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Articles 1 - 30 of 35
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Sad Mood Reduces Inadvertent Plagiarism: Effects Of Affective State On Source Monitoring In Cryptomnesia, Amanda Gingerich, Chad Dodson
Sad Mood Reduces Inadvertent Plagiarism: Effects Of Affective State On Source Monitoring In Cryptomnesia, Amanda Gingerich, Chad Dodson
Amanda C. Gingerich
In two experiments, we explored the influence of affective state, or mood, on inadvertent plagiarism, a memory failure in which individuals either misattribute the source of an idea to themselves rather than to the true originator or simply do not recall having encountered the idea before and claim it as novel. Using a paradigm in which participants generate word puzzle solutions and later recall these solutions, we created an opportunity for participants to mistakenly claim ownership of items that were, in fact, initially generated by their computer ‘partner.’ Results of both experiments suggest that participants induced into a sad mood …
Claiming Hidden Memories As One’S Own Ideas: A Review Of Inadvertent Plagiarism, Amanda Gingerich, Meaghan Sullivan
Claiming Hidden Memories As One’S Own Ideas: A Review Of Inadvertent Plagiarism, Amanda Gingerich, Meaghan Sullivan
Amanda C. Gingerich
Inadvertent plagiarism, or cryptomnesia, occurs when an individual claims another's idea as his or her own with no recollection of having been exposed to the idea before. Although some variation exists in the explanations of this occurrence, the source monitoring framework has emerged as the most plausible account. The purpose of this paper is to review the core body of research that has been conducted on cryptomnesia over the past two decades, with particular focus on the factors that affect the propensity of this phenomenon and how these influences inform a theoretical explanation of cryptomnesia. This paper also includes some …
Judging By Heuristic: Cognitive Illusions In Judicial Decision Making, Chris Guthrie, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Andrew J. Wistrich
Judging By Heuristic: Cognitive Illusions In Judicial Decision Making, Chris Guthrie, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Andrew J. Wistrich
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Many people rely on mental shortcuts, or heuristics, to make complex decisions, but this sometimes leads to inaccurate inferences, or cognitive illusions. A recent study suggests such cognitive illusions influence judicial decision making.
The Psychological Foundations Of Behavioral Law And Economics, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
The Psychological Foundations Of Behavioral Law And Economics, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Over the past decade, psychological research has enjoyed a rapidly expanding influence on legal scholarship. This expansion has established a new field—“Behavioral Law and Economics” (BLE). BLE’s principal insight is that human behavior commonly deviates from the predictions of rational choice theory in the marketplace, the election booth, and the courtroom. Because these deviations are predictable, and often harmful, legal rules can be crafted to reduce their undesirable influence. Ironically, BLE seldom recognizes that its intellectual origins lie with psychology more so than economics. This failure leaves BLE open to criticisms that can be answered only by embracing the underlying …
Regulating In Foresight Versus Judging Liability In Hindsight: The Case Of Tobacco, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Regulating In Foresight Versus Judging Liability In Hindsight: The Case Of Tobacco, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Potentially dangerous products, such as cigarettes, can be regulated through ex post liability or ex ante regulation. Both systems should reach the same result. In practice, however, cognitive biases that influence the liability system can produce incentives to take an excess of precautions. In particular, because people tend to see past events as more predictable than they really were, judges and juries will tend to find defendants who took reasonable care negligent or even reckless. As a consequence of these biases, a liability system can be more expensive than a regulatory system, both to potential defendants and to society. Cognitive …
Is Evolutionary Analysis Of Law Science Or Storytelling?, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Is Evolutionary Analysis Of Law Science Or Storytelling?, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
In recent years, some legal scholars have argued that legal scholarship could benefit from a greater reliance on theories of human behavior that arise from biological evolution. These scholars contend that reliance on biological evolution would successfully combine the rigor of economics with the scientific aspects of psychology. Complex legal systems, however, are uniquely human. Law has always been the product of cognitive processes that are unique to humans and that developed as a response to an environment that no longer exists. Consequently, the evolutionary development of the cognitive mechanisms upon which law depends cannot be rigorously modeled or studied …
Gains, Losses, And The Psychology Of Litigation, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Gains, Losses, And The Psychology Of Litigation, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
No abstract provided.
