Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Cultural Anthropology (175)
- Arts and Humanities (77)
- Sociology (66)
- International and Area Studies (23)
- Communication (18)
-
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (18)
- Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies (18)
- Education (17)
- History (17)
- Geography (14)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (14)
- Linguistic Anthropology (13)
- Other Anthropology (13)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (13)
- Critical and Cultural Studies (12)
- Folklore (12)
- Pacific Islands Languages and Societies (11)
- Place and Environment (11)
- Polynesian Studies (11)
- Religion (11)
- Gender and Sexuality (10)
- Politics and Social Change (10)
- American Studies (9)
- Law (9)
- Psychology (9)
- Public Health (9)
- Race and Ethnicity (9)
- Sociology of Culture (9)
- Institution
-
- City University of New York (CUNY) (15)
- Selected Works (15)
- University of South Florida (15)
- Kutztown University (12)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (11)
-
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee (7)
- Bucknell University (6)
- University of Puget Sound (6)
- Western Kentucky University (6)
- Parkland College (5)
- SelectedWorks (5)
- Western University (5)
- College of the Holy Cross (4)
- Florida International University (4)
- Trinity College (4)
- University of Kentucky (4)
- Brigham Young University (3)
- Butler University (3)
- Central Washington University (3)
- Claremont Colleges (3)
- Cornell University Law School (3)
- Illinois State University (3)
- Nova Southeastern University (3)
- Rollins College (3)
- Trinity University (3)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (3)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (3)
- Utah State University (3)
- Washington University in St. Louis (3)
- Western Washington University (3)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (15)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (15)
- Sikaiana Ethnography (12)
- Honors Theses (6)
- Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository (5)
-
- All Faculty Scholarship (4)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (4)
- Doctoral Dissertations (4)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (4)
- FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Journal of Global Catholicism (4)
- Masters Theses & Specialist Projects (4)
- A with Honors Projects (3)
- All Master's Theses (3)
- Annelise Riles (3)
- Cornell Law Faculty Publications (3)
- Denice J Szafran, Ph.D. (3)
- Faculty Journal Articles (3)
- Faculty Publications (3)
- Faculty Scholarship (3)
- Honors Projects (3)
- ISU Ethnography of the University Initiative (3)
- Jacqueline L. Urla (3)
- Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024) (3)
- Publications and Research (3)
- Senior Theses and Projects (3)
- The Qualitative Report (3)
- Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection (3)
- Anthropology Department Faculty Publication Series (2)
- Anthropology ETDs (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 243
Full-Text Articles in Anthropology
Student Ethnographic Research Experiences At The University Of Puget Sound, Andrew M. Gardner
Student Ethnographic Research Experiences At The University Of Puget Sound, Andrew M. Gardner
All Faculty Scholarship
This brief essay describes programming at the University
of Puget Sound that allows undergraduate students to pursue
independent ethnographic research projects. This programming
undergirds all three of the subsequent student essays included in this
issue. The mission of this programming is to encourage “experiential
learning”—an objective that is aligned (and perhaps derivative)
of the methodological toolkit long deployed by anthropological
ethnographers. The essay describes the pedagogic goals that I
have been able to integrate into the supervision of this experiential
programming, and also discusses how we have sought to balance
independently-derived student research interests with the broader
research agendas codified …
Moving Through The Violence: Yemeni Migrants And The Reconstruction Of Lifeworlds In Cairo, Jonathan Hearn
Moving Through The Violence: Yemeni Migrants And The Reconstruction Of Lifeworlds In Cairo, Jonathan Hearn
Theses and Dissertations
This Master’s thesis is based on an ethnographic study, following the lives of a small number of Yemeni people rebuilding their lives in Cairo. Their displacement is the consequence of many factors not least the outbreak of war in 2014. In response to this, I ask: In the midst of ongoing conflict, how do Yemeni migrants go about reconstructing their lifeworlds in Cairo? That is, to ask how are Yemeni migrants in Cairo responding to the violent disruption of their social realities and what sense are they making of the consequences. The reorganisation of social realities disrupted by conflict means …
