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University of Nebraska - Lincoln

2021

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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Evaluating Job Redesign: Strategies And Preliminary Findings From Louisiana, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development Dec 2021

Evaluating Job Redesign: Strategies And Preliminary Findings From Louisiana, Quality Improvement Center For Workforce Development

Other QIC-WD Products

The Louisiana Department of Children and Family Services, Child Welfare Division (CWD), in partnership with the Quality Improvement Center for Workforce Development (QIC-WD) conducted a needs assessment of their child welfare system. The needs assessment indicated high caseloads and administrative tasks were barriers to caseworkers’ ability to support families, engage clients, determine root causes of maltreatment, and implement timely services. Furthermore, surveys conducted with caseworkers revealed that they perceived their jobs as highly complex - requiring a wide range of tasks, a variety of specialized skills, and a high degree of information processing. These findings resulted in CWD and the …


Reading And Study Habits Among Secondary School Students During Covid-19 Lock-Down In Ondo City, Michael Jato Dec 2021

Reading And Study Habits Among Secondary School Students During Covid-19 Lock-Down In Ondo City, Michael Jato

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study is on the reading and study habits of secondary students during Covid-19 lockdown in Ondo City. The study employs survey research design and questionnaire instrument was used to elicit responses from200 respondents. Five research questions were formulated and the answers were provided through statistical mean. Findings reveal that that the reading habit of secondary school students during Covid-19 lockdown in Ondo city was good, but the study habit was poor, diverse materials were used for studying, home was used mostly for study and house chores and insufficient data were the major challenges. The study concludes that students of …


The Archival Works At Three Historic Mosques In Indonesia: The Documentation Of The Society’S Religious And Social Life, Lolytasari Lolytasari, Budi Sulistiono, Sulistyo Basuki, Maila D.H. Rahiem Dec 2021

The Archival Works At Three Historic Mosques In Indonesia: The Documentation Of The Society’S Religious And Social Life, Lolytasari Lolytasari, Budi Sulistiono, Sulistyo Basuki, Maila D.H. Rahiem

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study examined the portrait of archive management activities in three historic mosques in Indonesia, namely Istiqlal Mosque, Luar Batang Mosque and Syuhada Mosque. These mosques have a profound symbolic significance for society. Luar Batang mosque is the oldest mosque in Jakarta. Syuhada Mosque is a gift from the Indonesian Government to Yogyakarta's people to fight for and preserve the country's independence. Istiqlal Mosque is the Republic of Indonesia's national mosque that has become a symbol of pride for its people. For many Muslims, the mosque is the nucleus of community life, and the written documents documented in the mosque …


A Bibliometric Analysis Of Serials Review From 1991 To 2020, Azeem Akbar, Akira Jbeen, Ayesha Gulzar, Abid Iqbal Dec 2021

A Bibliometric Analysis Of Serials Review From 1991 To 2020, Azeem Akbar, Akira Jbeen, Ayesha Gulzar, Abid Iqbal

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study's objectives were to identify the document type, publishing trends, authorship patterns of research, most prolific authors, countries and keywords, top citied articles, and country collaboration of published articles in Serials Review (SR) through bibliometric measures from 1991-2020. The data was retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed through VOSviewer, Microsoft excel, and Biblioshiny. The result found that most of the studies were published in the form of empirical (1785) with total citation (4998) during 1991-2020. Publications were increased from 2002 to 2004, but after 2014 the publications ratio decreased. A single authorship pattern was shown by most of …


Review Of Literature On Medical Librarianship In Pakistan, Ikram Ul Haq Dec 2021

Review Of Literature On Medical Librarianship In Pakistan, Ikram Ul Haq

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Background and Aim: The number of medical institutions is growing along with the development of the healthcare sector in the Pakistan. Similarly, the library and information science (LIS) professionals are rendering their valuable services in the teaching/learning process, research support and patient care in these institutions/organizations. The purpose of this study is to assess the publications’ output in the area of medical librarianship in Pakistan.