A Positive Psychological Theory Of Judging In Hindsight, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
A Positive Psychological Theory Of Judging In Hindsight, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
No abstract provided.
Heuristics And Biases In The Court: Ignorance Or Adaptation?, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Heuristics And Biases In The Court: Ignorance Or Adaptation?, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
No abstract provided.
Cognitive Errors, Individual Differences, And Paternalism, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Cognitive Errors, Individual Differences, And Paternalism, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Legal scholars commonly argue that the widespread presence of cognitive errors in judgment justifies legal intervention to save people from predictable mistakes. Such arguments often fail to account for individual variation in the commission of such errors even though individual variation is probably common. If predictable groups of people avoid making the errors that others commit, then law should account for such differences because those who avoid errors will not benefit from paternalistic interventions and indeed may be harmed by them. The research on individual variation suggests three parameters that might distinguish people who can avoid error: cognitive ability, experience …
The Uncertain Psychological Case For Paternalism, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
The Uncertain Psychological Case For Paternalism, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
No abstract provided.
The Psychology Of Global Climate Change, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
The Psychology Of Global Climate Change, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
Jeffrey J. Rachlinski
In its attempt to address the threat of global climate change, society has struggled to reach a consensus regarding the need for preventive measures. Professor Rachlinski describes the threat of global climate change as a unique commons dilemma and explains that various psychological phenomena of judgment render it unlikely that society will be able to respond effectively to the threat. After considering the effects of biased assimilation, loss aversion, and other psychological processes, the author explains that an innovative approach is necessary to properly address the dilemma of global climate change. Specifically, the author examines the prospect of governmental intervention …
The Effects Of Distraction And A Brief Intervention On Auditory And Visual-Spatial Working Memory In College Students With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tara T. Lineweaver, Suneeta Kercood, Nicole B. O'Keeffe, Kathleen M. O'Brien, Eric J. Massey, Samantha J. Campbell, Jenna M. Pierce
The Effects Of Distraction And A Brief Intervention On Auditory And Visual-Spatial Working Memory In College Students With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tara T. Lineweaver, Suneeta Kercood, Nicole B. O'Keeffe, Kathleen M. O'Brien, Eric J. Massey, Samantha J. Campbell, Jenna M. Pierce
Tara T. Lineweaver
Two studies addressed how young adult college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 44) compare to their nonaffected peers (n = 42) on tests of auditory and visual–spatial working memory (WM), are vulnerable to auditory and visual distractions, and are affected by a simple intervention. Students with ADHD demonstrated worse auditory WM than did controls. A near significant trend indicated that auditory distractions interfered with the visual WM of both groups and that, whereas controls were also vulnerable to visual distractions, visual distractions improved visualWM in the ADHD group. The intervention was ineffective. Limited correlations emerged between …
Online Discussion Assignments Improve Students’ Class Preparation, Tara Lineweaver
Online Discussion Assignments Improve Students’ Class Preparation, Tara Lineweaver
Tara T. Lineweaver
To increase the number of students who read the text before class and to promote student interaction centering on text material, I developed an online discussion assignment as a required component of a cognitive psychology course. Across 2 studies, this assignment had a limited effect on examination performance, but students completing online discussions were more likely to read the textbook in advance of class and reported reading it more carefully, particularly late in the semester. Students completing online discussions also reported understanding lectures better and feeling more prepared for exams immediately after lecture than classmates. Together, results support previous studies …
Memory Performance Is Related To Language Dominance As Determined By The Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure, S. Kovac, G. Möddel, J. Reinholz, A. Alexopoulosa, T. Syed, S. Schuele, Tara Lineweaver, T. Loddenkemper
Memory Performance Is Related To Language Dominance As Determined By The Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure, S. Kovac, G. Möddel, J. Reinholz, A. Alexopoulosa, T. Syed, S. Schuele, Tara Lineweaver, T. Loddenkemper
Tara T. Lineweaver
Objective
The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between language and memory lateralization in patients with epilepsy undergoing the intracarotid amobarbital procedure.
Methods
In 386 patients, language lateralization and memory lateralization as determined by laterality index (LI) were correlated with each other.
