Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Fails At A Greater Rate In Patients Younger Than 34 Years, Camryn B. Petit, Jed A. Diekfuss, Shayla M. Warren, Kim D. Barber Foss, Melanie Valencia, Staci M. Thomas, Erich Petushek, Spero G. Karas, Kyle E. Hammond, Mathew W. Pombo, Sameh A. Labib, Timothy S. Maughon, Bryan J. Whitfield, Gregory D. Myer, John W. Xerogeanes, Joseph D. Lamplot

Michigan Tech Publications

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to characterize the secondary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates after primary allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and to identify the age cut-score at which the risk of allograft failure decreases. Methods: All patients who underwent primary ACLR within a single orthopaedic department between January 2005 and April 2020 were contacted at a minimum of 2 years post-ACLR to complete a survey regarding complications experienced post-surgery, activity level, and perceptions of knee health. Patients were excluded for incidence of previous ACLR (ipsilateral or contralateral) and/or age younger than 14 years. Relative proportions …

Increasing The Value Of Xai For Users: A Psychological Perspective, Robert R. Hoffman, Timothy Miller, Gary Klein, Shane T. Mueller, William J. Clancey

Michigan Tech Publications

This paper summarizes the psychological insights and related design challenges that have emerged in the field of Explainable AI (XAI). This summary is organized as a set of principles, some of which have recently been instantiated in XAI research. The primary aspects of implementation to which the principles refer are the design and evaluation stages of XAI system development, that is, principles concerning the design of explanations and the design of experiments for evaluating the performance of XAI systems. The principles can serve as guidance, to ensure that AI systems are human-centered and effectively assist people in solving difficult problems.

Transoptic Landscape Analysis: Multidimensional Landscapes Of A Multinational Wales, Mark Rhodes

Michigan Tech Publications

In this article I propose a novel extension to landscape analysis through multidimensional understandings, including—yet reaching beyond—tangible and into more-than-representational understandings of landscape. This "transoptic" approach to landscape, breaking away from strictly searching for visual representations of culture, allows for sonic, experiential, and emotional layers of meaning embedded in landscapes to emerge from their plural cultural and historical contexts. Memory, and the production and experience of that memory in the landscape, benefit from this transoptic understanding. Utilizing memory work, which includes both memory production and consumption, in Wales as a case study, I employ a transoptic landscape analysis to approach …

The Plausibility Transition Model For Sensemaking, Gary Klein, Mohammadreza Jalaeian, Robert R. Hoffman, Shane Mueller

Michigan Tech Publications

When people make plausibility judgments about an assertion, an event, or a piece of evidence, they are gauging whether it makes sense that the event could transpire as it did. Therefore, we can treat plausibility judgments as a part of sensemaking. In this paper, we review the research literature, presenting the different ways that plausibility has been defined and measured. Then we describe the naturalistic research that allowed us to model how plausibility judgments are engaged during the sensemaking process. The model is based on an analysis of 23 cases in which people tried to make sense of complex situations. …

The Plausibility Transition Model For Sensemaking, Gary Klein, Mohammadreza Jalaeian, Robert R. Hoffman, Shane T. Mueller

Michigan Tech Publications

When people make plausibility judgments about an assertion, an event, or a piece of evidence, they are gauging whether it makes sense that the event could transpire as it did. Therefore, we can treat plausibility judgments as a part of sensemaking. In this paper, we review the research literature, presenting the different ways that plausibility has been defined and measured. Then we describe the naturalistic research that allowed us to model how plausibility judgments are engaged during the sensemaking process. The model is based on an analysis of 23 cases in which people tried to make sense of complex situations. …

Evaluating Machine-Generated Explanations: A “Scorecard” Method For Xai Measurement Science, Robert R. Hoffman, Mohammadreza Jalaeian, Connor Tate, Gary Klein, Shane T. Mueller