Research Methodology: The documents written by Pakistani LIS authors on medical librarianship were extracted from various print and online sources. The data covered the period from 1960 to 2020, because the first document on …


Research Trends In Annals Of Library And Information Studies (Alis): A Bibliometric Review From 2011-2021, Satyajit Nayak, Piyush Kumar Hari, Neha Verma Dec 2021

Research Trends In Annals Of Library And Information Studies (Alis): A Bibliometric Review From 2011-2021, Satyajit Nayak, Piyush Kumar Hari, Neha Verma

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study uses various bibliometric techniques to examine papers published in the Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS) from 2011 to 2021. Scopus database was used to gather the necessary information. Furthermore, the research productivity was measured using various parameters such as year-by-year distribution of publications with citations, RCI, AGR, ACPP, CAI, Citation analysis, and author, institution, and country collaboration. The findings of the study, the number of articles published varies with time, with the highest number of articles published in 2014. Two authors published the most research papers (152), followed by single authors (108). B. K. Sen was …


Visualization Of Woman Leadership Library Study With Bibliometric Review (1952 – 2020), Hadi Priyono, Subagyo Adam, Erna Setijaningrum Dec 2021

Visualization Of Woman Leadership Library Study With Bibliometric Review (1952 – 2020), Hadi Priyono, Subagyo Adam, Erna Setijaningrum

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Research on Woman Leadership continues to grow but is limited to one country and/or one field. From a bibliometric point of view, this study aims to visually study mapping and research trends in the field of Woman Leadership on an international scale. This study uses bibliometric techniques with secondary data from Scopus. Analyse and visualize data using the VOSViewer program and the search result analysis function in Scopus. The study analysed 767 scientific documents published from 1957 to 2020. According to the study, The George Washington University and Longman, K.A., has the most active institutions and individual scientists in Women …


Web-Based Sources And Services For Sustainable Development In Academic Libraries: A Longitudinal Approach, Dr. Sudharma Haridasan, Dr. Shamama Firdaus Dec 2021

Web-Based Sources And Services For Sustainable Development In Academic Libraries: A Longitudinal Approach, Dr. Sudharma Haridasan, Dr. Shamama Firdaus

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The current study presents an insight into trends, modifications and innovations that have taken place on the engineering institute library websites within a span of ten years (2011- 2021) in the provision of web-based sources and services through content analysis method. Findings reveal that the provision of various web-based sources and services have improved over time generally, though some of the services have not improved as expected even after a decade. Social media services provided by the libraries are an area of concern as not much change was observed regardless of a period of ten years. A major change was …


Use And Awareness Of Open Access Legal Information Resources By The Law College Students In Western Maharashtra: An Empirical Study In India, Madhukar Bapu Togam, Prakash Babanrao Jadhav Dec 2021

Use And Awareness Of Open Access Legal Information Resources By The Law College Students In Western Maharashtra: An Empirical Study In India, Madhukar Bapu Togam, Prakash Babanrao Jadhav

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This article discussed about the use and awareness about the open access legal resources in the state of western Maharashtra region in India. Researcher tried to find out the awareness, sources of awareness, among law students about open access legal resources i.e. JUDIS (Judgment Information System), Bombay High Court Judges Library, Supreme Court Judges Library (SUPLIS), India Code Information System, Indian Kanoon Legal Information Institute of India. Then researchers revealed the data about the frequency and purpose of using these resources. Research finds out the user perception about quality of open access resources from users’ point of view and subsequently, …


Building Assistive Technology (At) Competency In Academic Librarians: Perceptions Of Library Personnel And Students With Visual Impairments From Three Zimbabwean Universities, Jonathan Munyoro, Takawira Machimbidza, Stephen Mutula Dec 2021

Building Assistive Technology (At) Competency In Academic Librarians: Perceptions Of Library Personnel And Students With Visual Impairments From Three Zimbabwean Universities, Jonathan Munyoro, Takawira Machimbidza, Stephen Mutula

