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Articles 1 - 30 of 75
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Authority With Procedural Justice: The Establishment And Enforcement Of Expectations Of Public Trust, Paris Desiree Eikanger Stoops
Authority With Procedural Justice: The Establishment And Enforcement Of Expectations Of Public Trust, Paris Desiree Eikanger Stoops
University Honors Theses
This thesis supposes all police officers should exercise authority with procedural justice, where implementation of nationwide procedural justice standards should explicitly prioritize establishing and enforcing expectations of public trust--justitia erga omnes. A qualitative temporal literary argument morally, ethically, socially, and democratically supported by a broad spectrum of criminal justice research, analyzed alongside traumatically racialized experiences, at the intersectionality of five administrations worth of sequent presidential crime policies and earth-shattering junctures in the lives of everyday Americans. Five brief companion analyses follow, exploring overlapping moral and ethical perspectives of dignity, respect, and fairness within contemporary policing in America.
Diverse Voices, Sticky Maps And Wicked Patterns. Using Creative Methods To Explore Environmental Justice, Clare Saunders, Daksha Patel
Diverse Voices, Sticky Maps And Wicked Patterns. Using Creative Methods To Explore Environmental Justice, Clare Saunders, Daksha Patel
Green Humanities: A Journal of Ecological Thought in Literature, Philosophy & the Arts
Environmental justice is multi-faceted. It is distributional, procedural and context inter-dependent. Achieving environmental justice therefore requires transdisciplinary thinking and collaborative practice with participants holding a variety of experiences and knowledges. This paper explores the different meanings of environmental justice in theory, and through artistic practices. It introduces and evaluates a series of creative workshops designed to enhance understanding of environmental justice. The workshops consisted of 1) image-informed co-created cross-national Zoom conversations; 2) using colours and shapes to tease out meanings of environmental justice; and 3) mapping local environmental injustices while centring more-than-humans. It proposes that these creative methods are useful …
A Phenomenological Study Of Lived Experiences Of Drug Treatment Court Judges, Jennifer Smith Ramey
A Phenomenological Study Of Lived Experiences Of Drug Treatment Court Judges, Jennifer Smith Ramey
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe current judges’ experiences presiding over drug treatment courts in Virginia. These experiences include the factors that led them to serve as a drug court judge, their training (if any) in behavioral health, and their perspective on how they apply therapeutic jurisprudence and procedural justice. The theory guiding this study is the diversionary justice theory. This theory explains the importance of diverting individuals charged with a crime from entering the punitive criminal justice system. The study was guided by the following research questions: How do judges describe their experiences presiding over drug …
The Role Of Procedural Justice In Policing: A Qualtative Assessment Of African Americans' Perceptions And Experiences In A Large Us City, Daniel K. Pryce, Ingrid Phillips Whitaker
The Role Of Procedural Justice In Policing: A Qualtative Assessment Of African Americans' Perceptions And Experiences In A Large Us City, Daniel K. Pryce, Ingrid Phillips Whitaker
Sociology & Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Empirical studies have pointed to the increasing importance of procedural justice as a tool for improving the relationship between the police and local communities. The mediating role of procedural justice continues to be embraced by scholars, practitioners, and community members; as a result, we examine in the present study African Americans’ attitudes toward the police via the interpretive lens of procedural justice policing. Using procedural justice questions found in the social-psychology literature, we interviewed seventy-seven African Americans in Durham, NC, to assess their views about the U.S. police. Our results point to the following for improving the relationship between the …
Does Procedural Justice Reduce The Harmful Effects Of Perceived Ineffectiveness On Police Legitimacy?, Yongjae Nam, Scott E. Wolfe, Justin Nix
Does Procedural Justice Reduce The Harmful Effects Of Perceived Ineffectiveness On Police Legitimacy?, Yongjae Nam, Scott E. Wolfe, Justin Nix
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Objectives: Judgments about police procedural fairness consistently have a stronger influence on how the public ascribes legitimacy to the police than evaluations of police effectiveness. What remains largely underexplored, however, is the potential moderating effect of procedural justice on the relationship between effectiveness and legitimacy and whether this moderation varies by citizen race. Method: We administered two separate surveys to determine whether procedural justice's moderating effect on the relationship between police ineffectiveness and legitimacy varies by citizen race. The first was a mail survey of a random sample of citizens in a southern US city (N=1,681) conducted in 2013; the …
Policing And Homelessness, Michael Ernest Bridges
Policing And Homelessness, Michael Ernest Bridges
Masters Theses