Mind, Body, And Farmland: The Agricultural Revolution Of Regenerative Agriculture And The Social Construction Of Sustainability., Amanda C. Pennett
Mind, Body, And Farmland: The Agricultural Revolution Of Regenerative Agriculture And The Social Construction Of Sustainability., Amanda C. Pennett
Honors Theses
An agricultural revolution has begun to take place in light of the growing awareness of environmental issues that impact crop production on farms. In the beginning of the fall of 2022, I began to study the culture of regenerative agriculture in rural Pennsylvania using anthropological methods, including participant-observation and semi-structured interviews, working alongside local farmers. I was also interested in uncovering the flaws in our current industrial agricultural system and how farming could be reimagined to benefit farmers’ mental health, soils, and ecosystems while privileging the voices of those farmers committed to regenerative farming. The ongoing evolution of regenerative farming …
"Can You Make Coffee Wrong, Anyway?": An Ethnographic Analysis Of The Culture Of Coffee In Lewisburg, Pa, Elizabeth Hoffman
"Can You Make Coffee Wrong, Anyway?": An Ethnographic Analysis Of The Culture Of Coffee In Lewisburg, Pa, Elizabeth Hoffman
Honors Theses
The rapid development of Lewisburg’s coffee scene demonstrates the social impacts and meanings of coffee. The “three waves” of coffee describe the growing importance of unique flavors and sourcing in order to best satisfy an increasingly sophisticated palate in coffee consumption. These allude to people’s preferences for different kinds of coffee and rely on how an individual’s taste guides them in their choices about what coffee to consume. Each wave emerged as a result of the coffee market’s increased attention towards quality: the first and earliest wave does not rely on origin or tasting profiles in order to sell, but …
Shifting Grounds: Movement And Continuity In Mustang, Nepal, Lauren Carter
Shifting Grounds: Movement And Continuity In Mustang, Nepal, Lauren Carter
Honors Theses
This thesis explores the socio-cultural and economic transformations in the Mustang region of Nepal. Drawing from fieldwork conducted over a month, this study examines how traditional economic activities, particularly yak herding, are being replaced by tourism and agriculture due to shifting socio-economic conditions and global influences. The concept of 'adaptive traditionality' is introduced to describe how the community in Mustang actively engages with both internal pressures and external changes to reshape their socio-cultural landscape. This adaptability is evident in the transition from nomadic pastoralism to more sedentary agricultural practices and tourism, which not only reflects a survival tactic but also …
Dancing Mi Cultura: The Production Of Ethnic And National Identity In Midwestern Mexican-Americans Through The Performance Of Ballet Méxicano Folklórico, Katrina J. Frank
Dancing Mi Cultura: The Production Of Ethnic And National Identity In Midwestern Mexican-Americans Through The Performance Of Ballet Méxicano Folklórico, Katrina J. Frank
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis studies how Mexican Americans living in the northwest suburbs of Chicago produce connections to their Mexican heritage and culture through the performance of ballet Mexicano folklórico. Through ethnographic interviews of current and former folklórico dancers, as well as participant observation of adult folklórico dance practices, I contextualize the experiences of the interviewees using the anthropological theories of habitus, continuous and discontinuous selves, double-consciousness, liminality, and collective effervescence, as well as the works of Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault, and Frantz Fanon, with the discussion of folklórico as an art, and the concept of institutional use of dance as …
Agency In Learning And E-Learning Through The Lens Of Disability And Inclusivity., Marta Martin
Agency In Learning And E-Learning Through The Lens Of Disability And Inclusivity., Marta Martin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Through the analysis of ethnographic, qualitative data collected from students and their stakeholders at the University of Louisville, this thesis examines the experiences of students with disabilities in spaces of higher education, particularly virtual learning spaces. This research has illuminated systemic gaps in disability resources and accessibility within the landscape of higher education, restricting the agency of students with disabilities and their stakeholders.