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This qualitative study reflects on the perceptions of library professionals and students living with visual impairments from three Zimbabwean universities about the need for and ways of creating Assistive Technology (AT) competency in academic librarians. Some of the measures that may be used to increase the AT competencies of academic librarians are discussed. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 19 participants comprising 13 library personnel and six students living with visual impairments. The study highlights important types of AT for individuals living with visual impairments, emphasises the importance of competencies in AT for academic librarians and suggest appropriate …


Riding The Wave Of Information: Library Professionals’ Opinion Towards Information Literacy (Il) Program In Academic Libraries Of Pakistan, Shahzadi Humbhi, Munazza Jabeen, Shabbir Tareen, Alia Humbhi Dec 2021

Riding The Wave Of Information: Library Professionals’ Opinion Towards Information Literacy (Il) Program In Academic Libraries Of Pakistan, Shahzadi Humbhi, Munazza Jabeen, Shabbir Tareen, Alia Humbhi

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The present study investigated status, strategies to promote the IL programs, contribution of social media, and challenges to provide IL programs in the academic libraries of Pakistan. A concurrent mixed-method technique was used and a structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data and in-depth interviews from 12 academic librarians of the capital cities of four provinces of Pakistan. A systematic sampling technique was used to collect the data from library professionals. The results reveal that academic libraries took imitative to launch IL programs at academic libraries of Pakistan but there is a need for improvement and revamp them. The …


The Use Of Social Intelligence As A Tool For Improving The Relevance Of Libraries In The Society, Iyal Usman, Florence Olabisi Ajani Ph.D, Abdulakeem Sodeeq Sulyman Dec 2021

The Use Of Social Intelligence As A Tool For Improving The Relevance Of Libraries In The Society, Iyal Usman, Florence Olabisi Ajani Ph.D, Abdulakeem Sodeeq Sulyman

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The roles libraries play in contributing to the progress of the society cannot be overemphasized because libraries are one of the institutions needed for the over-all attainment of 21st-century goals. This paper argues that the use of Social Intelligence in the library services would aid the creation of new experience for library users and other stakeholders, which will result in increasing the credibility and recognition of libraries across various societies. Its main objective is to create awareness for the potential benefits of Social Intelligence to the library practices in the society. It uses the Social Intelligence Model of Daniel Goleman …


Institutional Support And Collection Development Practices In Private University Libraries In South-West Nigeria, Funmilayo Folake Ajayi, Adebowale Jeremy Adetayo, Arinola Oluwatoyin Gbotoso, Mutiat Yewande Salvador Dec 2021

Institutional Support And Collection Development Practices In Private University Libraries In South-West Nigeria, Funmilayo Folake Ajayi, Adebowale Jeremy Adetayo, Arinola Oluwatoyin Gbotoso, Mutiat Yewande Salvador

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study sought to investigate the institutional support employed for collection development practices in Private University Libraries in South-West Nigeria. This study adopted the qualitative research design. The population comprised 57 key informants made up of heads of the libraries and acquisition librarians from 31 Private University libraries. The total enumeration technique was used for the study. A Key Informant Interview was the instrument used for data collection. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings revealed that institutional support had an impact on collection development practices. The predominant institutional support received was the prompt release of the library's budget allocation …


Covid 19 Synchronicity: Evaluating Virtual Reference Services Of Some Academic Libraries In Africa, Mariyama Abdulai Kumah, Theophilus Kwamena Ocran, Imoro Osman, Seth Kobina Parbie Dec 2021

Covid 19 Synchronicity: Evaluating Virtual Reference Services Of Some Academic Libraries In Africa, Mariyama Abdulai Kumah, Theophilus Kwamena Ocran, Imoro Osman, Seth Kobina Parbie

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of virtual references services of some academic libraries before and during the COVID 19 era in some Africa countries. The case study was the research design used for the study. Seven Sub Saharan African countries, that is, Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa and Botswana were purposely chosen because of their burgeoning establishment in VRSs in Academic Libraries. The researcher sampled academic librarians from these countries as respondents to respond to the online questionnaire. A total of 141 librarians responded to the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (Means and Standard Deviation), …