This research examines the barriers that exist between law enforcement and the homeless population of Lawrence, Kansas. Based on the criminalization of certain homeless practices and the treatment of homeless people by government officials, persons experiencing homelessness are less likely to report crimes to the proper authorities. Being the case, law enforcement methodology must change to a community-oriented policing style in order to create open lines of communication between law enforcers and this unique community. This study examined the homeless population's hesitancy to contact the police when they were in need of assistance and compared the results to both how …
Forests As Fuel? An Investigation Of Biomass’ Role In A Just Energy Transition, Brianna Cunliffe
Forests As Fuel? An Investigation Of Biomass’ Role In A Just Energy Transition, Brianna Cunliffe
Honors Projects
Although wood pellet biomass corporations frame their recent rapid growth as a victory for “green energy”, troubling evidence of their adverse impacts on climate and environmental justice calls for rigorous investigation of these claims. Contextualizing biomass within the envirotechnical regimes that have created industrial ‘sacrifice zones’ in BIPOC low-income communities in the US South, this paper recharacterizes it as an innovation within oppressive regimes. It further critiques carbon accounting frameworks that designate biomass as renewable despite its greater emissions per capita than coal and carbon debts created by deforestation that could take centuries to rectify. Biomass pellet production plants, cited …
Organisational Justice As Correlate Of Turnover Intentions Among Academic Librarians In South -West, Nigeria, Opeyemi Deborah Soyemi, Oluwayemisi Eunice Oloyede
Organisational Justice As Correlate Of Turnover Intentions Among Academic Librarians In South -West, Nigeria, Opeyemi Deborah Soyemi, Oluwayemisi Eunice Oloyede
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
The study investigated the influence of organizational justice on turnover intentions of librarians in universities in South-West, Nigeria. The study adopted the survey research design. Four hundred and twelve librarians from fifty-three (53) universities in South-West, Nigeria made up the study's population. Multistage stratified random sampling technique was employed in selecting a sample size of two hundred and three (203). Data was collected through the distribution of validated questionnaires, with a 98.5% response rate. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from this study revealed that organizational justice (F (2, 196) =178.318, Adj.R2 =.503 P ≤.05) significantly …
Schools On The Frontlines Of Governance: How The Convergence Of Criminal Justice And Education Shapes Adolescent Perceptions And Behavior, Jennifer O'Neill
Schools On The Frontlines Of Governance: How The Convergence Of Criminal Justice And Education Shapes Adolescent Perceptions And Behavior, Jennifer O'Neill
Dissertations
Theories of legal socialization posit that individuals’ interactions with both nonlegal (e.g., teachers) and legal (e.g., police officers) authorities impact our broader orientation towards governance our compliance with rules and laws. Examining the process of legal socialization in adolescents is critical for understanding individuals’ relationships with major institutions of social control, and further, predicting delinquency. Extant literature tends to consider legal socialization in the school and in interactions with the police as distinct processes related to offending, neglecting the potential influence of school contextual factors; and yet, because the incorporation of carceral features (e.g., exclusionary discipline, restrictive security, and enhanced …
Measuring Procedural Justice Policy Adherence During Use Of Force Events: The Body-Worn Camera As A Performance Monitoring Tool, Victoria A. Sytsma, Eric L. Piza, Vijay F. Chillar, Leigh S. Grossman
Measuring Procedural Justice Policy Adherence During Use Of Force Events: The Body-Worn Camera As A Performance Monitoring Tool, Victoria A. Sytsma, Eric L. Piza, Vijay F. Chillar, Leigh S. Grossman
Publications and Research
This study capitalizes on a successful researcher–practitioner partnership to conduct a systematic social observation (SSO) of police body-worn camera (BWC) footage in Newark, NJ. To demonstrate the utility of BWCs as performance monitoring tools, we measure officer adherence to procedural justice standards throughout use of force events as mandated in the Newark Police Division’s updated policies pursuant to an ongoing federal consent decree. Overall, a slim majority of use of force events are procedurally just. However, results indicate several instances of policy noncompliance. Results are discussed, and policy recommendations related to procedural justice policy violations and BWCs for performance monitoring …
How Social Dominance Orientation Shapes Perceptions Of Police, Belen Lowrey-Kinberg, Hillary Mellinger, Erin M. Kearns
How Social Dominance Orientation Shapes Perceptions Of Police, Belen Lowrey-Kinberg, Hillary Mellinger, Erin M. Kearns
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Purpose
There remain several underaddressed issues in the procedural justice literature. The authors draw from a rich body of psychological research on how the sociopolitical orientation to group inequality influences individual views on government and apply this to perceptions of procedural justice.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a laboratory-style experimental design to examine the extent to which social dominance orientation (SDO) shapes how people view the language of law enforcement. Four treatments are tested: procedural justice, rapport, deference, and direct.