Michigan Tech Publications

Introduction: Many Explainable AI (XAI) systems provide explanations that are just clues or hints about the computational models-Such things as feature lists, decision trees, or saliency images. However, a user might want answers to deeper questions such as How does it work?, Why did it do that instead of something else? What things can it get wrong? How might XAI system developers evaluate existing XAI systems with regard to the depth of support they provide for the user's sensemaking? How might XAI system developers shape new XAI systems so as to support the user's sensemaking? What might be a useful …

Executive Functions And Psychopathology Dimensions In Deficit And Non-Deficit Schizophrenia, Maksymilian Bielecki, Ernest Tyburski, Piotr Plichta, Monika Mak, Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur, Piotr Podwalski, Katarzyna Rek-Owodziń, Katarzyna Waszczuk, Leszek Sagan, Shane Mueller, Anna Michalczyk, Błażej Misiak, Jerzy Samochowiec

Michigan Tech Publications

This study: (a) compared executive functions between deficit (DS) and non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients and healthy controls (HC), controlling premorbid IQ and level of education; (b) compared executive functions in DS and NDS patients, controlling premorbid IQ and psychopathological symptoms; and (c) estimated relationships between clinical factors, psychopathological symptoms, and executive functions using structural equation modelling. Participants were 29 DS patients, 44 NDS patients, and 39 HC. Executive functions were measured with the Mazes Subtest, Spatial Span Subtest, Letter Number Span Test, Color Trail Test, and Berg Card Sorting Test. Psychopathological symptoms were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome …

Measures For Explainable Ai: Explanation Goodness, User Satisfaction, Mental Models, Curiosity, Trust, And Human-Ai Performance, Robert R. Hoffman, Shane Mueller, Gary Klein, Jordan Litman

Michigan Tech Publications

If a user is presented an AI system that portends to explain how it works, how do we know whether the explanation works and the user has achieved a pragmatic understanding of the AI? This question entails some key concepts of measurement such as explanation goodness and trust. We present methods for enabling developers and researchers to: (1) Assess the a priori goodness of explanations, (2) Assess users' satisfaction with explanations, (3) Reveal user's mental model of an AI system, (4) Assess user's curiosity or need for explanations, (5) Assess whether the user's trust and reliance on the AI are …

An Empirical Study On The Types Of Consumers And Their Preferences For E-Waste Recycling With A Points System, Hua Zhong, Shan Zhou, Zhiyao Zhao, Hao Zhang, Jing Nie, Palizhati Simayi

Michigan Tech Publications

Improper disposal of electronical waste (e-waste) causes harm to both public health and the environment, and how to effectively recycle and reduce electronical waste has become a common concern around the world. This study focuses on the design of the points system to encourage consumer participation in e-waste recycling programs. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model, a semi-experimental design method was applied to influence consumer cognition and behavioral intention through information provision in survey design. Two surveys were conducted in two years apart to understand the temporal trend of consumer types and their preferences for the design …

Advancing The Scholarship And Practice Of Stakeholder Engagement In Working Landscapes: A Co-Produced Research Agenda, Weston M. Eaton, Morey Burnham, Tahnee Robertson, J. G. Arbuckle, Kathryn J. Brasier, Mark E. Burbach, Sarah P. Church, Georgia Hart-Fredeluces, Douglas Jackson-Smith, Grace Wildermuth, Katherine N. Canfield, S. Carolina Córdova, Casey D. Chatelain, Lara B. Fowler, Mennatullah Mohamed Zein El Abdeen Hendawy, Christine J. Kirchhoff, Marisa K. Manheim, Rubén O. Martinez, Anne Mook, Cristina A. Mullin, A. Laurie Murrah-Hanson, Christiana O. Onabola, Lauren E. Parker, Elizabeth A. Redd, Chelsea Schelly, Michael L. Schoon, W. Adam Sigler, Emily Smit, Tiff Van Huysen, Michelle R. Worosz, Carrie Eberly

