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Articles 1 - 15 of 15
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Evaluating Recognition Memory Models From An Individual Differences Perspective, Kyle Gramer Featherston
Evaluating Recognition Memory Models From An Individual Differences Perspective, Kyle Gramer Featherston
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Although recognition memory models have been thoroughly compared in various recognition memory paradigms, the relative reliability and validity of their parameters have not been thoroughly assessed using an individual differences approach. In two studies, I evaluated three models: the dual-process signal detection (DPSD) model, the continuous dual process (CDP) model, and the unequal variance signal detection (UVSD) model. In Study 1, participants performed a remember-know procedure that also included confidence ratings. When model parameters were estimated twice in the same individual, both key parameters from the DPSD model were reliable within an individual, whereas the CDP version of familiarity was …
Examining Individual Differences In Forgetting From Long-Term Memory, Christopher Lee Zerr
Examining Individual Differences In Forgetting From Long-Term Memory, Christopher Lee Zerr
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Forgetting reflects the decreased likelihood of memory retrieval over time. With a few exceptions, although the mean likelihood of retrieval (or retention) across experimental conditions may differ markedly, rates of forgetting across those conditions do not differ. Similarly, although groups (e.g., young and old adults) may differ in the amount retained at a given point in time, the rates of forgetting tend not to differ across groups. In contrast, recent work suggests that individual differences in rates of forgetting may emerge when more sensitive statistical analyses are used on person-level performance. Some person-level variables purported to influence forgetting rate include …
Which Task To Choose? The Impact Of Associative Retrieval Of Event Files On Voluntary Task-Switching Performance In Younger And Older Adults, Emily Carole Streeper
Which Task To Choose? The Impact Of Associative Retrieval Of Event Files On Voluntary Task-Switching Performance In Younger And Older Adults, Emily Carole Streeper
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Previous task-switching research has demonstrated how prior experience can impact subsequent task-switching performance (i.e., reaction times, task choice) through associative retrieval, the creation and retrieval of event files. Event files, episodic traces which contain information about the stimulus, prior context, and action performed, can be implicitly retrieved when re-encountering information from the prior experience (e.g., stimulus repetition). The effect of associative retrieval on task-switching performance has been examined in younger adults, but few studies have investigated this effect in older adults. This gap is especially glaring in the voluntary task-switching literature where only one study to date has explored how …
Targeted Memory Reactivation During Mind-Wandering In Younger And Older Adults, Jessica Nicosia
Targeted Memory Reactivation During Mind-Wandering In Younger And Older Adults, Jessica Nicosia
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mind-wandering (MW) is a universal cognitive process that is prevalent across individuals and in our everyday lives. It is estimated that over 95% of Americans experience MW every day and that ~30% of our everyday thoughts consist of MW. Despite its pervasiveness in our everyday lives, the nature of how MW interacts with other cognitive processes remains a scientific blind spot. Two interrelated issues regarding the nature of MW in the context of healthy aging were ad-dressed across five experiments. First, given the frequency of MW in our everyday lives, it is important to understand if it serves a functional …
The Use Of Introspective Reports To Predict Subsequent Memory: Implementing Machine Learning For Judgment-Of-Learning Paradigms, Nathan Lloyd Anderson
The Use Of Introspective Reports To Predict Subsequent Memory: Implementing Machine Learning For Judgment-Of-Learning Paradigms, Nathan Lloyd Anderson
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent advances in machine learning have allowed for the use of natural language responses to predict outcomes of interest to memory researchers such as the confidence with which recognition decisions are made. The present experiments were designed to leverage this novel methodological approach by soliciting free-response justifications of judgments of learning (JOLs) whereby people not only assess the probability with which they will later recognize individual items but also (for some items) justify the reasoning behind their judgment. Across all experiments and conditions, regression models trained on justification language showed above-chance prediction of subsequent memory success and outperformed models trained …
Does The Combination Of Spacing And Testing Promote Transfer Beyond Either Strategy Alone?, Zeynep Oyku Uner
Does The Combination Of Spacing And Testing Promote Transfer Beyond Either Strategy Alone?, Zeynep Oyku Uner
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Testing and spacing improve long-term retention and their combination boosts retention further. Despite the combined benefits of spaced testing, it is unclear whether these benefits extend to situations where students learn from lengthy and complex textbooks and need to use concept knowledge in novel ways. To address this issue, in the current study, college students were asked to read from a textbook and review key concepts twice, either back-to-back within the same session or in two sessions spaced two days apart. To review concepts, students either took definition quizzes with feedback (short-answer in Experiment 1, multiple-choice in Experiment 2) or …
The Effects Of Question Difficulty Order On Metacognitive Judgments During An Online Test, Wei-Chieh Fang
The Effects Of Question Difficulty Order On Metacognitive Judgments During An Online Test, Wei-Chieh Fang
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of question difficulty order on people’s judgments of test performance and test experiences. Building on the finding that ordering questions from easy to hard often leads to overconfidence (i.e., a retrospective bias), the study aimed to examine the generality and robustness of this effect by having participants from a diverse population take an online test and then make a post-test judgement of their performance. In addition to using the same ascending and descending order of difficulty as prior research, the study also explored how the U-shaped order (e.g., easy-hard-easy) and report option …
The Role Of Selection History In Low-Prevalence Visual Search, Kendra Chamlee Smith
The Role Of Selection History In Low-Prevalence Visual Search, Kendra Chamlee Smith