Findings
The authors find that, overall, exclusively emphasizing rapport – as opposed to procedural justice, deference, or directness – is not …
Attitudinal Changes Toward Body-Worn Cameras: Perceptions Of Cameras, Organizational Justice, And Procedural Justice Among Volunteer And Mandated Officers, Jessica Huff, Charles M. Katz, Vincent J. Webb, E. C. Hedberg
Attitudinal Changes Toward Body-Worn Cameras: Perceptions Of Cameras, Organizational Justice, And Procedural Justice Among Volunteer And Mandated Officers, Jessica Huff, Charles M. Katz, Vincent J. Webb, E. C. Hedberg
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Little is known about officer perceptions of body-worn cameras (BWCs), and whether perceptions change following implementation within their agencies. BWC deployment varies, with some agencies mandating officers to wear BWCs and others using volunteers. Researchers have yet to assess attitudinal differences between volunteers and mandated officers. This study addresses these gaps using data from an evaluation of BWCs in the Phoenix Police Department to examine officer perceptions of the utility of BWCs, perceptions of organizational justice, and support for using procedural justice. We use inverse propensity weighted difference-in-difference models to examine changes in officer perceptions over time between randomly selected …
Veteran Treatment Court Clients’ Perceptions Of Procedural Justice And Recidivism, Cassandra A. Atkin-Plunk, Gaylene Armstrong, Nicky Dalbir
Veteran Treatment Court Clients’ Perceptions Of Procedural Justice And Recidivism, Cassandra A. Atkin-Plunk, Gaylene Armstrong, Nicky Dalbir
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Studies surrounding the effectiveness of veterans’ treatment courts (VTCs) are now emerging. Absent from this scholarship is an examination of the presence of procedural justice within VTCs and the influence of procedural justice on future criminal behavior of VTC clients. To begin this dialogue, this study surveys 41 clients enrolled in two VTCs in a Southern state. We explore client perceptions of procedurally just treatment by their judge and assigned supervision officer. Using an average follow-up time of 20 months, this study also examines the effects of perceptions of procedural justice on recidivism of court clients. Results find VTC clients …
Mandatory, Fast, And Fair: Case Outcomes And Procedural Justice In A Family Drug Court, Melanie Fessinger, Katherine Hazen, Jamie Bahm, Jennie Cole-Mossman, Roger Heideman, Eve Brank
Mandatory, Fast, And Fair: Case Outcomes And Procedural Justice In A Family Drug Court, Melanie Fessinger, Katherine Hazen, Jamie Bahm, Jennie Cole-Mossman, Roger Heideman, Eve Brank
Center on Children, Families, and the Law: Faculty Publications
Objectives: Problem-solving courts are traditionally voluntary in nature to promote procedural justice and to advance therapeutic jurisprudence. The Family Treatment Drug Court (FTDC) in Lancaster County, Nebraska, is a mandatory dependency court for families with allegations of child abuse or neglect related to substance use. We conducted a program evaluation examining parents’ case outcomes and perceptions of procedural justice to examine whether a mandatory problem-solving court could replicate the positive outcomes of problem-solving courts. Methods: We employed a quasi-experimental design that compared FTDC parents to traditional dependency court parents (control parents). We examined court records to gather court orders, compliance …
Mentee And Mentor Perceptions Of A Mentoring Court For High-Risk Probationers, Caitlin J. Taylor
Mentee And Mentor Perceptions Of A Mentoring Court For High-Risk Probationers, Caitlin J. Taylor
Sociology and Criminal Justice Faculty work
As part of an evaluation of the only known mentoring problem-solving court for adult moderate- and high-risk probationers in the United States, the current study investigated mentors and mentees’ perceptions of the programme. Data sources included surveys of and focus groups with mentees as well as online monthly reports from mentors. Qualitative analysis revealed that both mentors and mentees reported positive mentoring relationships, while mentees were concerned about issues of relatability and enabling. Mentees also perceived the programme to be a sanctuary from their chaotic everyday lives and a very new experience within the justice system.