Michigan Tech Publications

Participatory approaches to science and decision making, including stakeholder engagement, are increasingly common for managing complex socio-ecological challenges in working landscapes. However, critical questions about stakeholder engagement in this space remain. These include normative, political, and ethical questions concerning who participates, who benefits and loses, what good can be accomplished, and for what, whom, and by who. First, opportunities for addressing justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion interests through engagement, while implied in key conceptual frameworks, remain underexplored in scholarly work and collaborative practice alike. A second line of inquiry relates to research–practice gaps. While both the practice of doing engagement …

Emergent Regional Collaborative Governance In Rural Local Food Systems Development, Hongmei Lu, Angie Carter

Michigan Tech Publications

This research analyzes the emergent collaborative governance of local food systems (LFS) development in a six-county region of Michigan’s Western Upper Peninsula, a post-industrial mining region with a long history of local food provisioning. We contribute to scholarship on rural food systems by framing LFS development as a social good, benefiting placemaking and long-term economic development. We use a community-based research case study and policy analysis to identify policy-related gaps, including LFS’ low legitimacy, goal divergence among different jurisdictions, and lack of regional leadership. LFS development may present ways for rural communities to foster placemaking and economic development; however, we …

When Self-Driving Fails: Evaluating Social Media Posts Regarding Problems And Misconceptions About Tesla’S Fsd Mode, Anne Linja, Tauseef Mamun, Shane Mueller

Michigan Tech Publications

With the recent deployment of the latest generation of Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (FSD) mode, consumers are using semi-autonomous vehicles in both highway and residential driving for the first time. As a result, drivers are facing complex and unanticipated situations with an unproven technology, which is a central challenge for cooperative cognition. One way to support cooperative cognition in such situations is to inform and educate the user about potential limitations. Because these limitations are not always easily discovered, users have turned to the internet and social media to document their experiences, seek answers to questions they have, provide advice on …

Do Agrivoltaics Improve Public Support For Solar? A Survey On Perceptions, Preferences, And Priorities, Alexis Pascaris, Chelsea Schelly, Mark Rouleau, Joshua Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications

Agrivoltaic systems integrate agricultural production with solar photovoltaic electricity generation. Given the proven technical, economic, and environmental co-benefits provided by agrivoltaic systems, increased proliferation is anticipated, which necessitates accounting for the nuances of community resistance to solar development on farmland and identifying pathways for mitigation. Minimizing siting conflict and addressing agricultural communities’ concerns will be key in continued deployment of agrivoltaics, as localized acceptance of solar is a critical determinant of project success. This survey study assessed if public support for solar development increases when energy and agricultural production are combined in an agrivoltaic system. Results show that 81.8% of …

Towards Codes Of Practice For Navigating The Academic Peer Review Process, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Jonn Axsen, Laurence L. Delina, Hilary Schaffer Boudet, Varun Rai, Roman Sidortsov, Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, Kirsten E.H. Jenkins, Ray Galvin

Michigan Tech Publications

Peer review is the bedrock of modern academic research and its lasting contributions to science and society. And yet, reviewers can submit “poor” peer review reports, authors can blatantly ignore referee advice, and editors can contravene and undermine the peer review process itself. In this paper, we, the Editors of Energy Research & Social Science (ER&SS), seek to establish peer review codes of practice for the general energy and social science research community. We include suggestions for three of the most important roles: peer reviewers or referees, editors, and authors. We base our 33 recommendations on a collective 60 years …

Enacting Boundaries Or Building Bridges? Language And Engagement In Food-Energy-Water Systems Science, Valoree Gagnon, Chelsea Schelly, William Lytle, Andrew Kliskey, Virginia H. Dale, Anna Maria Marshall, Luis F. Rodriguez, Paula Williams, Michael Waasegiizhig Price, Elizabeth A. Redd, Margaret A. Noodin

Michigan Tech Publications

Scientific study of issues at the nexus of food–energy–water systems (FEWS) requires grappling with multifaceted, “wicked” problems. FEWS involve interactions occurring directly and indirectly across complex and overlapping spatial and temporal scales; they are also imbued with diverse and sometimes conflicting meanings for the human and more-than-human beings that live within them. In this paper, we consider the role of language in the dynamics of boundary work, recognizing that the language often used in stakeholder and community engagement intended to address FEWS science and decision-making constructs boundaries and limits diverse and inclusive participation. In contrast, some language systems provide opportunities …