Estimation Of Perceived Occupational Stress Among Library Professionals Of Central University Libraries Of Delhi And Utter Pradesh: A Comparative Study, Kasam Ali Research Scholar, Nishat Fatima Professor And Head Dec 2021

Estimation Of Perceived Occupational Stress Among Library Professionals Of Central University Libraries Of Delhi And Utter Pradesh: A Comparative Study, Kasam Ali Research Scholar, Nishat Fatima Professor And Head

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstracts: Occupational Stress is a growing problem today that affects the well-being and health of employees and their work organizations around the globe. A university library plays pivotal role in higher studies globally; builds the academic character of the university and acts as an active tool for research and development activities for the university in particular; and nation and society in general. The present study was investigated to ascertain the occupational stress among library professionals of central university libraries in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in a comparative way. Census sample was used to collect data from the working library professionals …


Evaluation Of Medical College Websites Of North East India: A Webometric Study, Lianhmingthangi Hnamte, R. K. Ngurtinkhuma Dec 2021

Evaluation Of Medical College Websites Of North East India: A Webometric Study, Lianhmingthangi Hnamte, R. K. Ngurtinkhuma

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Webometric attempts to measure the World Wide Web to gain insight into the number and types of hyperlinks, the structure of the World Wide Web, and the patterns of its usage. This study is confined to the medical colleges affiliated under National Medical Council (NMC) in the North-eastern states of India. It was shown that 7 medical colleges were established before the year 2000 and 8 medical colleges were established after the year 2000. The most common preferred domain is (.in). The website of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences has the highest domain authority while the Diphu Medical College …


Workplace Incivility, Megan Paul Dec 2021

Workplace Incivility, Megan Paul

Umbrella Summaries

What is workplace incivility? Workplace incivility refers to “low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target, in violation of workplace norms for mutual respect. Uncivil behaviors are characteristically rude and discourteous, displaying a lack of regard for others” (Anderson & Pearson, 1999, p. 457). Though there is some conceptual and empirical overlap between incivility and ostracism, bullying, and abusive supervision, incivility is considered distinct (Yao et al., 2021). Incivility has been examined from the perspective of both the victim and the instigator, exploring factors related to being the target of incivility and factors related to engaging in uncivil …


A Study On Impact Of Library Resource Utilisation And Ict Literacy On Earning Of The Post-Graduate Students Of Assam, India, Arnob Paul, Masuma Ahmed Dec 2021

A Study On Impact Of Library Resource Utilisation And Ict Literacy On Earning Of The Post-Graduate Students Of Assam, India, Arnob Paul, Masuma Ahmed

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Information and communication technology, or ICT, is a broad term for information technology that emphasises the importance of unified communications and telecommunications integration, as well as intelligent building management systems and audio-visual systems in modern information technology. ICT refers to all technical tools that are used to manage data and facilitate communication. It consists of computer and network hardware, as well as software and required applications. With the increasing demand for information and communication technology literacy among the young students, it is important to know the impact of ICT literacy on the level of part time income of the students. …


Driver Liability For Farm And Ranch Operations, Jessica Groskopf Dec 2021

Driver Liability For Farm And Ranch Operations, Jessica Groskopf

Cornhusker Economics

One major concern of farming and/or ranching operations is the liability of semi-trucks and equipment when they are involved in a traffic accident.