Putting It Gently: The Other Side Of A Peace Corps Volunteer Experience, Nicole Jacobson
Putting It Gently: The Other Side Of A Peace Corps Volunteer Experience, Nicole Jacobson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Peace Corps is a transformative experience for many young Americans. The majority of volunteers have worthwhile services they remember fondly; however, these experiences are not always positive. The Peace Corps is a Cold War initiative that uses soft power techniques to further American exceptionalism, capitalism, and the modernization theory of development. The goal of this project was to understand what factors led to the negative experiences of Peace Corps Volunteers. I conducted an ethnography that focused on online communities, semi-structured interviews, Peace Corps memoirs, and news articles to understand Peace Corps Volunteers’ experiences and the organizational culture where they …
Analysis Of Social Networks In Resource Management During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Ethnographic Perspective To View Complex Communities, Prihandoko Sanjatmiko
Analysis Of Social Networks In Resource Management During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Ethnographic Perspective To View Complex Communities, Prihandoko Sanjatmiko
Antropologi Indonesia
Along with the process of globalization, a perspective is needed to see an increasingly complex and heterogenous community. This article argues that the perspective of Social Network Analysis (SNA) can be a solution to see the ever-changing community. Using synchronic and diachronic approach before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, this article discusses how the dynamics of actors survive as elite capture in a community social network in the context of resource management. The case being studied was Kampung Laut community in Cilacap, Indonesia. Quantitative data on social networks before the pandemic served as the basis for ethnographic explanations on the …
“It Takes A Village”: The Implications For Gender Roles On Appalachian Family Dynamics, Taryn Jayde Rollins
“It Takes A Village”: The Implications For Gender Roles On Appalachian Family Dynamics, Taryn Jayde Rollins
Undergraduate Theses
When we hear the word “Appalachian”, many will look towards the countless examples of negative stereotypes displayed in the media. From Hillbilly Elegy to hyperbolized stories of blue people in the mountains, Appalachians have been perpetuated as backward, dirty, incestual, and stupid. Through incessant dehumanization by the media, Appalachian communities have been ignored and even blamed for their disparities. However, there are historical and social implications factors that stemmed from the major shift in the economic makeup that has led to Appalachian poverty and in turn, shaped the culture and values of the region. In addition, due to geographic isolation, …
Sociology Ethnographic Film Review, Kristen S. Addessi
Sociology Ethnographic Film Review, Kristen S. Addessi
Open Educational Resources
This is an assignment that gives students options of using different films as examples of ethnographies to understand key issues that occur in our society.
The Abolition Of Care: An Engaged Ethnography Of The Progressive Jail Assemblage, Justin Helepololei
The Abolition Of Care: An Engaged Ethnography Of The Progressive Jail Assemblage, Justin Helepololei
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation draws on ethnographic research conducted with prison abolitionists and criminal justice reform activists in Western Massachusetts - a context in which the sheriffs who operate county jails see themselves as reformers. I use the concept of a “progressive jail assemblage” to analyze the varied actors and logics that sustain incarceration locally, focusing especially on the use of care discourses and practices. I consider how progressive jailing puts prison abolitionists in the position of being against some forms of care. At the same time, abolitionists have put forth competing notions of care, ones they see as building a world …
Reimagining Yiddishkeit: Place And Belonging In A Modern Orthodox Synagogue Community, Joshua Jacoves
Reimagining Yiddishkeit: Place And Belonging In A Modern Orthodox Synagogue Community, Joshua Jacoves
Senior Theses and Projects
This is a study of the disruption of place and belonging in an urban, multi-generational, Modern Orthodox Jewish community in the Northeastern United States. It asks how members define themselves as part of a religious community. Living within walking distance of their synagogue, members build community based upon shared space. In order to embrace a more pluralistic community, local leaders in the past ten years have been pushing the boundary on what is and is not religiously allowed. This creates new, more inclusive spaces to be formed within this community, which fall along the lines of gender, sexuality, and religious …
