Of Their Mother’S Depression: The Children’S Perceptions Of Others’ Depression Scale – Mother Version, Sherryl H. Goodman, Erin C. Tully, Corey L. Hartman, Arin M. Connell, Myoyeon Huh
Measuring Children’S Perceptions Of Their Mother’S Depression: The Children’S Perceptions Of Others’ Depression Scale – Mother Version, Sherryl H. Goodman, Erin C. Tully, Corey L. Hartman, Arin M. Connell, Myoyeon Huh
Psychology Faculty Publications
Several theoretical perspectives suggest that knowledge of children’s perceptions of and beliefs about their parents’ depression may be critical for understanding its impact on children. This paper describes the development and preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of a new measure, the Children’s Perceptions of Others’ Depression – Mother Version (CPOD-MV), which assesses theoretically- and empirically driven constructs related to children’s understanding and beliefs about their mothers’ depression. These constructs include children’s perceptions of the severity, chronicity, and impairing nature of their mothers’ depression; self-blame for their mother’s depression; and beliefs about their abilities to deal with their mother's depression …
Associations Among Perceptual Anomalies, Social Anxiety, And Paranoia In A College Student Sample, Erin B. Tone
Associations Among Perceptual Anomalies, Social Anxiety, And Paranoia In A College Student Sample, Erin B. Tone
Psychology Faculty Publications
Recent evidence suggests that normal-range paranoid ideation may be particularly likely to arise in individuals disposed to both social anxiety and perceptual anomalies. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that among college students in an unselected sample, social anxiety and experience of perceptual anomalies would not only each independently predict the experience of self-reported paranoid ideation, but would also interact to predict paranoid patterns of thought. A diverse sample of 644 students completed a large battery of self-report measures, as well as the five-factor Paranoia/Suspiciousness Questionnaire (PSQ). We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting scores on each PSQ …
Neurocognitive Predictors Of Reading Outcomes For Children With Reading Disabilities, Jan Frijters, Maureen Lovett, Karen Steinbach, Maryanne Wolf, Rose Sevcik, Robin D. Morris
Neurocognitive Predictors Of Reading Outcomes For Children With Reading Disabilities, Jan Frijters, Maureen Lovett, Karen Steinbach, Maryanne Wolf, Rose Sevcik, Robin D. Morris
Psychology Faculty Publications
This study reports on several specific neurocognitive process predictors of reading outcomes for a sample of 278 children with reading disabilities. Three categories of response (i.e., poor, average, and good) were formed via growth curve models of six reading outcomes. Two nested discriminant function analyses were conducted to evaluate the predictive capability of the following models: (a) an intervention and phonological processing model that included intervention group, phonological awareness, and rapid naming and (b) an additive cognitive neuropsychological model that included measures of memory, visual processes, and cognitive or intellectual functioning. Over and above the substantial explanatory power of the …
Making Hiv Prevention Programming Count: Identifying Predictors Of Success In A Parent-Based Hiv Prevention Program For Youth, Kim S. Miller, Rex Forehand, Ryan Wiegand, Amy M. Fasula, Lisa Armistead, Nicholas Long, Sarah C. Wyckoff
Making Hiv Prevention Programming Count: Identifying Predictors Of Success In A Parent-Based Hiv Prevention Program For Youth, Kim S. Miller, Rex Forehand, Ryan Wiegand, Amy M. Fasula, Lisa Armistead, Nicholas Long, Sarah C. Wyckoff
Psychology Faculty Publications
Predictors of change in the number of sexual topics parents discussed and responsiveness during sex communication with their preadolescent after participating in a five-session sexual risk reduction intervention for parents were examined. Data were from 339 African American parents of preadolescents enrolled in the intervention arm of a randomized-controlled trial of the Parents’ Matter! Program (PMP). Four categories of predictors of success were examined: time and resource constraints, personal characteristics, the parent-child relationship, and parent perceptions of child readiness for sex communication. There were only sporadic associations between success and time and resource constraints for either outcome. Parent perception of …
A Hypothesis Of The Co-Evolution Of Cooperation And Inequity, Sarah F. Brosnan