Bottom-Up Drivers Of Future Fire Regimes In Western Boreal North America, Adrianna C. Foster, Jacquelyn K. Shuman, Brendan M. Rogers, Xanthe J. Walker, Michelle C. Mack, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Sander Veraverbeke, Scott J. Goetz

Michigan Tech Publications

Forest characteristics, structure, and dynamics within the North American boreal region are heavily influenced by wildfire intensity, severity, and frequency. Increasing temperatures are likely to result in drier conditions and longer fire seasons, potentially leading to more intense and frequent fires. However, an increase in deciduous forest cover is also predicted across the region, potentially decreasing flammability. In this study, we use an individual tree-based forest model to test bottom-up (i.e. fuels) vs top-down (i.e. climate) controls on fire activity and project future forest and wildfire dynamics. The University of Virginia Forest Model Enhanced is an individual tree-based forest model …

Oil Palm Crop: State And Gaps Of Research And Technological Development At Global Scale, Latin America And Mexico, Luz Del Carmen Lagunes-Espinoza, César Jesús Vazquez-Navarrete, Joaquín Alberto Rincón-Ramirez, Kathleen Halvorsen

Michigan Tech Publications

Oil palm plantations face important challenges in terms of balancing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. This research synthesis aims to answer key questions regarding the state and knowledge gaps of oil palm (OP) research and technological development (R&D) at a global scale, in Latin America and in Mexico, using all Web of Science® databases and agriculture categories and time spans between 1960 and 2018. Three thousand nine hundred and forty-eight publications were analysed. The research themes started with the generation of agronomic knowledge in 1960. Since 1963, studies in Latin America have focused on yield improvement; since 2010, topics related …

Poultry Producer's Willingness To Invest In On-Farm Carcass Disposal, V. L. Campbell, J. M. Thompson, J. L. Apriesnig, D. L. Pendell, G. T. Tonsor

Michigan Tech Publications

Foreign animal diseases (FAD) can cause substantial economic losses in production, consumption, and the supply chain. These diseases are typically highly pathogenic and lead to disruptions in normal business practices and to demands for higher investment in biosecurity practices. For poultry producers this can lead to changes in bird pick-ups, chick placements, and length of out time on farms as well as changes in day-to-day operations. When an FAD is reported, poultry producers that rely on off-premises carcass disposal (e.g., renderers or landfills) may be required to develop on-farm disposal capacity (e.g., incinerators or burial) rapidly if their operation falls …

Life Cycle Assessment Of Pasture-Based Agrivoltaic Systems: Emissions And Energy Use Of Integrated Rabbit Production, Alexis Pascaris, Robert Handler, Chelsea Schelly, Joshua Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications

Agrivoltaic systems, which deliberately maximize the utility of a single parcel of land for both solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and agriculture, have been demonstrated as a viable technology that can ameliorate competing land uses and meet growing energy and food demands efficiently. The goal of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of a novel pasture-based agrivoltaic concept: co-farming rabbits and solar PV. A life cycle assessment (LCA) quantified the impacts of 1) the integrated agrivoltaic concept in comparison to conventional practices including 2) separate rabbit farming and PV production and 3) separate rabbit farming and conventional electricity …

Mapping Historical Archaeology And Industrial Heritage: The Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure, Daniel Trepal, Don Lafreniere, Timothy Stone

Michigan Tech Publications

While a vibrant and growing research literature exists on the value of GIS to archaeology in general, the application of geospatial digital data to the subfield of historical archaeology is less well developed, especially in North America. This is particularly true for the era of industrialization, where the archaeological record is accompanied by a comparatively rich historical record. Historical and industrial archaeology are fundamentally bound up in the interplay between material and historical data, and it is in enhancing the dialogue between these two evidentiary bodies that interdisciplinary geospatial approaches are most fruitful to these subdisciplines. Drawing on recent discussions …

