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Articles 1 - 30 of 100
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
An Evaluation Of Process- And Performer-Based Improvement To Increase Online Giving In Churches, Lauren Elizabeth Rivera
An Evaluation Of Process- And Performer-Based Improvement To Increase Online Giving In Churches, Lauren Elizabeth Rivera
Theses and Dissertations
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of electronic transactions for many churches. Churches which were more inclined to establish online giving platforms weathered the disruption of the pandemic more successfully. Electronic transactions proved to be an efficacious modality for churches to maximize tithing and offering. Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) is an evidence-based framework which can inform decision-making, starting with macro-level assessments of the effects of external variables on adaptive systems and systematically funneling down to focus on processes and individuals. This study examined the effects of a process and performer-based intervention, through automation, to increase the percentage of online giving …
Effect Of Variable Delays To Reinforcement On Skill Acquisition Of Tacts In Children With Autism, Ya-Chien Yang
Effect Of Variable Delays To Reinforcement On Skill Acquisition Of Tacts In Children With Autism, Ya-Chien Yang
Theses and Dissertations
Basic research has established that immediate reinforcement produces the best outcome when learning a skill. More recent research has followed, showing that even 8-10 seconds of brief delays may impair learning. In one of the few applied studies on this topic, Majdalany et al. (2016) showed that participants with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) acquired tacts more quickly with immediate reinforcement, compared to delays of 6s and 12s. However, no research has examined variable delays to reinforcement, which may be more common in classrooms and clinics. Thus, the purpose of the proposed study was to expand previous research by examining variable …
Further Evaluation Of The Effects Of Music And Rird On Vocal Stereotypy, Keith Happel
Further Evaluation Of The Effects Of Music And Rird On Vocal Stereotypy, Keith Happel
Theses and Dissertations
Vocal stereotypy (VS), or vocalizations that are noncontexual or nonfunctional, is commonly exhibited in individuals on the autism spectrum. The nature of vocal stereotypy may pose an issue for some individuals, ranging from social ostracization to the inability to perform daily tasks. Previous research has shown that access to matched stimulation (e.g., music) and response interruption and redirection (RIRD), a form of punishment, are effective at decreasing vocal stereotypy (Gibbs et al., 2018). However, in the aforementioned study, researchers did not evaluate a less intrusive treatment in isolation prior to implementing punishment. The purpose of the current investigation is to …
Increasing Cheerleader Safety Through The Observer Effect, Madison Elizabeth Duke
Increasing Cheerleader Safety Through The Observer Effect, Madison Elizabeth Duke
Theses and Dissertations
Cheerleading has a high rate of serious injuries, but the safety of cheerleaders has seldom been researched. Behavior analytic research has never investigated cheerleading and has rarely focused on improving the safety of athletes. The present study examined scored observations, a common intervention in the behavior-based safety literature, as a method to increase the safety of cheerleaders completing basic movements. This has previously been shown to produce the observer effect, wherein an observer’s safe behavior is increased after observing and scoring the behavior of another performer. Scored observations alone increased basic cheerleading movements to a mastery criteria for one of …
Relations Between Heart Rate And Precursors To Aggression With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Emily Wynn Dowling
Relations Between Heart Rate And Precursors To Aggression With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Emily Wynn Dowling
Theses and Dissertations
Aggression is a commonly reported problem behavior for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. When assessing and treating aggression, there are risks of injury to the client and staff when the problem behavior is aggression. Investigating physiological arousal states of clients may be fruitful if this physiological measure can be used to predict occurrences of problem behavior, such as aggression. Previous research has shown varied results when investigating the relations between heart rate and problem behaviors. For some individuals, heart rate increased preceding problem behavior and for others heart rate decreased (Barrera et al., 2007). The temporal relation between heart …
Comparing Video Modeling To Tactile Feedback To Train Medical Skills, Kelcie Erin Mccafferty
Comparing Video Modeling To Tactile Feedback To Train Medical Skills, Kelcie Erin Mccafferty
Theses and Dissertations
Medical skills and practices have been continuously advancing, with many recent advancements in clinical practice. However, medical training has yet to develop in tandem with medical advancement. Behavior analysis has a large body of research and practice in the area of skill acquisition to offer the medical field. TAGteach® is one example of a behavior analytic method that could be beneficial to the medical field. Although traditional applications of TAGteach® have been proven to be effective, they may not be socially valid or accepted by the larger population or medical professionals. The purpose of the present study was to compare …