Unh Students’ Attitudes Toward University Of New Hampshire Police, Angela R. Hurley
Unh Students’ Attitudes Toward University Of New Hampshire Police, Angela R. Hurley
Honors Theses and Capstones
This study examines undergraduate students from the University of New Hampshire attitudes towards campus police, specifically how student experience with campus police affects their attitudes toward them. There were a total of 113 respondents from the University of New Hampshire that answered an online survey. The survey looked specifically at the relationship between students' experience and attitudes towards UNH police, hypothesizing that students who had perceived fair encounters with campus police would be more likely to contact them in an emergency and have more positive attitudes toward them . Multivariate analysis shows perceptions of witnessing an interaction and being approached …
Racial Differences In Conceptualizing Legitimacy And Trust In Police, Erin M. Kearns, Emma Ashooh, Belen Lowrey-Kinberg
Racial Differences In Conceptualizing Legitimacy And Trust In Police, Erin M. Kearns, Emma Ashooh, Belen Lowrey-Kinberg
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Scholarly debate on how best to conceptualize legitimacy and trust in police has generally assumed these conceptualizations are stable across demographics. Recent evidence, however, suggests that this may not be the case. We examine how the public conceptualizes legitimacy and trust in police, how public conceptualizations relate to academic debate on these terms, and how public views differ between and within racial groups. This work is exploratory, though it is rooted in differences found in theoretically driven empirical work on the subject. Data are from online, national samples of White (N = 650), Black (N = 624), and …
Demeanor And Police Culture: Theorizing How Civilian Cooperation Influences Police Officers, Justin T. Pickett, Justin Nix
Demeanor And Police Culture: Theorizing How Civilian Cooperation Influences Police Officers, Justin T. Pickett, Justin Nix
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to revisit classic theoretical arguments regarding the broad effects of civilian demeanor on policing and extend associated findings.
Design/methodology/approach
The theoretical framework draws on insights from the literatures on police culture, the group engagement model and fairness heuristic theory. The authors argue that demeanor is best conceptualized as the degree of procedural justice exhibited by civilians toward police. Theoretically, procedurally just cooperation should influence officers’ adherence to police culture by affecting their social identification and assessments of civilians’ motives and moral deservingness. To test the hypotheses, the authors surveyed sworn officers from a …
Disentangling The Relationship Between Race And Attitudes Toward The Police: Police Contact, Perceptions Of Safety, And Procedural Justice, Darren Wheelock, Meghan S. Stroshine, Michael M. O'Hear
Disentangling The Relationship Between Race And Attitudes Toward The Police: Police Contact, Perceptions Of Safety, And Procedural Justice, Darren Wheelock, Meghan S. Stroshine, Michael M. O'Hear
Social and Cultural Sciences Faculty Research and Publications
Recent incidents involving police shootings of unarmed men of color have increased tensions between communities and police departments across the United States. In response, scholars have intensified efforts to understand the factors that shape attitudes toward the police. The current study examines individual and aggregate factors that influence satisfaction with the police. To this end, we address three research questions: (a) are there significant racial/ethnic differences in satisfaction with police; (b) do these differences persist after accounting for experiences with the police, perceptions of safety, and aggregate measures; and (c) can procedural justice help explain racial variation in attitudes toward …
Impact Of Conditional Job Offer On Applicant Reactions To Social Media In The Selection Process, Ashley Gomez
Impact Of Conditional Job Offer On Applicant Reactions To Social Media In The Selection Process, Ashley Gomez
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Social media (SM) permits the sharing of personal information online, which can lead to employers accessing personal, non-job-related information about applicants throughout the selection process. Limited prior research (Jeske & Shultz, in press; Stoughton et al., 2015) has found that, to varying degrees, applicants find this access of their personal information to be an invasion of their personal privacy. The aim of the present study was to replicate prior findings regarding invasion of privacy moderating the relationship between SM screening presence and procedural justice perceptions and to expand on prior research by exploring whether the stage at which this information …
Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, And Neighborhood Dynamics: Thoughts On Police Reform, Robert Lyle Nicewarner
Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, And Neighborhood Dynamics: Thoughts On Police Reform, Robert Lyle Nicewarner
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
Currently, there is much debate about how to alleviate tensions between communities and police. These tensions do not illustrate the full scope of the problem, but show us symptoms of a larger, more structural issue. Many scholars point to procedural justice tactics as a way to increase the legitimacy of the police; thus, creating a safer environment where citizens do not fear the police but respect, obey, and defer to them. However, not every neighborhood is the same and not every neighborhood needs the same kind of policing style. Drawing on theories of collective efficacy and social cognition I propose …
Applying Sentinel Event Reviews To Policing, John Hollway, Ben Grunwald
Applying Sentinel Event Reviews To Policing, John Hollway, Ben Grunwald
All Faculty Scholarship
A sentinel event review (SER) is a system-based, multistakeholder review of an organizational error. The goal of an SER is to prevent similar errors from recurring in the future rather than identifying and punishing the responsible parties. In this article, we provide a detailed description of one of the first SERs conducted in an American police department—the review of the Lex Street Massacre investigation and prosecution, which resulted in the wrongful incarceration of four innocent men for 18 months. The results of the review suggest that SERs may help identify new systemic reforms for participating police departments and other criminal …
Why We Need Police, Justin Mccrary, Deepak Premkumar
Why We Need Police, Justin Mccrary, Deepak Premkumar
Faculty Scholarship
This chapter discusses the essential role that the police have in deterring and reducing crimes, particularly the most violent and costly ones to society, such as murder. We begin by providing a brief overview of deterrence theory before discussing the empirical evidence on the efficacy of police staffing and various policing strategies on crime reduction. Using a framework developed in Weisburd and Eck (2004), we quickly evaluate the model of standard policing and then mainly focus on evidence behind three current policing practices: hot spots, problem- oriented, and proactive. Finally, we use the empirical evidence of police staffing to provide …
Stereotype Threat And Racial Disparities At The Front End Of The Criminal Justice System, Megan J. O'Toole
Stereotype Threat And Racial Disparities At The Front End Of The Criminal Justice System, Megan J. O'Toole
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
To avoid initial contact with a racially disparate criminal justice system, Black men in the US must be hyperaware of how others perceive them in public. These efforts may be futile, though, as decades of stereotype threat research suggests that the targets of well-known stereotypes often become so overwhelmed with trying to deflect them that they underperform in relevant situations. Through a series of three online experiments, this research examines whether stereotype threat applies to Black men’s experiences at the front end of the criminal justice system. Results reveal that references to the criminal justice system lead Blacks but not …
Dual-Process Theory Of Racial Isolation, Legal Cynicism, And Reported Crime, John Hagan, Bill Mccarthy, Daniel Herda, Andrea Cann Chandrasekher
Dual-Process Theory Of Racial Isolation, Legal Cynicism, And Reported Crime, John Hagan, Bill Mccarthy, Daniel Herda, Andrea Cann Chandrasekher
Sociology Faculty Publications
Why is neighborhood racial composition linked so strongly to police-reported crime? Common explanations include over-policing and negative interactions with police, but police reports of crime are heavily dependent on resident 911 calls. Using Sampson’s concept of legal cynicism and Vaisey’s dual-process theory, we theorize that racial concentration and isolation consciously and nonconsciously influence neighborhood variation in 911 calls for protection and prevention. The data we analyze are consistent with this thesis. Independent of police reports of crime, we find that neighborhood racial segregation in 1990 and the legal cynicism about crime prevention and protection it engenders have lasting effects on …
Testing A Social Schematic Model Of Police Procedural Justice, Justin T. Pickett, Justin Nix
Testing A Social Schematic Model Of Police Procedural Justice, Justin T. Pickett, Justin Nix
