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Articles 1 - 30 of 430
Full-Text Articles in International Relations
Comparing The Us Response To The Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan And The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine: Learning From The Past And Planning For The Future, Zachary Hogan
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
As the Russo-Ukrainian war continues to rage, the decisions of the present are of paramount importance. In order to make the most positive and well-supported decisions in this ongoing conflict, it would be wise to look to past instances of similar situations. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan is such an instance. The parallels between the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the past Soviet invasion of Afghanistan are extensive and, more importantly, informative for U.S. foreign policy. It is with this lens that this paper will pursue a historical foreign policy analysis of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, its circumstances and …
Capitalism In Europe Vs. Latin America, Brandy Mace, Lucas E. Mainhart, Caleb Edwards, Dayton Lamb, Jesus Herrera-Herrera
Capitalism In Europe Vs. Latin America, Brandy Mace, Lucas E. Mainhart, Caleb Edwards, Dayton Lamb, Jesus Herrera-Herrera
ATU Research Symposium
Focusing on the years 1995 to 2023, what are the universal traits of capitalism versus the more varying or flexible traits, as demonstrated by comparing European and Latin American practices of capitalism. For the country comparisons, researchers have agreed on 3 common variables to evaluate the capitalist practices of a Latin American country with a European one. These shared variables are 1) The power of the country's currency, 2) The informal versus formal employment of the labor force, as well as unemployment rate, and 3) The income gap between the rich and poor. Each researcher will also include 1-3 additional …
She Speaks For Millions: The Emergence Of Female Diplomatic Voices In The Russo-Ukrainian War, Amber Brittain-Hale, Amber Brittain-Hale
She Speaks For Millions: The Emergence Of Female Diplomatic Voices In The Russo-Ukrainian War, Amber Brittain-Hale, Amber Brittain-Hale
Education Division Scholarship
This research critically investigates the public diplomacy strategies deployed by a cohort of influential female European leaders on Twitter during the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022-2023. The study comprises eight leaders - Kallas (Estonia), Marin (Finland), von der Leyen (President of the European Commission), Metsola (President of the European Parliament), Sandu (Moldova), Simonyte (Lithuania), Zourabichvili (Georgia), and Meloni (Italy) - representing millions of constituents. By mirroring the analytical attention given to Ukraine's President, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, this study scrutinizes the distinct approaches and dif erences in emotional, cognitive, and structural language use between these influential female figures and President Zelenskyy in their …
“We’Ll Offer Asylum Just So Long As…” The Discrimination Of Poc And Lgbtq+ Refugees In Ongoing Refugee Crises, Faith N. Schaefer
“We’Ll Offer Asylum Just So Long As…” The Discrimination Of Poc And Lgbtq+ Refugees In Ongoing Refugee Crises, Faith N. Schaefer
Undergraduate Honors Theses
An ongoing refugee crisis is apparent in global politics and foreign relations. Still, the way receiving countries regard certain communities in this critical period has brought to light the inhumane discrimination solely based on one’s skin color and/or sexual identity. Despite the “open arms” policy that most nations tend to project, there is an unwritten protocol along borders that some states have chosen a “pick and choose” approach when it comes to People of Color (POC) and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and other gender non-conforming (LGBTQ+) individuals who are fleeing their country of origin. Any such prejudice and inequity …
Emerging From Behind The Curtain: A Comparative Analysis Of Polish And Czech Reforms Based On Quality Of Life Improvements, Summer Ellis
Emerging From Behind The Curtain: A Comparative Analysis Of Polish And Czech Reforms Based On Quality Of Life Improvements, Summer Ellis
CMC Senior Theses
This thesis examines the economic reforms undertaken by Poland and the Czech Republic during the 1990s transition period. It seeks to ultimately differentiate reform quality between the Czech Republic and Poland in terms of well-being. The basis of reform success is determined using a quality of life scale that spans economic, health, and environmental indicators. Reform quality is then assessed based on improvements in well-being, instead of high-level economic metrics that often evaluate in a manner that fails to capture individual citizen sentiment. From this point, it is possible to determine which transitioning country underwent the most optimal reform process …
Clausewitzian Theory Of War In The Age Of Cognitive Warfare, Amber Brittain-Hale, Amber Brittain-Hale
Clausewitzian Theory Of War In The Age Of Cognitive Warfare, Amber Brittain-Hale, Amber Brittain-Hale
Education Division Scholarship
We can reconceptualise warfare by contrasting Clausewitz with the modern practice of cognitive warfare, as evidenced by Ukraine’s defence methodologies. The strategic orchestration of ‘infopolitik’ and the sophisticated use of social media can shape narratives and public perception. This article revisits Clausewitz’s tenet of war as a political instrument and juxtaposes it with contemporary conflict’s multidimensional tactics. By scrutinising Ukraine’s digital and psychological warfare tactics, one may question the applicability of Clausewitz’s framework, seeking to understand if these novel dimensions of warfare compel a redefinition or an expansion of his thesis to navigate the complexities of contemporary geopolitical confrontations.