The Future Of Wildlife Conservation Funding: What Options Do U.S. College Students Support?, Lincoln R. Larson, Markus Nils Peterson, Richard Von Furstenberg, Victoria R. Vayer, Kangjae Jerry Lee, Daniel Y. Choi, Matt Kelly, Richelle Winkler, Et. Al

Michigan Tech Publications

Insufficient funding is a major impediment to conservation efforts around the world. In the United States, a decline in hunting participation threatens sustainability of the “user-pay, public benefit” model that has supported wildlife conservation for nearly 100 years, forcing wildlife management agencies to contemplate alternative funding strategies. We investigated support for potential funding options among diverse college students, a rapidly expanding and politically active voting bloc with a potentially powerful influence on the future of conservation. From 2018 to 2020, we surveyed 17,203 undergraduate students at public universities across 22 states. Students preferred innovative approaches to conservation funding, with 72% …

Is Creative Commons Right For Us?, Annelise Doll, Debra Charlesworth

Michigan Tech Publications

In this presentation, Debra Charlesworth, Assistant Dean for Graduate Studies and Postdoctoral Affairs and Annelise Doll, Scholarly Communications and Repositories Librarian, both of Michigan Technological University, discuss their investigation into Creative Commons licensing for the open-access master’s theses, master’s reports, and dissertations (ETDRs) hosted on Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech, the University's institutional repository. In the spring of 2021, a colleague approached Doll, repository administrator, curious about whether there had ever been a conversation regarding Creative Commons licensing for the ETDRs. This led to a larger conversation with Charlesworth, who has served as the lead administrator of the ETDR collection …

Inconsistent Seduction: Addressing Confounds And Methodological Issues In The Study Of The Seductive Detail Effect, Kay L. Tislar, Kelly S. Steelman

Michigan Tech Publications

Introduction: The inclusion of interesting but irrelevant details in instructional materials may interfere with recall and application of the core content. Although this seductive detail effect is well researched, recent research highlights factors that may influence the effect size.

Objectives: The current study discusses confounds and methodological issues in the study of seductive details and outlines strategies for over coming them. These practices were then applied in a study that examined the role of learning objectives on the seductive detail effect.

Met hods: Seductive details were selected on the basis of interest and importance level and matched forword count and …

Differential Privacy And The Accuracy Of County-Level Net Migration Estimates, Richelle Winkler, Jaclyn L. Butler, Katherine J. Curtis, David Egan-Robertson

Michigan Tech Publications

Each decade since the 1950s, demographers have generated high-quality net migration estimates by age, sex, and race for US counties using decennial census data as starting and ending populations. The estimates have been downloaded tens of thousands of times and widely used for planning, diverse applications, and research. Census 2020 should allow the series to extend through the 2010–2020 decade. The accuracy of new estimates, however, could be challenged by differentially private (DP) disclosure avoidance techniques in Census 2020 data products. This research brief estimates the impact of DP implementation on the accuracy of county-level net migration estimates. Using differentially …

Using Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles For Identifying The Extent Of Invasive Phragmites Australis In Treatment Areas Enrolled In An Adaptive Management Program, Colin Brooks, Charlotte Weinstein, Andrew Poley, Amanda Grimm, Nicholas Marion, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Dana Hansen, Kurt Kowalski

Michigan Tech Publications

Higher spatial and temporal resolutions of remote sensing data are likely to be useful for ecological monitoring efforts. There are many different treatment approaches for the introduced European genotype of Phragmites australis, and adaptive management principles are being integrated in at least some long-term monitoring efforts. In this paper, we investigated how natural color and a smaller set of near-infrared (NIR) images collected with low-cost uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) could help quantify the aboveground effects of management efforts at 20 sites enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework (PAMF) spanning the coastal Laurentian Great Lakes region. We used object-based image …

U.S. Potential Of Sustainable Backyard Distributed Animal And Plant Protein Production During And After Pandemics, Theresa K. Meyer, Alexis Pascaris, David Denkenberger, Joshua M. Pearce