A Multi-Level Comparison Of Increasing Training Modalities To Train Behavior Analysts To Conduct An Intensive Pediatric Feeding Intervention, Ronald Joseph Clark
A Multi-Level Comparison Of Increasing Training Modalities To Train Behavior Analysts To Conduct An Intensive Pediatric Feeding Intervention, Ronald Joseph Clark
Theses and Dissertations
A common focus within behavior analytic clinical practice is to incorporate training with caregivers to promote successful transition of clinical services. In the pediatric feeding literature, for example, training caregivers to ensure maintenance and generalization of the intervention is expected. However, training staff members to provide specific behavioral interventions has received less attention. The current study systematically implemented three levels of training to evaluate the level of intensity required to train behavior analytic staff (i.e., behavior technicians, Registered Behavior Technicians®, and Board-Certified Behavior Analysts®) to implement a feeding protocol with a role play partner. Only one participant met the mastery …
Effect Of Brain Injury On Demand Of Alcohol, Whitney Michele Chaney
Effect Of Brain Injury On Demand Of Alcohol, Whitney Michele Chaney
Theses and Dissertations
Brain injury, or damage to the brain and/or surrounding structures, is listed by the CDC as the leading cause of disability and death in the United States. This kind of injury can result in symptoms that physical, cognitive, and behavioral functioning in those affected. Despite this, current literature reflects a significant deficiency in the understanding and management of behavioral symptoms, that present after the injury, in most neurorehabilitative treatments. This study aimed to investigate whether sustaining a brain injury can effect an individual’s demand intensity for alcohol, if their demand was inelastic, and their probability for misuse of alcohol. To …
Brief And Extended Effects Of Modified Competing Stimulus Assessments, Soray Nicole Castro
Brief And Extended Effects Of Modified Competing Stimulus Assessments, Soray Nicole Castro
Theses and Dissertations
Competing stimulus assessments (CSA) are pre-assessment tools that systematically identify stimuli associated with reduced problem behavior. The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an augmented CSA containing components of prompted engagement and response blocking. Results indicated the augmented CSA effectively identified two additional competing items for two of the three participants following prompted engagement. We also evaluated the extended effects of the competing stimuli on item engagement and stereotypy for two participants. Stereotypy reductive effects are maintained for one of the four competing stimuli for Participant 2 and two of the six items for Participant 3.
The Effect Of Video Model Dosage And Self-Monitoring On Parent's Use Of Language-Promoting Behavior, Kacie Marie Mcgarry
The Effect Of Video Model Dosage And Self-Monitoring On Parent's Use Of Language-Promoting Behavior, Kacie Marie Mcgarry
Theses and Dissertations
Previous research has found a disparity between the language trajectories of children within a high, medium, or low-economic-status family. A relationship is reliably found between the language trajectory of toddlers and success throughout school. This study will evaluate a training package to teach parents to engage in behaviors that promote language and assess the training's short-term effect on the trajectories of children (i.e., growing language) within low-socioeconomic backgrounds. Specifically, experimenters will evaluate the impact of the dosage of video modeling, self-evaluation, and self-monitoring on the acquisition of the targeted skills. Data may suggest that the more accurate the individual is …
Assessing The Validity And Reliability Of The Performance Diagnostic Checklist-Human Services 1.1, Sebastian Jimenez
Assessing The Validity And Reliability Of The Performance Diagnostic Checklist-Human Services 1.1, Sebastian Jimenez
Theses and Dissertations
The PDC-HS is an informant-based assessment tool used by OBM practitioners in human service settings. An updated version known as the PDC-HS 1.1 has recently been released. The present study measured the validity and reliability of the PDCHS 1.1 by analyzing answers obtained while watching a video of a simulated interview between a consultant and a supervisor. Three video vignettes were created, each describing a performance concern in one or more areas of the PDCHS 1.1. Twenty-one participants watched all vignettes and filled out the PDC-HS 1.1 based on the answers provided. Validity was measured by calculating the percentage of …
Assessment And Improvement Of Women’S Soccer Performance Using Precision Teaching And Frequency Building, Emily Anne Swope
Assessment And Improvement Of Women’S Soccer Performance Using Precision Teaching And Frequency Building, Emily Anne Swope
Theses and Dissertations
Performance assessments may be a helpful tool to determine why performance is lacking in sports and fitness. They may also provide some examples of interventions that help improve performance. If the performance deficits are due to a lack of skill or knowledge, then one teaching procedure that may increase the performance of the skill is frequency building. The purpose of the present study was to use a sports performance assessment to identify the variables responsible for sub-standard performance on a college women’s soccer team. In addition, we used a frequency building procedure to improve the performance of three soccer players. …