Improving Our Vision Ii: Building Transparency And Cooperation, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Improving Our Vision Ii: Building Transparency And Cooperation, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Space and Defense
Workshop on Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies World Security Institute’s Center for Defense Information Secure World Foundation London, United Kingdom, October 2007
This was the second workshop to bring together a range of stakeholders to discuss global needs and capabilities for Space Situational Awareness (SSA). The first workshop was held in September 2006 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. This 2006 workshop was sponsored by the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies and the World Security Institute’s Center for Defense Information. The 2006 workshop report can be found at the following internet site: http://www.cdi.org/PDFs/SSAConference_screen. …
Space Based Solar Power Workshop, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Space Based Solar Power Workshop, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Space and Defense
Preventing resource conflicts in the face of increasing global populations and demands in the 21st century is a high priority for the United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD). All solution options to these challenges should be explored, including opportunities from space.
Future Of Space Commerce Workshop: Reducing Risks And Fostering Partnerships – Synergies Between Civil, Military, Commercial, And New Space, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Future Of Space Commerce Workshop: Reducing Risks And Fostering Partnerships – Synergies Between Civil, Military, Commercial, And New Space, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Space and Defense
Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Futron Corporation NASA Ames Research Center Breckenridge, Colorado, August 2007
The Future of Space Commerce Workshop brought together participants from the civil, military, commercial, and new space sectors, and relevant academic, consulting, business, and financial organizations to discuss and explore how risks associated with space commerce development can be reduced, and to examine synergies to strengthen and advance partnerships between the sectors. The workshop was hosted by the United States (U.S.) Air Force Academy Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies in cooperation with Futron Corporation and NASA Ames Research Center.
China Working Group: China, Space, And Strategy, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
China Working Group: China, Space, And Strategy, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Space and Defense
Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Air University Keystone, Colorado, June 2007
Chinese advances in its space program in recent years has led to a growing international interest in the implications of Chinese programs in the civil, military, and commercial space sectors. This workshop, sponsored by the United States (U.S.) Air Force Academy Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies and the Air University School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, brought together a community of experts and policy-makers to discuss the implications of current and future Chinese space developments on space …
Summer Space Seminar 2007, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Summer Space Seminar 2007, Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies
Space and Defense
Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Space Policy Institute, George Washington University Colorado and Washington, DC, May – June 2007
The Summer Space Seminar 2007 proffered two principal goals: (1) to foster an education and interest in the interdisciplinary areas of space with the intent to develop space professionals now or in the future; and (2) to develop a network of relations across future civil, commercial, and military space professionals that will likely emerge from the participants in the Seminar.
National Space Forum 2007: Towards A Theory Of Spacepower, Charles D. Lutes
National Space Forum 2007: Towards A Theory Of Spacepower, Charles D. Lutes
Space and Defense
Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Colorado Springs, Colorado, January 2007
The Spacepower Theory Project seeks to gain insight into human behavior in outer space. The project’s overall objective is to develop a theoretical framework that helps to define, categorize, explain and anticipate ways in which “spacepower” may be pursued, how the various facets of spacepower connect to each other, and how they relate to the other instrumentalities of power that state and non-state actors may seek to achieve or retain.
Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies Program Annals, Space And Defense
Eisenhower Center For Space And Defense Studies Program Annals, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
President Issues Export Controls Directive, Space And Defense
President Issues Export Controls Directive, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
Reform United States Defense Trade Policies and Practices, 22 January 2008
President Bush issued an Export Control Directive today that will ensure that United States (U.S.) defense trade policies and practices better support the National Security Strategy. The package of reforms required under this directive will improve the manner in which the U.S. Department of State licenses the export of defense equipment, services and technical data, enabling the U.S. Government to respond more expeditiously to the military equipment needs of our friends, allies, and particularly our coalition partners.
Defense Industrial Base Assessment: United States Space Industry, Space And Defense
Defense Industrial Base Assessment: United States Space Industry, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
Final Report Summary, August 2007
This report focuses on the health and competitiveness of the United States (U.S.) Space Industrial Base, including the associated impacts of U.S. export controls. The Department of Defense, through the Under Secretary of the Air Force and the Space Industrial Base Council directed this study. An Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate representative led an industry government team and integrated the information gathered to prepare the study. The Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security developed and deployed the survey instrument and verified data provided by companies comprising the U.S. Space Industry. …
Chasing Satellites: Identifying Export Control Problems And Solutions, John Douglass
Chasing Satellites: Identifying Export Control Problems And Solutions, John Douglass
Space and Defense
In a globalized world where the United States (U.S.) faces threats from terrorist groups, rogue states, and others, effective export controls remain essential to our national security. These controls keep our most advanced technologies, weapons, and equipment out of the hands of our adversaries and rivals— an increasingly difficult task.
Bureaucratic Politics Run Amok: The United States And Satellite Export Controls, Eligar Sadeh
Bureaucratic Politics Run Amok: The United States And Satellite Export Controls, Eligar Sadeh
Space and Defense
The case of export controls of United States (U.S.) commercial satellites is characterized by bureaucratic politics leading to policy outcomes that are not rational, i.e., the desired outcome of national security is not met and commerce in the satellite sector is harmed. The constraints to rational policy making are a result of competition, conflict, and protectionism, the “bureaucratic politics,” among the relevant actors including the U.S. President and Congress, Department of State (State), Department of Commerce (Commerce), and Department of Defense (DOD). It is bureaucratic politics that result in policies for licensing the export of commercial satellites that are far …
The American Bubble: International Traffic In Arms Regulations And Space Commerce, Roger Handberg
The American Bubble: International Traffic In Arms Regulations And Space Commerce, Roger Handberg
Space and Defense
International space commerce in the United States (U.S.) has entered into a period of great uncertainty regarding its current and future competitiveness and marketability of its products. This question arises because the U.S. with regard to space commerce remains frozen in a posture established first during the Cold War. The concern then was that no critical technologies be made available to U.S. enemies and their fellow travelers. The former were obvious while the latter were more problematic since that group also included states with which the U.S. wished to establish more positive relations including international trade. The mechanism used to …
The History Of United States Weapons Export Control Policy, Taylor Dinerman
The History Of United States Weapons Export Control Policy, Taylor Dinerman
Space and Defense
All nations regulate Arms sales, but the United States (U.S.) has traditionally gone further than most. After World War I, a conspiracy theory made its way into popular culture that blamed the war, and specifically the U.S. intervention in 1917, on the so called “merchants of death.” Ever since, this has been a powerful and enduring theme in politics and culture throughout the world. Yet, nowhere have the effects of this theory been more enduring than in U.S. policy and law.