A Hypothesis Of The Co-Evolution Of Cooperation And Inequity, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Recent evidence demonstrates that humans are not the only species to respond negatively to inequitable outcomes which are to their disadvantage. Several species respond negatively if they subsequently receive a less good reward than a social partner for completing the same task. While these studies suggest that the negative response to inequity is not a uniquely human behavior, they do not provide a functional explanation for the emergence of these responses due to similar characteristics among these species. However, emerging data support the hypothesis that an aversion to inequity is a mechanism to promote successful long-term cooperative relationships amongst non-kin. …
Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus) Do Not Form Expectations Based On Their Partner’S Outcomes, Sarah F. Brosnan, Timothy Flemming, Catherine F. Talbot, Laura Mayo, Tara Stoinski
Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus) Do Not Form Expectations Based On Their Partner’S Outcomes, Sarah F. Brosnan, Timothy Flemming, Catherine F. Talbot, Laura Mayo, Tara Stoinski
Psychology Faculty Publications
Several primate species form expectations based on other’s outcomes. These individuals respond negatively when their outcomes differ from their partners’. The function and evolutionary pathway of this behavior are unknown, in part because all of the species which have thus far shown the response have similar life history patterns. In particular, all share traits related to a gregarious lifestyle, intelligence, and cooperativeness. The goal of the current paper was to test whether inequity is a homology among primates or a convergence based on some other characteristic by comparing one species known to show social comparisons, the chimpanzee, to another great …
Property In Non-Human Primates, Sarah F. Brosnan
Property In Non-Human Primates, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Property is rare in most nonhuman primates, most likely because their lifestyles are not conducive to it. Nonetheless, just because these species do not frequently maintain property does not mean that they lack the propensity to do so. Primates show respect for possession, as well as behaviors related to property, such as irrational decision making regarding property (e.g. the endowment effect) and barter. The limiting factor in species other than humans is likely the lack of social and institutional controls for maintaining property. By comparing primates and humans, we gain a better understanding of how human property concepts have evolved.
Chimpanzees’ Socially Maintained Food Preferences Indicate Both Conservatism And Conformity, Lydia M. Hopper, Steven J. Schapiro, Susan P. Lambeth, Sarah F. Brosnan
Chimpanzees’ Socially Maintained Food Preferences Indicate Both Conservatism And Conformity, Lydia M. Hopper, Steven J. Schapiro, Susan P. Lambeth, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Chimpanzees remain fixed on a single strategy, even if a novel, more efficient, strategy is introduced. Previous studies reporting such findings have incorporated paradigms in which chimpanzees learn one behavioural method and then are shown a new one that the chimpanzees invariably do not adopt. This study provides the first evidence that chimpanzees show such conservatism even when the new method employs the identical required behaviour as the first, but for a different reward. Groups of chimpanzees could choose to exchange one of two inedible tokens; one was rewarded with a highly preferred food (grape) and the other with a …
Squirrel Monkeys’ Response To Inequitable Outcomes Indicates A Behavioural Convergence Within The Primates, Catherine F. Talbot, Hani D. Freeman, Lawrence E. Williams, Sarah F. Brosnan
Squirrel Monkeys’ Response To Inequitable Outcomes Indicates A Behavioural Convergence Within The Primates, Catherine F. Talbot, Hani D. Freeman, Lawrence E. Williams, Sarah F. Brosnan
Psychology Faculty Publications
Although several primates respond negatively to inequity, it is unknown whether this results from homology or convergent processes. Behaviours shared within a taxonomic group are often assumed to be homologous, yet this distinction is important for a better understanding of the function of the behaviour. Previous hypotheses have linked cooperation and inequity responses. Supporting this, all species in which inequity responses have been documented are cooperative. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the response to inequity in squirrel monkeys, which share a phylogenetic Family with capuchin monkeys, but do not cooperate extensively. Subjects exchanged tokens to receive …
Examining The Associations Among Factor-Analytically Derived Components Of Mental Health Stigma, Distress, And Psychological Flexibility., Akihiko Masuda, Robert D. Latzman
Examining The Associations Among Factor-Analytically Derived Components Of Mental Health Stigma, Distress, And Psychological Flexibility., Akihiko Masuda, Robert D. Latzman
Psychology Faculty Publications