Michigan Tech Publications

To safeguard against meat supply shortages during pandemics or other catastrophes, this study analyzed the potential to provide the average household’s entire protein consumption using either soybean production or distributed meat production at the household level in the U.S. with: (1) pasture-fed rabbits, (2) pellet and hay-fed rabbits, or (3) pellet-fed chickens. Only using the average backyard resources, soybean cultivation can provide 80-160% of household protein and 0- 50% of a household’s protein needs can be provided by pasture-fed rabbits using only the yard grass as feed. If external supplementation of feed is available, raising 52 chickens while also harvesting …

Kiss Goodbye To The ‘Kissing Knees’: No Association Between Frontal Plane Inward Knee Motion And Risk Of Future Non-Contact Acl Injury In Elite Female Athletes, Agnethe Nilstad, Erich Petushek, Kam Ming Mok, Roald Bahr, Tron Krosshaug

Michigan Tech Publications

The aim of this study was to investigate if frontal plane knee and hip control in single-leg squats or vertical drop jumps with an overhead target were associated with future non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in elite female athletes. Of the 429 handball and 451 football athletes (age 21.5 ± 4.0 years, height 169.6 ± 6.4 cm, body weight 67.1 ± 8.0 kg), 722 non-injured and 56 non-contact ACL injured participants were eligible for analysis. We calculated lateral pelvic tilt, frontal plane knee projection angle, medial knee position, and side-to-side asymmetry in these from 2D videos recorded at baseline, …

Humans And Other Pollinators In The Oil Palm Plantation Complex, Jonathan Robins

Michigan Tech Publications

No abstract provided.

Birds And Bioenergy Within The Americas: A Cross‐National, Social–Ecological Study Of Ecosystem Service Tradeoffs, Jessie L. Knowlton, Kathleen E. Halvorsen, David J. Flaspohler, Christopher R. Webster, Jesse Abrams, Sara M. Almeida, Stefan L. Arriaga‐Weiss, Brad Barnett, Maíra R. Cardoso, Pablo V. Cerqueira, Diana Córdoba, Marcos Persio Dantas‐Santos, Jennifer L. Dunn, Amarella Eastmond, Gina M. Jarvi, Julian A. Licata, Ena Mata‐Zayas, Rodrigo Medeiros, M. Azahara Mesa‐Jurado, Lízbeth Yamily Moo‐Culebro, Cassandra Moseley, Erik Nielsen, Colin Phifer, Erin Pischke, Chelsea Schelly, Theresa Selfa, Chelsea A. Silva, Tatiana Souza, Sam R. Sweitz

Michigan Tech Publications

Although renewable energy holds great promise in mitigating climate change, there are socioeconomic and ecological tradeoffs related to each form of renewable energy. Forest‐related bioenergy is especially controversial, because tree plantations often replace land that could be used to grow food crops and can have negative impacts on biodiversity. In this study, we examined public perceptions and ecosystem service tradeoffs between the provisioning services associated with cover types associated with bioenergy crop (feedstock) production and forest habitat‐related supporting services for birds, which themselves provide cultural and regulating services. We combined a social survey‐based assessment of local values and perceptions with …

Understanding Socio-Technological Systems Change Through An Indigenous Community-Based Participatory Framework, Marie Schaefer, Laura Schmitt Olabisi, Kristin Arola, Christie M. Poitra, Elise Matz, Marika Seigel, Chelsea Schelly, Adewale Aremu Adesanya, Doug Bessette

Michigan Tech Publications

Moving toward a sustainable global society requires substantial change in both social and technological systems. This sustainability is dependent not only on addressing the environmental impacts of current social and technological systems, but also on addressing the social, economic and political harms that continue to be perpetuated through systematic forms of oppression and the exclusion of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities. To adequately identify and address these harms, we argue that scientists, practitioners, and communities need a transdis-ciplinary framework that integrates multiple types of knowledge, in particular, Indigenous and experiential knowledge. Indigenous knowledge systems embrace relationality and …