Informetrics Of Webinars Through Video Conferencing Platforms For Teaching And Learning By Different Lis Professional During Covid-19 Period: An Evaluative Study, Laltu Aich, Ankit Das Dec 2021

Informetrics Of Webinars Through Video Conferencing Platforms For Teaching And Learning By Different Lis Professional During Covid-19 Period: An Evaluative Study, Laltu Aich, Ankit Das

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Now-a-days education and educational resources are open to all but we are facing a terrible epidemic situation due to Corona virus (COVID-19), so we need different electronic learning platforms for e-learning. In this present study, authors have explained, how many webinars are organized by Library and Information Science (LIS) professional during this period April 2020 to June 2021, distribution of webinars based on month capacity, how many web conferencing platforms used in LIS related webinars, distribution of types of organizers of webinars, distribution of webinars based on the respective region, distribution of webinars by time duration and time schedule. The …


Pervasiveness Of Library Anxiety Among The Students Of Library And Information Science: An Assessment, Mahe Bushra Asghar, Rubina Bhatti, Salman Bin Naeem Dec 2021

Pervasiveness Of Library Anxiety Among The Students Of Library And Information Science: An Assessment, Mahe Bushra Asghar, Rubina Bhatti, Salman Bin Naeem

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Library anxiety is a real and prevalent phenomenon. Some students feel uncomfortable or discouraging while using or contemplating the use of library. These feelings may affect the academic performance of students, cause library avoidance and impede them from getting the best out of library resources. The present study is conducted with an aim to assess the pervasiveness of library anxiety among the graduate students of Library and Information Science enrolled in public sector universities of Pakistan. . The Multidimensional Library Anxiety Scale, consisting of six dimensions which are divided into 53 statements, was used for this study. The Cronbach’s alpha …


The Effect Of Promotion On Instagram With Psychographics On The Intensity Of Visits At The Ministry Library In Indonesia, Tri Hartanto, Muhammad Azwar Dec 2021

The Effect Of Promotion On Instagram With Psychographics On The Intensity Of Visits At The Ministry Library In Indonesia, Tri Hartanto, Muhammad Azwar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Libraries have an essential role in managing collections to meet the information needs of users. Libraries need to do more intense promotions by optimizing Instagram's social media. This study aims to determine how much influence promotion on Instagram with psychographics has on the Intensity of visits at the ministry library in Indonesia. This research was conducted in the library of the ministry of education and culture, Indonesia. This study uses associative statistics with a quantitative approach. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression to test the hypothesis of the influence of variables X1 and X2 on variable Y. Sampling …


A Scientometric Study Of Journal Of Librarianship & Information Science (Jolis) During 2007-2016, Dinesh Kumari Kundu, Nirmal Kumar Swain Dec 2021

A Scientometric Study Of Journal Of Librarianship & Information Science (Jolis) During 2007-2016, Dinesh Kumari Kundu, Nirmal Kumar Swain

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The present study is based on the scientometric analysis of 218 documents published in JoLiS from 2007 to 2016.The study explored various parameters of scientometrics such as total output ; year wise distribution and growth of research output; future growth of publications; degree of collaborations among authors, most prolific author, top ten countries in terms of research output and top cited article of the journal. The study found that most productive years were 2015 and 2016 with 28 (12.84%) publications and the least productive year was 2009 with 15(6.88%) publications. The study explored that the estimated future growth of JoLiS …


Users’ Satisfaction With Resources And Services Of Public Libraries: A Case Of Govt. Jinnah Public Library Sahiwal, Pakistan, Muhammad Tariq Mr, Ahmad Nawaz Mr, Rais Ahmad Samdani Dr Dec 2021

Users’ Satisfaction With Resources And Services Of Public Libraries: A Case Of Govt. Jinnah Public Library Sahiwal, Pakistan, Muhammad Tariq Mr, Ahmad Nawaz Mr, Rais Ahmad Samdani Dr

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Public libraries play a pivotal role in the development of national culture, society, economy and other factors. Users have extreme importance when libraries are discussed. Good resources and services are essentially required for library users. The objective of this study was to evaluate the users’ satisfaction with the resources and services of a public library. Quantitative research approach based on survey method was used to conduct this study. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data from the registered members of Government Jinnah Public Library Sahiwal (GJPLS). Convenience sampling technique was applied to approach sample size of this study. …


Knowledge Organization System Of Visual Art Resources In West Bengal:A Study, Sudipta Shee Dec 2021