Mental health stigma can be detrimental not only for the recipient, but also for the stigmatizer. As mental health stigma is often conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, Study 1 first examined the factor structure of mental health stigma as assessed by the Stigmatizing Attitude-Believability (SAB; Masuda et al., 2009). Study 2 investigated differential relations between the factor-analytically derived components of mental health stigma and psychological distress and psychological flexibility. Results of Study 1 revealed that mental health stigma consisted of two related, yet separable components: Exclusion and Course/Origin. The Exclusion component was characterized by negative emotions and cognition associated with …
Neural Responses To Feedback Regarding Betrayal And Cooperation In Adolescents With Anxiety And Mood Disorders, Erin B. Tone
Neural Responses To Feedback Regarding Betrayal And Cooperation In Adolescents With Anxiety And Mood Disorders, Erin B. Tone
Psychology Faculty Publications
This study examined patterns of neural response to feedback regarding betrayal and cooperation in adolescents with anxiety/mood disorders and healthy peers. We compared performance on and neural activation patterns during the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game, an economic exchange task involving betrayal and cooperation, between age- and IQ-matched groups of adolescents with anxiety/depressive disorders (A/D) (N=13) and healthy controls (n=17). Participants were deceived to believe that their co-player (a pre-programmed computer algorithm) was another study participant. Although participants responded similarly following feedback that the co-player had cooperated with them on preceding trials, A/D adolescents were more likely than controls to cooperate …
Attention Bias In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Maltreatment With And Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Negar Fani, Bekh Bradley-Davino, Kerry J. Ressler, Erin B. Mcclure-Tone
Attention Bias In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Maltreatment With And Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Negar Fani, Bekh Bradley-Davino, Kerry J. Ressler, Erin B. Mcclure-Tone
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Does Engagement With Exposure Yield Better Outcomes?: Components Of Presence As A Predictor Of Treatment Response For Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy For Social Phobia, Matthew Price, Natasha Mehta, Erin Tone, Page L. Anderson
Does Engagement With Exposure Yield Better Outcomes?: Components Of Presence As A Predictor Of Treatment Response For Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy For Social Phobia, Matthew Price, Natasha Mehta, Erin Tone, Page L. Anderson
Psychology Faculty Publications
Virtual reality exposure (VRE) has been shown to be effective for treating a variety of anxiety disorders, including social phobia. Presence, or the level of connection an individual feels with the virtual environment, is widely discussed as a critical construct both for the experience of anxiety within a virtual environment and for a successful response to VRE. Two published studies show that whereas generalized presence relates to fear ratings during VRE, it does not relate to treatment response. However, presence has been conceptualized as multidimensional, with three primary factors (spatial presence, involvement, and realness). These factors can be linked to …
Introduction To The Special Issue On Typical And Atypical Neural Processing Of Emotional And Social Cues Across The Lifespan, Erin B. Tone
Introduction To The Special Issue On Typical And Atypical Neural Processing Of Emotional And Social Cues Across The Lifespan, Erin B. Tone
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Enhancing Hiv Communication Between Parents And Children: Efficacy Of The Parents Matter!, Kim S. Miller, Carol Y. Lin, Melissa N. Poulsen, Amy Fasula, Sarah C. Wyckoff, Nicholas Long, Lisa Armistead
Enhancing Hiv Communication Between Parents And Children: Efficacy Of The Parents Matter!, Kim S. Miller, Carol Y. Lin, Melissa N. Poulsen, Amy Fasula, Sarah C. Wyckoff, Nicholas Long, Lisa Armistead
Psychology Faculty Publications
We examine efficacy of the Parents Matter! Program (PMP), a program to teach African-American parents of preadolescents sexual communication and HIV-prevention skills, through a multicenter, randomized control trial. A total of 1115 parent-child participants were randomized to one of three intervention arms (enhanced, brief, control). Percentages and 95% confidence intervals compare parents’ perception of child readiness to learn about sexual issues, communication effectiveness, and dyad concordance from baseline to 12 months postintervention. Wilcoxon rank sum tests compare the changes in scores measuring communication content in HIV/ AIDS, abstinence, and condom use. Compared to control, parents in the enhanced arm increased …