Psychology Commons^™

Age And Body Satisfaction Predict Diet Adherence In Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Christina H. Vlahou, Lindsey L. Cohen, Amanda M. Woods, Jeffrey D. Lewis, Benjamin D. Gold

Psychology Faculty Publications

The aim of the current study was to determine whether age and body satisfaction predict dietary adherence in adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and whether older females are less adherent than younger males and females. Forty-four participants aged 10-21 with IBD were recruited. Participants provided informed consent and demographics. Body satisfaction was measured by a questionnaire and a task in which participants selected their current and ideal body image out of silhouettes depicting bodies ranging from underweight to obese. Adherence was measured by marking a 100mm visual analog scale, the 1-week completion of a dietary log, and a questionnaire …

Chimpanzee Autarky, Sarah F. Brosnan, Mark F. Grady, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro, Michael J. Beran

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Economists believe that barter is the ultimate cause of social wealth—and even much of our human culture—yet little is known about the evolution and development of such behavior. It is useful to examine the circumstances under which other species will or will not barter to more fully understand the phenomenon. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are an interesting test case as they are an intelligent species, closely related to humans, and known to participate in reciprocal interactions and token economies with humans, yet they have not spontaneously developed costly barter.

Methodology/Principle Findings: Although chimpanzees do engage in noncostly barter, …

A Developmental Examination Of Amygdala Response To Facial Expressions, Amanda E. Guyer, Christopher S. Monk, Erin Tone, Eric E. Nelson, Roxann Roberson-Nay, Abby D. Adler, Stephen J. Fromm, Ellen Leibenluft, Daniel S. Pine, Monique Ernst

Psychology Faculty Publications

Several lines of evidence implicate the amygdala in face-emotion processing, particularly for fearful facial expressions. Related findings suggest that face-emotion processing engages the amygdala within an interconnected circuitry that can be studied using a functional-connectivity approach. Past work also underscores important functional changes in the amygdala during development. Taken together, prior research on amygdala function and development reveals a need for more work examining developmental changes in the amygdala’s response to fearful faces and in amygdala functional connectivity during face processing. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare 31 adolescents (9–17 years old) and 30 adults …

Recognition Of Facial Emotions Among Maltreated Children With High Rates Of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, Carrie L. Masten, Amanda E. Guyer, Hilary B. Hodgdon, Erin B. Mcclure, Dennis S. Charney, Monique Ernst, Joan Kaufman, Daniel S. Pine, Christopher S. Monk

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective. The purpose of this study is to examine processing of facial emotions in a sample of maltreated children showing high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Maltreatment during childhood has been associated independently with both atypical processing of emotion and the development of PTSD. However, research has provided little evidence indicating how high rates of PTSD might relate to maltreated children’s processing of emotions. Method. Participants’ reaction time and labeling of emotions were measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task. Participants included a diverse sample of maltreated children with and without PTSD and controls ranging in age from …

Amygdala And Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Function During Anticipated Peer Evaluation In Pediatric Social Anxiety, Amanda E. Guyer, Jennifer Y. Lau, Erin B. Mcclure, Jessica Parrish, Nina D. Shiffrin, Richard C. Reynolds, Gang Chen, R J.R. Blair, Ellen Leibenluft, Nathan A. Fox, Monique Ernst, Daniel S. Pine, Eric E. Nelson

Psychology Faculty Publications

1. Context. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction manifests in adolescents with anxiety disorders when they view negatively-valenced stimuli in threatening contexts. Such fear-circuitry dysfunction may also manifest when anticipated social evaluation leads socially anxious adolescents to misperceive peers as threatening. 2. Objective. To determine whether photographs of negatively-evaluated smiling peers, viewed during anticipated evaluation, engage the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex differentially in adolescents with and without social anxiety. 3. Design. Case-control study. 4. Setting. Government clinical research institute. 5. Participants. Fourteen adolescents with anxiety disorders associated with marked social concerns and 14 diagnosis-free adolescents, matched on sex, age, …

Amygdala And Nucleus Accumbens Activation To Emotional Facial Expressions In Children And Adolescents At Risk For Major Depression, Christopher S. Monk, Rachel G. Klein, Eva H. Telzer, Salvatore Mannuzza, John L. Moulton Iii, Mary Guardino, Carrie L. Masten, Erin B. Mcclure, Stephen Fromm, Daniel S. Pine, Monique Ernst

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective. Offspring of parents with major depressive disorder (MDD) face three-fold higher risk for MDD than offspring without a family history. Although MDD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, neural correlates of risk for MDD remain poorly understood. This study compares amygdala and nucleus accumbens activation in children and adolescents at high and low risk for MDD under varying attentional and emotional conditions. Methods. Thirty-nine juveniles, 17 offspring of parents with MDD (high-risk group) and 22 offspring of parents without histories of MDD, anxiety or psychotic disorders (low-risk group) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. During imaging, …

Attention Bias Towards Threat In Pediatric Anxiety Disorders, Amy K. Roy, Roma A. Vasa, Maggie Bruck, Karin Mogg, Brendan P. Bradley, Michael Sweeney, Lindsey Bergman, Erin B. Mcclure-Tone, Daniel S. Pine

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective: To examine attention bias towards threat faces in a large sample of anxiety disordered youths using a well-established visual probe task.

Method: Study participants included 101 children and adolescents (ages 7- 18 years) with generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and/or separation anxiety disorder enrolled in a multi-site anxiety treatment study. Non-anxious youths (n = 51; ages 9 – 18 years) were recruited separately. Participants were administered a computerized visual probe task that presents pairs of faces portraying threat (angry), positive (happy) and neutral expressions. They pressed a response-key to indicate the spatial location of a probe that replaced one …

Amygdala And Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation To Masked Angry Faces In Children And Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Christopher S. Monk, Eva H. Telzer, Karin Mogg, Brendan P. Bradley, Xiaoquin Mai, Hugo M.C. Louro, Gang Chen, Erin Tone, Daniel S. Pine, Monique Ernst

Psychology Faculty Publications

1. Context. Vigilance to threat is a key feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex comprise a neural circuit that is responsible for detection of threats. Disturbed interactions between these structures may underlie pediatric anxiety. To date, no study has selectively examined responses to briefly-presented threats (e.g. less than 50 msec) in GAD or in pediatric anxiety.

2. Objective. To investigate amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation during processing of briefly-presented threats in pediatric GAD.

3. Design. Case-control study.

4. Setting. Government clinical research institute.

5. Participants. Youth volunteers, 17 with GAD and 12 diagnosis-free. …

The Varieties Of Pathways To Dysfluent Reading Comparing Subtypes Of Children With Dyslexia At Letter, Word, And Connected Text Levels Of Reading, Maryanne Wolf, Robin Morris, Maureen Lovett, Tami Katzir, Young-Suk Kim

Psychology Faculty Publications

The majority of work on the double-deficit hypothesis (DDH) of dyslexia has been done at the letter and word levels of reading. Key research questions addressed in this study are (a) do readers with different subtypes of dyslexia display differences in fluency at particular reading levels (e.g., letter, word, and connected text)? and (b) do children with dyslexia identified by either low-achievement or ability–achievement discrepancy criteria show similar differences when classified by the DDH? To address these questions, the authors assessed a sample of 158 children with severe reading impairments in second and third grades on an extensive battery and …