Savages, Deplorables, And The Promise Of Anthropological Ethnography, Andrew M. Gardner
Savages, Deplorables, And The Promise Of Anthropological Ethnography, Andrew M. Gardner
All Faculty Scholarship
This short essay describes a longitudinal ethnographic project on which I am embarking with successive coteries of students here at the University of Puget Sound. The essay starts with a discussion of the latent power of ethnography to cross thresholds of difference on a mission of empathy and understanding. I tie this mission to the legacy and definition of anthropological ethnography. In the second section of the essay, I discuss the fractious nature of the American polity, and the caricatures of rural Americans that I've encountered in the urban and academic environs of the west coast. In the final …
The Parish Choir Movement And Generational Festivals In Romania’S Socialist Period: New Community Festivities In Transylvania’S Gheorgheni (Gyergyó) Region, Eszter Kovács
Journal of Global Catholicism
Among the post-1945 East European socialist regimes, Romania and Poland were the only countries where the Catholic Church—despite government interventions, controls, and bans—managed to play a significant social and political role in community life. This case study provides an ethnographic description of the parish choir movement and graduating class reunions, called “generational festivals” in Hungarian, in the Gheorgheni (Hu: Gyergyó) region in the 1970s and 1980s. The gatherings will be analyzed in the context of everyday life, the socialist system’s distinctive shortage economy, and official limits on religious activity that characterized the era. I will first describe the world of …
"It's Still Easy To Get": An Anthropological Analysis Of Nicotine Activist Efforts And User Perspectives In Central Florida, Saoulkie Bertin
"It's Still Easy To Get": An Anthropological Analysis Of Nicotine Activist Efforts And User Perspectives In Central Florida, Saoulkie Bertin
Honors Undergraduate Theses
The absence of federal government consensus on various nicotine policy matters, such as the legality of menthol cigarettes and flavored e-cigarettes, gives rise to distinct agendas, policy landscapes, and public attitudes at the state and local levels. As a result, nicotine activist groups and interested stakeholders are actively engaged in shaping the future of nicotine policy and use. This thesis explores the culture of local activist groups in Central Florida to understand how they influence nicotine-related policy change and set the tone for nicotine use in their communities. Drawing on data collected through participant observation and semi-structured interviews with activist …
Unconventional Wisdom In Resonating Echoes Of The Past: A Memoir On The Life And Music Of Royal Hartigan, Joseph Elias Boulos
Unconventional Wisdom In Resonating Echoes Of The Past: A Memoir On The Life And Music Of Royal Hartigan, Joseph Elias Boulos
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
Unconventional Wisdom in Resonating Echoes of the Past:
A Memoir on the Life and Music of royal hartigan
Joseph Elias Boulos
Detailed fieldwork achieved by people in the discipline of social/humanistic studies, specifically ethnomusicologists, in any form: book, biography, documentary, etc., have contributed to the strengthening the understanding of any group of people, community, or culture. This research project is a co-authored memoir grounded in oral history and collaborative ethnography on, and with, Dr. royal hartigan. The purpose of this ethnographic research is to fill in the lack of information readily available on royal, from his sole perspective, and to …
The Caretaking Of Eve Online: Institutional Ethics And Enactments At Ccp Games, Joshua William Rivers
The Caretaking Of Eve Online: Institutional Ethics And Enactments At Ccp Games, Joshua William Rivers
Theses and Dissertations
This ethnography examines the Icelandic video game developer CCP Games, the makers of EVE Online—a massively-multiplayer online game (MMO) that takes place in a star cluster far, far away. Through my exploration of CCP Games as an institution over the span of fourteen months, I highlight how corporations are culturally-situated, enacted entities. Simultaneously, I demonstrate that these culturally-located actors who serve as the architects of our digital infrastructures undertake such efforts from their situated vantage points, thereby embedding particular ethical commitments into the digital landscapes they craft and within which we live our social lives. Created with the intent to …