The Effects Of Teaching Children To Tact Their Emotions On Problem Behavior, Haley Nicole Harber
The Effects Of Teaching Children To Tact Their Emotions On Problem Behavior, Haley Nicole Harber
Theses and Dissertations
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often struggle to understand and describe private events, such as emotions. When an individual cannot communicate appropriately, it can lead to various problem behaviors. Previous literature suggested that we teach children to tact their emotions (e.g., "I am sad," "I am angry") in an attempt to decrease their problem behavior. The primary purpose of the current study is to teach children with autism to tact their emotions. The secondary purpose is to evaluate the effects of empathy statements on problem behavior. Four children participated, three with problem behavior maintained by access to tangibles and …
The Effects Of Presession Conditions On Behavior During A Brief Functional Analysis, Dung Haylie Le
The Effects Of Presession Conditions On Behavior During A Brief Functional Analysis, Dung Haylie Le
Theses and Dissertations
Previous research has demonstrated that patterns of responding during a no-interaction condition of a functional analysis (FA) may predict FA outcomes. Thus, behavior analysts may use an initial no-interaction condition to identify problem behavior maintained by social reinforcement when time and resources are limited. However, in a clinic setting, most functional analyses are conducted in between or immediately after instructional sessions or structured play. Therefore, the proposed study was designed to examine the differential effects of presession conditions of naturally occurring activities (work versus play) at a clinic setting during a modified brief functional analysis. Results showed that presession conditions …
Comparison Of Traditional And Eye-Gaze Preference And Reinforcer Assessments, Zhihao Ou
Comparison Of Traditional And Eye-Gaze Preference And Reinforcer Assessments, Zhihao Ou
Theses and Dissertations
A variety of preference assessments have been used to identify potential reinforcers for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related disabilities. However, during traditional selection-based assessments, participants may fail to select items or selection may be under faulty stimulus control (e.g., side bias). Previous research has evaluated the utility of eye-gaze preference assessments with individuals with profound intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this study is to compare preference assessments by eye gaze and traditional preference assessment in three participants with ASD. The results of reinforcer assessment showed that among 2 out of 3 participants, the eye gaze method was …
Teaching Children With Autism To Tact Private Events Based On Common Properties, Madisyn Quidort
Teaching Children With Autism To Tact Private Events Based On Common Properties, Madisyn Quidort
Theses and Dissertations
Skinner (1957) proposed that people learn to talk about private events in several ways. This study sought to examine the plausibility of one of those mechanisms: common properties. Skinner asserted that children learn tacts for public stimuli through normal interaction with their caregivers. When a child experiences a private stimulus that shares some feature with a previously learned public stimulus, the child generalizes the tact to the private sensation because there is a common property between the two stimuli. Three children with autistic disorder were taught 6 to 9 sensation tacts (e.g., prickly, cozy, tight) depicted in videos (e.g., a …
The Effects Of Guided Notes In An Online Behavior Analysis Graduate Course, Natalya Theresa Gutierrez
The Effects Of Guided Notes In An Online Behavior Analysis Graduate Course, Natalya Theresa Gutierrez
Theses and Dissertations
Guided notes are handouts with fill-in-the-blank spots, incomplete outlines, or PowerPoint slides with blank spaces identical to those used by the instructor during class lectures (Biggers et al., 2020). This note-taking strategy was initially created for those who have difficulty in the classroom, such as students with learning disabilities (Williams et al., 2012). However, guided notes became a supplemental note-taking technique used during lectures for non-disabled college students as well. The authors examined the impact of guided notes in an online course format, counterbalancing three conditions across participants and instructional units: Guided notes, learning objectives and no notes to determine …
An Examination Of The Effects Of The Presentation Of Preferred Items On Frequency Of Stereotypy In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Shauna Blady
Theses and Dissertations
Stereotypy is a restricted, repetitive behavior that features rigidity and invariance. Approximately 88% of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit some form of stereotypy (Chebli et al., 2016). Although it often occurs under conditions of stimulus deprivation, stereotypy may also occur under other environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of stereotypy when preferred items are available noncontingently. Three participants were exposed to a baseline condition in which they had no access to items, followed by conditions in which high and low preferred items were delivered noncontingently to investigate whether automatically-maintained stereotypy was likely …