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The low prevalence effect (LPE), the tendency for observers to be more likely to miss rare targets than frequent targets, is a robust error and is difficult to reduce. The LPE is an obstacle in a variety of real-world search tasks in which targets are rare, including baggage screening and some medical imaging. The LPE is thought to occur because when an observer searches for a low-prevalence target, over time, the observer may become both more willing to indicate a target is not there and more likely to end the search early. The present experiments employ three selection history effects, …
Modeling Semantic Structure And Spreading Activation In Retrieval Tasks, Abhilasha Ashok Kumar
Modeling Semantic Structure And Spreading Activation In Retrieval Tasks, Abhilasha Ashok Kumar
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Considerable work in the past decade has focused on representational accounts of how semantic information is acquired and organized, leading to the advent of modern Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs) that learn word meanings by extracting statistical information from large text corpora. However, mechanistic accounts for how meaning-related information is accessed and retrieved from semantic representations to ultimately produce responses within semantic tasks remain relatively understudied, especially for production-based tasks that require the selection of a single response amongst several activated competitors, such as in free association and sentence completion tasks. This dissertation evaluated the extent to which state-of-the-art DSMs combined …
Self-Regulated Study Time Allocation To Enhance Learning And Item Difficulty Compensation, Eylul Tekin
Self-Regulated Study Time Allocation To Enhance Learning And Item Difficulty Compensation, Eylul Tekin
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Few studies have examined whether self-regulation of study time allocation is beneficial for learning. In four experiments, the present dissertation investigated the effectiveness of self-paced study relative to fixed-rate study in which subjects did not regulate their study time. More specifically, the present dissertation examined 1) whether self-paced study enhanced retention and item difficulty compensation (i.e., reduced retention differences between easy and difficult items) relative to fixed-rate study under different levels of monitoring accuracy, and 2) whether improving monitoring accuracy facilitated the effectiveness of self-paced study. In all experiments, subjects studied easy and difficult word pairs either under self-paced study …
Changes In Usage And Perceptions Of Effectiveness Of Learning Strategies Of High School Students During A Rigorous Academic Experience, Emily Een
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Students’ use of effective learning strategies facilitates durable learning and academic success. The present research investigates changes in the learning strategies of 2,082 high school students in a dual-enrollment program. All students in the current study were participating in the program for the first time, and data were collected over one academic year via pre- and post-course surveys. It is hypothesized that friction between students’ pre-course learning strategies and the strategy usage expected in the learning environment could promote a change in students’ use and perceptions of effectiveness of learning strategies. Using latent change score models, we investigated changes in …
Relating Spontaneous Activity And Cognitive States Via Neurodynamic Modeling, Matthew Singh
Relating Spontaneous Activity And Cognitive States Via Neurodynamic Modeling, Matthew Singh
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Stimulus-free brain dynamics form the basis of current knowledge concerning functional integration and segregation within the human brain. These relationships are typically described in terms of resting-state brain networks—regions which spontaneously coactivate. However, despite the interest in the anatomical mechanisms and biobehavioral correlates of stimulus-free brain dynamics, little is known regarding the relation between spontaneous brain dynamics and task-evoked activity. In particular, no computational framework has been previously proposed to unite spontaneous and task dynamics under a single, data-driven model. Model development in this domain will provide new insight regarding the mechanisms by which exogeneous stimuli and intrinsic neural circuitry …
Exploring The Mechanisms That Underlie The Benefits Of Retrieval Practice In Younger And Older Adults, Ruth A. Shaffer
Exploring The Mechanisms That Underlie The Benefits Of Retrieval Practice In Younger And Older Adults, Ruth A. Shaffer
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The testing effect—or the benefit of retrieval practice to later memory—is often considered to be a recollection-related phenomenon. However, recent work (Shaffer & McDermott, 2020) has observed a benefit of testing to both recollection and familiarity processing on both immediate and delayed final tests. Further, although aging populations show marked declines in recollection, older and younger adults often benefit from testing to a similar degree (Meyer & Logan, 2013). This finding suggests that the testing effect in older adults may function via relatively preserved familiarity and lends further support to the notion that the testing effect does not function solely …
Impaired Suppression Of Attentional Capture Near The Hands, Xiaojin Ma
Impaired Suppression Of Attentional Capture Near The Hands, Xiaojin Ma
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Attention tends to be attracted to eye-catching stimuli, which, however, are not always helpful to look at, depending on the particular task. Recent findings demonstrated that attention to a salient but task-irrelevant distractor could be actively suppressed via a top-down process. In other research, increased scrutiny in visual inspection has been found in the near hand space, making it interesting to question, at the intersection of the two lines of research, whether the ability to ignore salient distraction would be compromised near the hands. Two experiments were conducted to test this idea. Experiment 1 compared the attentional allocation to a …
Spelling And Reading Novel Homophones: Testing The Value Of Lexical Distinctiveness, Jayde Homer
Spelling And Reading Novel Homophones: Testing The Value Of Lexical Distinctiveness, Jayde Homer
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lexical distinctiveness, according to which a written form represents one and only one morpheme, is a feature of some writing systems. For example, ‹bear› and ‹bare› are spelled differently in English. In two experiments, we asked whether readers and spellers of English benefit from distinctive spellings of homophones. In Experiment 1, university students listened to 40 passages, each containing a novel homophone (e.g., /kel/ used to mean a gossip-lover). In Experiment 2, participants read the passages. Half of the novel homophones were homographic (e.g., ‹kale›), and half were heterographic (e.g., ‹kail›). In both experiments, participants answered questions about the novel …