Backyard Orange Groves: Archaeology And Oral History Of An Ethnic Mexican Community In Downtown Redlands, Marlen Hinojosa
Backyard Orange Groves: Archaeology And Oral History Of An Ethnic Mexican Community In Downtown Redlands, Marlen Hinojosa
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Seeking a better life, generations of Mexican immigrant families established a thriving community in the landscape surrounded by citrus orchards flanking a stretch of Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad tracks in Redlands, CA. As a series of revitalization projects and developments, Statistical Research Inc. (SRI) conducted archival research from the Smiley library, ethnographic and archaeological investigations to understand better the history of this unstudied ethnic Mexican barrio community near downtown Redlands. The data acquired from the oral history interviews conducted with individuals who lived or had family living in the area provided a more explicit depiction of the artifacts …
An Ethnography Of Voodoo Tourism And Heritage Sites In New Orleans, Lousiana, Bryant Long
An Ethnography Of Voodoo Tourism And Heritage Sites In New Orleans, Lousiana, Bryant Long
Master of Arts in Art and Design Theses
This thesis considers how Voodoo is presented and experienced in various tourism and heritage sites within New Orleans in the present moment. A variety of visual representations, verbal narratives and multimedia performances were documented and analyzed through participant observation. Current tourism relies on the city’s ghost stories, mythology, as well as Voodoo practices and lore, raising questions about the melding of fact and fiction in the potential perpetuation of sensational ideas about the city and its African heritage. Cultural sites discussed in this thesis include Congo Square, the New Orleans Voodoo Museum, Voodoo Authentica, the New Orleans Museum of Art, …
Between Two Rivers: Environmental Justice And The Politics Of Ecological Improvement In Puget Sound, Grant M. Gutierrez
Between Two Rivers: Environmental Justice And The Politics Of Ecological Improvement In Puget Sound, Grant M. Gutierrez
Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations
Environmental justice (EJ) has become a central framework for historically marginalized communities in the United States to identify unequal exposure to environmental harm. Yet, what once began as a radical social movement challenge to different forms of environmental racism has been taken-up by a wide swathe of civil society across diverse political, cultural, and ecological landscapes. In particular, river restoration efforts – and the many communities they implicate – are emerging as key sites of political-ecological interventions that are central to EJ. However, not all river restoration efforts employ EJ as a guiding framework. Through this dissertation, I ask: how …
La Voz De Los Sures: Etnografía Glotopolítica Del Activismo Comunitario, Lara Maria Alonso Pinero
La Voz De Los Sures: Etnografía Glotopolítica Del Activismo Comunitario, Lara Maria Alonso Pinero
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
The relevance of the strategic use of language and communication in the consolidation and action of a political subject has not yet been sufficiently analyzed. Drawing on a glottopolitical perspective, this research project aims to incorporate the object of study of the political dimension of voice and point out the importance of mastering linguistic and discursive practices in community activism. Based on the case of the Latino community of Los Sures in Brooklyn, NY, in this dissertation I embark on a journey through the communicative practices through which a group of people begins to conceive of itself as a community, …
Celebrating Hmong: A Minute Ethnography Of Hmong Americans In Minneapolis, Madison Baczuk
Celebrating Hmong: A Minute Ethnography Of Hmong Americans In Minneapolis, Madison Baczuk
Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado
The Hmong people are a culture that originated in Southern China. However, many Hmong people fled to the U.S (among other nations) with the conclusion of the Vietnam war. Like other Asian cultures, the Hmong people are collectivist and give priority to family members of greater age and of the male gender. The Hmong celebrate birth, marriage, and death through sacred rituals and traditions that honor their ancestors. The Hmong language is in danger of extinction due to globalization. Yet, globalization also brings the general public greater knowledge and exposure to the wonderful culture of the Hmong people.