Teacher Choice-Allocation Of Delayed Treatment Outcomes Based On Severity Of Student Problem Behavior, Natalia Victoria Colón
Teacher Choice-Allocation Of Delayed Treatment Outcomes Based On Severity Of Student Problem Behavior, Natalia Victoria Colón
Theses and Dissertations
Delay discounting is the systematic preference for smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later rewards, particularly as the delay to the larger, later reward is increased. It is used to explain impulsivity. Monetary rewards have been most frequently studied; however, impulsivity has also been represented with behavioral treatment outcomes for maladaptive behavior where a caregiver is responsible for its implementation (Call et al., 2015; Scheithauer et al., 2020). Maladaptive behavior is a common concern among families with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Long-term improvements are not uncommon in behavior analysis. It may be detrimental to client gains if caregivers discount longer acting …
The Connection Between The Disconnects: Exploring Process Redesign To Reduce Human Error, Missy Carol Vergason
The Connection Between The Disconnects: Exploring Process Redesign To Reduce Human Error, Missy Carol Vergason
Theses and Dissertations
It has been said that organizations are only as effective as their processes. However, often times organizational behavior management (OBM) utilizes performance management to resolve issues as opposed to Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA), which encompasses process redesign to ensure processes operate efficiently. Ultimately, to assist in long-term beneficial changes, process redesign could be helpful for allowing performers to have the resources to benefit from the enhanced process. However, little research has been done that assesses performance change with disconnects removed or with the addition of automation in a controlled laboratory setting. Thus, the current study examined the effects of a …
Effects Of Instructive Feedback On Gustatory Relations, Natàlia Arasa Bonavila
Effects Of Instructive Feedback On Gustatory Relations, Natàlia Arasa Bonavila
Theses and Dissertations
Differentiating tastes is important for safety reasons; being able to discriminate flavors could prevent an individual from eating unsafe items. The association of taste, color, and texture of different foods is important for safety reasons as it provides a base knowledge of safe foods. As some people with autism have problems communicating what they see, hear, touch, feel, or taste, the association of color, texture, and taste will promote healthy choices. Most of the research on tact acquisition has focused on visual stimuli. However, this study attempted to teach children to tact gustatory stimuli and evaluated the effects of instructive …
Embedding Reinforcement In Choice Making During Free Play In Children With Asd, Julianne Isabella Fernandez
Embedding Reinforcement In Choice Making During Free Play In Children With Asd, Julianne Isabella Fernandez
Theses and Dissertations
The present study evaluated the effects of embedded reinforcement and satiation procedures on activity preferences in a small group setting of four children diagnosed with ASD. This study is a systematic replication of Hanley et al (2009) in which researchers used the same procedures to evaluate time allocation and activity preferences of neurotypical children in the classroom during free play. The goal of this study was to see if the results of the original study would generalize to children diagnosed with autism. Satiation procedures resulted in the slight increase of engagement in the highest preferred activity zone with some overlap …
The Effects Of Training On Parent-Implemented Multiple Stimulus Preference Assessments Without Replacement, Marlene Hernandez Correa
The Effects Of Training On Parent-Implemented Multiple Stimulus Preference Assessments Without Replacement, Marlene Hernandez Correa
Theses and Dissertations
Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit restricted interests and communication deficits; hence, identifying potential reinforcers can be challenging. Using multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessments is a practical way for practitioners working with this population to identify potential reinforcers. Previous research has found that inexperienced staff can learn to implement preference assessments using enhanced instructions only (i.e., detailed written information, diagrams, and pictures) without needing feedback (Graff and Karsten, 2012b). However, researchers have yet to examine whether enhanced instructions alone impact other populations' repertoires, such as parents, similarly, or if this training is effective across cultures. Incorporating …
Teaching Individuals To Tact The Intensity Of Sensations, Sandhya Rajagopal
Teaching Individuals To Tact The Intensity Of Sensations, Sandhya Rajagopal
Theses and Dissertations
Healthcare professionals frequently ask individuals to use numerical rating scales to rate their pain intensity; therefore, reporting the intensity of private sensations is an important skill. Yet individuals with autism often have difficulty reporting sensations. Using a multiple baseline design across stimulus sets in the pilot experiment and Experiment 1, a multiple probe design across participants in Experiment 2, and a multiple probe design across stimulus sets in Experiment 3, the present study investigated a method of teaching typically developing adults and children and one child with autism to report the intensity of tactile sensations rough, tight, heavy, and temperature. …