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Procedural justice theory increasingly guides policing reforms in the United States and abroad. Yet the primary sources of perceived police procedural justice are still unclear. Building on social schema research, we posit civilians’ perceptions of police procedural justice only partly reflect their personal and vicarious experiences with officers. We theorize perceptions of the police are anchored in a broader “relational justice schema,” composed of views about how respectful, fair, and unbiased most people are in their dealings with others. Individuals’ experiences with certain nonlegal actors and neighborhood environments should directly affect their relational justice schema and indirectly affect their evaluation …
Examining The Impact Of Transformational And Transactional Leadership Style On Work Attitudes, Motivation, And Work Outcomes In Nonprofit Organizations, Kim Hartzler-Weakley
Examining The Impact Of Transformational And Transactional Leadership Style On Work Attitudes, Motivation, And Work Outcomes In Nonprofit Organizations, Kim Hartzler-Weakley
Dissertations, 2014-2019
In an effort to better understand leadership and turnover in the nonprofit sector, this study investigated the impact of transactional and transformational leadership style on work attitudes, motivation, and work outcomes in nonprofit organizations. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Neither transactional leadership nor transformational leadership were significant predictors of turnover. Only transactional leadership was found to be a significant predictor of organizational citizenship behaviors. Transactional leadership was a significant predictor of perceived organizational support, affective commitment, procedural justice, and continuance commitment. Transformational leadership was a significant predictor of job satisfaction, perceived organizational support, and procedural justice. Finally, mediation …
The Role Of Organizational Justice In Predicting Attitudes Toward Body-Worn Cameras In Police Officers, Nathaniel L. Lawshe
The Role Of Organizational Justice In Predicting Attitudes Toward Body-Worn Cameras In Police Officers, Nathaniel L. Lawshe
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Body-worn cameras are a promising new development in policing. They have been linked to positive outcomes such as decreases in use of force and complaints against officers. However, this new technology has produced a number of issues that could thwart a successful body-worn camera program implementation. One issue is the extent in which officers possess positive attitudes toward using body-worn cameras. If officers do not view body-worn cameras positively, cameras may not be used to their full potential.
A promising factor that has emerged from past research in explaining attitudes toward body-worn cameras is organizational justice. Broadly, organizational justice is …
Exploring Officer Views Of Community Policing In Counterterrorism, Erin M. Kearns
Exploring Officer Views Of Community Policing In Counterterrorism, Erin M. Kearns
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Recently there has been increased emphasis on actionable intelligence in counterterrorism. Building from the process-based model of regulation, police chiefs and scholars generally agree that community policing has promise in this regard. Yet, it is not clear the extent to which police officers concur. Since officers are in a position to implement community policing practices, it is important to understand variants in officer-level support. Using data collected from 741 officers in three departments, this project explores officer-level views of community policing’s utility to address terrorism and more common crimes. Overall, officers view community policing as appropriate to address both common …
Perceptions Of Justice : Views Of Jailed Defendants On Procedural And Distributive Justice, Kirstin Anne Morgan
Perceptions Of Justice : Views Of Jailed Defendants On Procedural And Distributive Justice, Kirstin Anne Morgan
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The current study examines defendant perceptions of their recent experiences in one of two criminal courts in an urban-suburban county. Forty-three interviews were conducted with jail sentenced participants, during which they were asked about the perceived fairness of the case process and outcomes, as well as their relationship with their defense attorney for the case. This study was undertaken to answer four research questions: 1) Are the concepts of procedural and distributive justice related from the defendant perspective? 2) Are perceptions of procedural justice related to satisfaction with case outcomes? 3) Are perceptions of procedural justice related to satisfaction with …