Results
Language lateralization and memory lateralization were positively correlated (r = 0.34, P < 0.01). Correlations differed depending on the presence and type of lesion (χ2 = 7.98, P < 0.05). LIs correlated significantly higher (z = 2.82, P < 0.05) in patients with cortical dysplasia (n = 41, r = 0.61, P < 0.01) compared with the group without lesions (n = 90, r = 0.16, P > 0.05), with patients with hippocampal sclerosis falling between these two groups. Both memory (P < 0.01) and language (P …
Expectations About Memory Change Across The Life Span Are Impacted By Aging Stereotypes., Tara T. Lineweaver, Andrea K. Berger, Christopher Hertzog
Expectations About Memory Change Across The Life Span Are Impacted By Aging Stereotypes., Tara T. Lineweaver, Andrea K. Berger, Christopher Hertzog
Tara T. Lineweaver
This study examined whether expectations about memory change with age vary for different personality types. Four adjectives from each of Hummert’s age-stereotype trait sets were selected to create 11 adjective clusters varying in both valence (positive versus negative) and relevance to memory functioning. Three hundred and seventy three participants in three age groups rated the memory abilities of target adults, defined by the adjective clusters, across the adult life span. Consistent with past studies, participants believed in age-related memory decline. However, participants rated target adults with positive personality traits as having better memory ability and less age-related memory decline than …
Measuring Neural And Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination Of Event-Related Brain Potentials, Jason R. Themanson
Measuring Neural And Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination Of Event-Related Brain Potentials, Jason R. Themanson
Jason R. Themanson, Ph.D
Further Changes In L2 Thinking For Speaking?, Gale Stam
Further Changes In L2 Thinking For Speaking?, Gale Stam
Gale Stam, Ph.D.
No abstract provided.
The Self-Reference Effect In Memory: A Meta-Analysis, Cynthia S. Symons, Blair T. Johnson
The Self-Reference Effect In Memory: A Meta-Analysis, Cynthia S. Symons, Blair T. Johnson
Blair T. Johnson
No abstract provided.
The Story Of Taste: Using Eegs And Self-Reports To Understand Consumer Choice, Charnetta Brown, Adriane B. Randolph, Janée N. Burkhalter
The Story Of Taste: Using Eegs And Self-Reports To Understand Consumer Choice, Charnetta Brown, Adriane B. Randolph, Janée N. Burkhalter
Adriane B. Randolph
The authors investigate consumers’ willingness to switch from a preferred manufacturer brand to an unfamiliar private-label brand if taste is perceived as identical. Consumer decisions are examined through recordings of electrical brain activity in the form of electroencephalograms (EEGs) and self-reported data captured in surveys. Results reveal a willingness of consumers to switch to a less-expensive brand when the quality is perceived to be the same as the more expensive counterpart. Cost saving options for consumers and advertising considerations for managers are discussed.
Similarities Between Human And Animal Spatial Memory: Item And Order Information, Robert H.I. Dale
Similarities Between Human And Animal Spatial Memory: Item And Order Information, Robert H.I. Dale
Robert H. I. Dale
Human subjects, sitting at the center of a circle of eight lights, were tested on analogues of radial-maze item-recognition (Roberts & Smythe, 1979) and order-recognition (Kesner & Novak, 1982) tasks. Subjects in the item-recognition condition saw a list of seven lights, and then the nonlist (eighth) light was tested against the first, fourth, or seventh light from the list. The sub- jects were required to point toward the non list light. Subjects in the order-recognition condition saw a series of eight lights, followed by a test of the first and second, fourth and fifth, or seventh and eighth serial positions. …
Cognitive Ethology And The Cost Of Anthropomorphiphobia, Robert H.I. Dale
Cognitive Ethology And The Cost Of Anthropomorphiphobia, Robert H.I. Dale
Robert H. I. Dale
Book review for the following titles: Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness. By Donald R. Griffin, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, 376 pages. $27.50 softcover The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions. Edited by Marc Bekoff, New York: Discovery Books, 2000, 240 pages. $35.00 hardcover Minds of Their Own: Thinking and Awareness in Animals. By Lesley J. Rogers, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998, 224 pages. $19.00 softcover
Mindfulness At Work: Antecedents And Consequences Of Employee Awareness And Absent-Mindedness, Jochen Reb, Jayanth Narayanan, Zhi Wei Ho
Mindfulness At Work: Antecedents And Consequences Of Employee Awareness And Absent-Mindedness, Jochen Reb, Jayanth Narayanan, Zhi Wei Ho
Jochen Reb
The present study examines antecedents and consequences of two aspects of mindfulness in a work setting: employee awareness and employee absent-mindedness. Using two samples, the study found these two aspects of mindfulness to be beneficially associated with employee well-being, as measured by emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and psychological need satisfaction, and with job performance, as measured by task performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, and deviance. These results suggest a potentially important role of mindfulness at the workplace. The study also found that organizational constraints and organizational support predicted employee mindfulness, pointing to the important role that the organizational environment may play …
The Influence Of Mindful Attention On Value Claiming In Distributive Negotiations: Evidence From Four Laboratory Experiments, Jochen Reb, Jayanth Narayanan
The Influence Of Mindful Attention On Value Claiming In Distributive Negotiations: Evidence From Four Laboratory Experiments, Jochen Reb, Jayanth Narayanan
Jochen Reb
We examined the effect of mindful attention on negotiation outcomes in distributive negotiations across four experiments. In Studies 1 and 2, participants who performed a short mindful attention exercise prior to the negotiation claimed a larger share of the bargaining zone than the control condition participants they negotiated with. Study 3 replicated this finding using a different manipulation of mindful attention. Study 4 again replicated this result and also found that mindful negotiators were more satisfied with both the outcome and the process of the negotiation. We discuss theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future directions.