Editorial, Eligar Sadeh
Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense
Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Front Matter Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense
Front Matter Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
China And Asia Space Policy Update, John D. Wolf
China And Asia Space Policy Update, John D. Wolf
Space and Defense
You can’t believe everything you hear about the Chinese space program. I worked in Beijing in the late 1990s, and there I encountered a man named Mr. Li. Mr. Li spoke good English, appeared well educated, and claimed to have been in the Chinese Air Force. He would sometimes talk with me about the Chinese space program, particularly about the Chinese space launch facility in Tibet where they were preparing for a mission to the Moon some time before the end of 1999. The purpose of the mission, he said, was to crack open the Moon to allow the Earth …
European Space Policy Update, Richard Buenneke
European Space Policy Update, Richard Buenneke
Space and Defense
Four decades after the first autonomous European satellite launch, Europe found itself at a crossroads regarding the course of its security space programs. Facing continued struggles to develop dedicated military satellites at the national level, Europe considered a strategy based on dual-use technology and past successes in civilian launch and satellite programs. This approach centered on a series of “great projects” for navigation, global monitoring, and space situational awareness.
Russian Space Policy Update, William P. Barry
Russian Space Policy Update, William P. Barry
Space and Defense
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992, the Russian Federation found itself the inheritor of much of the Soviet space program. However, this “new”country also had a new leadership that had little interest in a space effort that was viewed as tainted by its close association with the leadership of the Communist Party and its management through the Soviet defense industry bureaucracy. In addition, the extraordinary budgets and priorities assigned to resources designated for space efforts were a luxury that Russia could now little afford. In the face of these enormous challenges, the Russian Space Agency was created …
United States Policy Update, James Vedda
United States Policy Update, James Vedda
Space and Defense
This first installment of the Journal’s U.S. space policy update will recap significant developments since the beginning of the George W. Bush administration. The formal mechanism chosen by the administration to deal with policy issues is the Policy Coordinating Committee (PCC) system, composed of high-level officials from throughout the executive branch. This system was established by National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD)-1, dated 13 February 2001, which set up 6 regional and 11 topic area PCCs, none of which addressed space issues.
Space Control, Diplomacy, And Strategic Integration, R. Joseph Desutter
Space Control, Diplomacy, And Strategic Integration, R. Joseph Desutter
Space and Defense
As U.S. space capability came of age in the early 1960s it made substantive arms control negotiations possible. Arms control proponents like to argue that treaties, in turn, legitimated spy satellites by acknowledging their existence and sanctioning their use for verification. But the half-century old relationship between satellite technology and arms control has hardly been marked by such reciprocity. While satellite technology has enabled arms control, arms control has imposed nontrivial constraints on America’s strategic exploitation of outer space. In bureaucratic terms, Department of Defense (DOD) exploitation of outer space has been retarded by State Department instruments that were only …
Establishing Space Security: A Prescription For A Rules-Based Approach, Theresa Hitchens, Michael Katz-Hyman
Establishing Space Security: A Prescription For A Rules-Based Approach, Theresa Hitchens, Michael Katz-Hyman
Space and Defense
The question of what constitutes the proper military uses of space is not just a debate over space weapons and attacks on satellites. It is a debate that sheds light on the fundamental decisions that states and their citizens will have to make over the next century as we both explore and exploit space for its scientific, strategic, and economic value. Furthermore, the context of this debate changes year to year as the physical and political environment of space changes.
An Inchoate Process For The International Regulation Of Military Activities In Space, Baker Spring
An Inchoate Process For The International Regulation Of Military Activities In Space, Baker Spring
Space and Defense
As the breadth and depth of military activities in space expand, demands are growing to regulate these activities at the international level. In some cases, these demands stem from the recognition that broader national security operations in space are moving away from a legacy of being dominated by secret intelligence activities and in the direction of more open military activities.1 In other cases, they are driven by the efforts of arms control advocates to roll back the “weaponization of space.”2 Regardless of the underlying motivations, the demands for international regulation are going to grow, and the debate will turn increasingly …
Introduction To The First Issue, Roger G. Harrison
Introduction To The First Issue, Roger G. Harrison
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.