Knowledge Organization System Of Visual Art Resources In West Bengal:A Study, Sudipta Shee

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract: Visual art resource collections specially art works like, painting, sculpture, installation art form are totally ignored for retrieving this kind of information sources. The main concept of visual art resource is visual form and esthetic value of non textual content. They kept in museums and art galleries. West Bengal is a cultural hub of visual art resources. There are many art museum and art gallery which preserves art resources. Transforming visual code into written code and visual information into textual description is very challenging work. Content of painting, sculpture or installation arts are significant challenges to concept-based indexing. The …


A Bibliography On The Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Education And Libraries, Rejoice Ntombifuthi Mthembu, Simeon Ambrose Nwone (Phd) Dec 2021

A Bibliography On The Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Education And Libraries, Rejoice Ntombifuthi Mthembu, Simeon Ambrose Nwone (Phd)

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study provides bibliographic reference sources on the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on education and libraries around the world. Paucity of reference materials on this contemporary topic prompted the compilation of the bibliography thereby fill a crucial gap in LIS bibliographic literature. This enumerative bibliography is the researcher’s effort to provide a single-point reference materials to aid researchers and information seekers to easily find relevant and current literature on the topic. The bibliography puts together sources retrieved from the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s library databases: EBSCOhost, Emerald Insight, Google Scholar, Sabinet, and WorldCat and Google.com To optimise the search results, Boolean …


The Past Influences The Present: Ra Practices In 1920-1930 And Today, Christina Truver Dec 2021

The Past Influences The Present: Ra Practices In 1920-1930 And Today, Christina Truver

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The history of readers’ advisory services is both valuable and misinterpreted. Examining the practices and motivations in the implementation of readers’ advisory in the 1920s-1930s points to marked differences and subtle similarities to the readers’ advisory services we know today. Delving into historically and culturally significant events during this time period points to education as the main priority and purpose of RA.


Digital Repository Services At Bennett University: A Case Study, Jamil Ahmed Dr. Dec 2021

Digital Repository Services At Bennett University: A Case Study, Jamil Ahmed Dr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to promote and share the research output of Bennett University (BU), India through Digital Repository Services (DRSs). It aims at encouraging, assisting and accelerating the research fraternity of the university.

Design/methodology/approach – This paper explains about the initiatives adopted by the LRC at BU for developing DRS using open-space software, Dspace for long-term preservation of intellectual assets and increase the visibility of the institute in global landscape.

Findings – DRS at BU was developed with an aim to preserve and disseminate the intellectual assets of BU, encourage budding talents and increase BU’s …


Impact Of Web Search Engines For Digital Reference Services In Academic Libraries In Sokoto State, Aliyu Jafaru Shinkafi, Muhammad Bande Abubakar, Abubakar Isah Dec 2021

Impact Of Web Search Engines For Digital Reference Services In Academic Libraries In Sokoto State, Aliyu Jafaru Shinkafi, Muhammad Bande Abubakar, Abubakar Isah

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract

The study investigated the impact of web search engines for digital reference services in academic libraries in Sokoto. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The study used all the professional librarians on seat of the academic libraries (27) for the study. This is because the population was manageable and as such it does not required sampling and sampling techniques. 27 structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents for data collection and 25 (92%) were returned. The data collected were analyzed using frequency and percentages. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the libraries have …


Preservation, Security Practices, And Use Of Students’ Theses In University Libraries In South-West, Nigeria, Esther Lawal-Solarin Dec 2021

Preservation, Security Practices, And Use Of Students’ Theses In University Libraries In South-West, Nigeria, Esther Lawal-Solarin

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

University libraries are traditionally established to meet the needs of students, lecturers and university communities through the provision of qualitative and adequate information resources and services. The theses available in the library are needed to support teaching, learning and research which is the fundamental reason for establishing universities. For it would be a waste of resources if the past and present theses submitted by graduate students to the university libraries, where the student obtained his/her advanced degree are not adequately preserved and secured for both the present and future use. This study established a three levels programme: Minimal or Small …