Mirror Neuron Activity Is No Proof For Action Understanding, Alina Steinhorst, Joachim Funke
Mirror Neuron Activity Is No Proof For Action Understanding, Alina Steinhorst, Joachim Funke
Joachim Funke
Older Adults And Technology-Based Instruction: Optimizing Learning Outcomes And Transfer, Natalie Wolfson, Thomas M. Cavanagh, Kurt Kraiger
Older Adults And Technology-Based Instruction: Optimizing Learning Outcomes And Transfer, Natalie Wolfson, Thomas M. Cavanagh, Kurt Kraiger
Thomas M. Cavanagh
Emotional Doubt And Divine Hiddenness, A. Thornhill
Emotional Doubt And Divine Hiddenness, A. Thornhill
A. Chadwick Thornhill
This essay will seek to develop a possible model for addressing the existential problem of divine hiddenness and the emotional doubt that it might cause in the life of a believer. In doing so, it will identify several potential "root causes" for the experience of the existential problem of divine hiddenness and attempt to guide a hurting individual through dealing with their doubt by applying misbelief therapy.
Situation Awareness And Maritime Traffic: Having Awareness Or Being In Control?, Fulko Van Westrenen, Gesa Praetorius
Situation Awareness And Maritime Traffic: Having Awareness Or Being In Control?, Fulko Van Westrenen, Gesa Praetorius
Gesa Praetorius
Situation awareness (SA) is generally seen as a mental representation of the system state, an objective measure of the ‘situation out there’. In this article, the authors make an argument that SA can only have a meaning in relation to the task of the user and characteristics of the system. This will be argued with the help of a specific environment: vessel traffic monitoring. The long-time constants and the complex constraints imposed on the ship require that the operator monitoring the traffic has a good SA: the operator must make long-term predictions about possible traffic developments. For this, being in …
Distinguishing Originality From Creativity In Adhd: An Assessment Of Creative Personality, Self-Perception, And Cognitive Style Among Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Adults, Jean-Pierre J. Issa
Distinguishing Originality From Creativity In Adhd: An Assessment Of Creative Personality, Self-Perception, And Cognitive Style Among Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Adults, Jean-Pierre J. Issa
Jean-Pierre J Issa
Debates over whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) relates to high levels of creativity have been hampered by a lack of rigor when defining creativity. The purpose of the present study was to go beyond the rhetoric by empirically investigating creative personality, creative self-perception, and cognitive style among 49 ADHD adults. Comparative analysis to studies of non-ADHD samples revealed distinctive tendencies: A mean group score of 115.71 (SD=18.02) on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) indicated preferences for originality, nonconformity, paradigm-breaking, and low efficiency that was over one standard deviation higher than average non-ADHD population scores. Combined inattentive/hyperactive-impulsive subtypes (n=20) scored 124.30 (SD=12.96). …
The Effects Of Social Exclusion On The Ern And The Cognitive Control Of Action Monitoring, Jason R. Themanson, Aaron B. Ball, Stephanie M. Khatcherian, Peter J. Rosen