Speechless: Understanding The Manufacture Of Omission In An Effort Toward A More Responsible Ethnography, Sophie Goldstein
Speechless: Understanding The Manufacture Of Omission In An Effort Toward A More Responsible Ethnography, Sophie Goldstein
Senior Honors Papers / Undergraduate Theses
Narratives are versions of reality that are often fragile and always contingent. As such, the potential for anthropological knowledge production hinges on the gaps in narrative that result from omissions, exclusions, and silences on the part of both researcher and research subject. In this thesis, I draw attention to the ways anthropological knowledge is narrative knowledge, and, as such, can be productively engaged with the tools of narrative study. I contend with the excesses and omissions that shape the production of ethnographic narratives, and offer correctives born of this work that might allow for the production of more salient and …
Incipient Games: Restoring The Past Through Play In Historical Reenactment, Luke Konkol
Incipient Games: Restoring The Past Through Play In Historical Reenactment, Luke Konkol
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis is an ethnography of an historical reenactment group which stewards a living history village portraying the nineteenth-century “Wisconsin frontier.” It analyzes productions from improvisations, to scripted vignettes, to a “whodunit” mystery game. Across their practice, reenactors are met with a host of challenges including ‘authenticity,’ balancing constructionism and objectivism, visitor engagement, educating the public, and the bleeding together of period techniques and modern thinking. Such challenges push against the boundaries of analyzing the project of reenactment (or larger social life) as theatre. Given terms like “play-acting” and “role-playing” in the space of reenactment, this thesis examines this phenomenon …
Anthropology In 3d: The Use Of Photogrammetry In The Preservation And Dissemination Of Ethnographic Art, Alexander Spindler
Anthropology In 3d: The Use Of Photogrammetry In The Preservation And Dissemination Of Ethnographic Art, Alexander Spindler
Honors Projects
Photogrammetry is an effective tool used by archaeologists in museums and organizations by creating a 3D model from overlapping photos. This project involved a collection of ethnographic artifacts from Papua New Guinea that are currently housed in the Grand Valley State University Anthropology Department. This essay reviews the process and results of this project. Artifacts were photographed and 3D models were created using the Agisoft Metashape program. Models are disseminated via the Sketchfab website with proper cultural information. Artifacts originate from Sepik River tribes and were designed originally for the tourist industry. This project shows the utility of photogrammetry in …
Infrastructures Of Trust And Care In Latin American Migrant Communities, Lily Hardwig
Infrastructures Of Trust And Care In Latin American Migrant Communities, Lily Hardwig
Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects
No abstract provided.
"We're Like Ghosts, But We Have To Be." Invisibility & Liminality Among Kentuckiana's Undocumented Population, Sophie Amaya
"We're Like Ghosts, But We Have To Be." Invisibility & Liminality Among Kentuckiana's Undocumented Population, Sophie Amaya
Undergraduate Theses
The controversial topic of illegal immigration has repeatedly and deeply divided the United States. There has been, in recent years, a spotlight on immigrants from Latin America, and impersonal claims are being spread in news articles everywhere. For this research, survey questionnaires and ethnographic interviews were used to facilitate a sample of undocumented immigrants from the Louisville, Kentucky, and Southern Indiana (An area known as “Kentuckiana”) to provide insight on their experiences. This thesis aims to examine the effects of this uncertain status on the well-being of Latin American immigrants in this region, where not much research is done on …
A Decolonial Feminist Ethnography: Empowerment, Ethics And Epistemology, Jennifer Manning
A Decolonial Feminist Ethnography: Empowerment, Ethics And Epistemology, Jennifer Manning
Books/Book Chapters
A decolonial feminist ethnography is an empowering research methodology that can situate the knowledge, lived experiences and worldviews of ‘others’ who are often marginalised in management research, thought and practice. This methodology focuses on the importance of ethics and epistemology in shaping the methods of knowledge production while striving for empowerment in the research process. A decolonial feminist ethnography is a messy, bricolaged way of doing research. It is also an empowering methodology that draws attention to differences, inequalities and ‘otherness’. Reconfiguring critical ethnography to recognise the coloniality of power, a decolonial feminist ethnography enables researchers to consider and address …
Bowling Online: Introduction To Social Worlds In Second Life, Hope Mac Donald
Bowling Online: Introduction To Social Worlds In Second Life, Hope Mac Donald
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
During the ongoing covid pandemic, people with underlying conditions that could become comorbidities were forced to retreat into their homes and were banned from social spaces if they wanted to survive. Those with capital could participate in online social spaces. With the push towards considering Covid an endemic disease, which by definition means repeated outbreaks, immunocompromised people will be forced to continually withdraw from social spaces. Virtual worlds and other digital communities may be helpful in dealing with the social isolation and anxiety caused by having to distance oneself in order to protect themselves. Virtual worlds are not a perfect …