The Effects Of Reinforcer Absence And Availability Of Alternative Activity On Delay Of Gratification In Children With Autism, Hailey Rose Prechtel
The Effects Of Reinforcer Absence And Availability Of Alternative Activity On Delay Of Gratification In Children With Autism, Hailey Rose Prechtel
Theses and Dissertations
An increase in delay tolerance can help individuals obtain more preferred items, activities, and interactions. There are also many situations in a young child's daily life in which they cannot have immediate access to items, activities, or attention that they might be seeking. This can often lead to problem behavior and a longer time to wait for the desired item. Strategies that increase self-controlled responding may help individuals make choices and respond appropriately to receive a better outcome. This study examined the effects of self-control techniques such as removing an item, and interaction with an alternative activity on a child’s …
Comparing The Effects Of Noncontingent Reinforcement And Environmental Enrichment On Problem Behavior Maintained By Automatic Reinforcement, Mary Llinas
Theses and Dissertations
Environmental enrichment (EE) and noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) are common behavior analytic interventions used to decrease problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Both EE and NCR involve noncontingent access to preferred or competing stimuli, however, access to stimuli is intermittent (typically on a fixed-time [FT] schedule) in NCR, while in EE, the stimuli are continuously available. Despite the research on their effectiveness at reducing problem behavior, they have not been compared. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of different schedules of reinforcement at decreasing automatically maintained problem behavior (stereotypy) and anxiety exhibited by two children with …
Evaluating Matrix Training To Teach Children With Autism To Tact Private Events, Abbi Dell Lee
Evaluating Matrix Training To Teach Children With Autism To Tact Private Events, Abbi Dell Lee
Theses and Dissertations
The research on teaching tacts has primarily focus on visual stimuli, with relatively little attention to teaching tacts of nonvisual stimuli. The present study extended the literature to different types of tactile stimulation by teaching 2-component tacts of body-part sensation combinations in the presence of tactile stimulation. Multiple objects were used to produce the sensations to encourage generalization. Two additional exemplars for each sensation were probed for generalization to novel objects. The experimenters used matrix training, in which target responses were arranged in such a way as to facilitate recombinative generalization to untrained combinations. We arranged 6 body part targets …
Teaching Rule-Governed Behavior To Children With Autism, Alicia Mingione
Teaching Rule-Governed Behavior To Children With Autism, Alicia Mingione
Theses and Dissertations
This study aimed to teach rule-governed behavior to children with autism. Few studies have examined rule-governed behavior in children with autism. Of the few studies that exist, results have shown that using behavior-consequence rules produce quicker acquisition of learning than using antecedent-behavior rules. In the current study, participants were given two behavior-consequence rules, one resulting in the presentation of a preferred or nonpreferred consequence and the other resulting in avoidance of that consequence. The percentage of rules followed independently and correctly was measured. A constant prompt delay was implemented due to the lack of progress. However, some participants began exhibiting …
Implementation Of Behavior Skills Training Via Telehealth To Teach Pre-Session Pairing To Caregivers Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Le-E Chin
Theses and Dissertations
This study aimed to extend the literature on training procedures used in telehealth and extend the literature on caregiver training. This study utilized a multiple-baseline design to implement behavior skills training to teach pre-session pairing skills to 2 parents/caregivers in Malaysia via telehealth. This study also examined the cultural social validity of pre-session pairing as a preventative procedure in therapeutic settings outside of the United States. Results demonstrated that behavior skills training with an additional component of specific performance feedback was effective to train participants up to mastery criteria. Social validity results indicated an increase in positive interactions between parent/caregiver …
Algorithms For Algorithms: Teaching Problem-Solving In Computer Science, James Riswick-Estelle
Algorithms For Algorithms: Teaching Problem-Solving In Computer Science, James Riswick-Estelle
Theses and Dissertations
Increased demand from society for computer scientists and software engineers has placed considerable stress on university-based computer science and engineering programs. Given technology's central role in society, the education of those developing and maintaining that technology is critical. Behavior-based teaching methods may assist in addressing increased demand on universities and improve the quality of education they provide. The present study included two experiments of non-concurrent multiple baseline design. The experiments included 29 total participants to evaluate different algorithm-writing teaching methods at the undergraduate level. Algorithms describe a problem's key features and outline the step-by-step process required for solving that particular …