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Brigham Young University

2017

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Articles 31 - 60 of 614

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

The Differential Effectiveness Of Survey Recruiting Methods Dec 2017

The Differential Effectiveness Of Survey Recruiting Methods

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Participant recruitment in survey research is an essential part of many research studies, especially those conducted in academic settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the current, most-effective methods of recruitment. We used four methods to administer the same survey. They included the traditional methods of classroom presentation and face-to-face recruitment using fliers, and the more recent methods of mass e-mails to class lists and social-network mass messaging. We analyzed the data using a chi-square test to compare and determine the most effective method of recruitment. We found that recruitment through the social-networking site Facebook was the most …

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Exercise, Brain Plasticity, And Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors Dec 2017

Exercise, Brain Plasticity, And Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Physical exercise influences neurobiological processes and cognitive abilities. For example, it increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein responsible for maintaining synaptic connections as well as neuronal development, growth, and survival. The increase of BDNF promotes brain plasticity and has been shown to aid recovery from brain injuries, as well as to improve cognitive function in older adults. Recent studies with well-exercised rats showed strong, positive correlations between BDNF levels, cognitive performance in maze tasks, and recovery from fluid-percussion injuries to the hippocampus. Currently researchers are focusing on whether exercise prevents neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and …

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Later-Life Hoarders: Clinical Symptomatic Progression And Multi-Faceted Clinical Interventions Dec 2017

Later-Life Hoarders: Clinical Symptomatic Progression And Multi-Faceted Clinical Interventions

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

The age at onset and the clinical symptomatic progression of hoarding behaviors through successive decades are important factors in concerting appropriate interventions for later-life hoarders. The onset of hoarding begins at an early age, progresses in severity with each season of life, and has serious personal and social consequences. If left unimpeded, hoarders’ lives often become sufficiently maladjusted to require professional interventions, which should be multi-faceted to relieve symptoms more successfully and resolve underlying emotional issues for later-life hoarders. Multi-faceted interventions may play a key role in countering chronic hoarding behaviors and related personal dysfunction in older individuals.

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Front Matter 10.1 Dec 2017

Front Matter 10.1

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

No abstract provided.

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12.2 Dec 2017

12.2

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

No abstract provided.

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Can Self-Compassion Reduce Depression And Anxiety In Adolescents? Dec 2017

Can Self-Compassion Reduce Depression And Anxiety In Adolescents?

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Self-compassion has been explored as a new intervention strategy for adolescents suffering from depression and anxiety. These two mental illnesses are increasingly prevalent among this age group due to a variety of factors, including transitional difficulties and social stressors (Muris, Meesters, Pierik & de Kock, 2016; Neff & McGeh ee, 2010). Studies have shown that individuals who practice self-compassion have fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety (Bluth & Blanton, 2015). Conversely, insecure attachment, low self-esteem, and belief in the personal fable, symptoms common in depressed and anxious individuals, negatively correlate with self-compassion (Bluth & Blanton, 2015; Muris et al., 2016; …

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Effects Of Extracurricular Activities And Physical Activity On Academic Success Dec 2017

Effects Of Extracurricular Activities And Physical Activity On Academic Success

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

In this paper, I provide a comprehensive review of recent literature (published since 2010) regarding the relation between academic success and participation in extracurricular activities. I examine the direct effects—both positive and negative—that such participation has on the academic performance of students of all grade levels. Subsequently, because sports constitute a large portion of the extracurricular spectrum, I also examine studies that analyze t he effects of physical activity on academic performance. These studies suggest that extracurricular activities may have a positive effect on academics, especially when they contribute to a balanced life, self-confidence, an increased sense of personal duty …

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The Use Of Positive Psychological Methods By Religious Leaders And Their Effects On Depression In The Lgb Community Dec 2017

The Use Of Positive Psychological Methods By Religious Leaders And Their Effects On Depression In The Lgb Community

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Depression among lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (LGB individuals) is a complex issue involving many possible factors, including internalized homophobia and discrimination. Religiosity and religious leaders can exert both protecting and risk-inducing influences o n LGB depression, depending on how liberal or conservative the congregation’s stance is. The more conservative and non-gay-affirming a congregation is, the more likely an LGB individual is to develop depression (Gattis, Woodford, & Han, 2014). Positive psychology may help decrease the impact of intolerance on LGB individuals (Burckhardt, Manicavasagar, Batterham, & Hadzi-Pavlovic, 2016; Vaughan & Rodriguez, 2014). Through the use of positive psychology methods, such as …

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Animal Hoarding By Humans: A Literature Review Dec 2017

Animal Hoarding By Humans: A Literature Review

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

I review the origin and treatment of animal-hoarding disorder in humans and its relation to hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, showing that it seems to be more closely related to object hoarding. The disorder often originates in a traumatic life event, which triggers a psychological vulnerability to compulsively collect animals. In some cases, the hoarding individual was neglected by parental figures at a young age and developed relationships with animals in order to cope with the neglect. Some theories that proposed to explain the neglectful behavior in animal hoarding include dissociation, delusion, and dementia, viewing the animals as self-objects, or …

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Isolated Insanity: The Damaging Effects Of Solitary Confinement Dec 2017

Isolated Insanity: The Damaging Effects Of Solitary Confinement

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Solitary confinement is a popular form of punishment in prisons. However, it often results in the deterioration of the inmate’s mental health, especially when it is prolonged. It may lead to severe mental illness or self-harm, including suicide. In addition to the mental health effects, solitary confinement inhibits the rehabilitation process as it limits or eliminates exercise, visitation hours, medical treatment, and group recreation. Without these, many inmates lose their sense of identity and their hold on reality, thereby reducing the odds of successful reentry into society. To improve solitary confinement conditions, prison administrators should provide accessible psychiatrist treatment and …

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Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder In Children Dec 2017

Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder In Children

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is recently new to clinical literature. RAD is a “Stress and Trauma-Related Disorder” that stems from an inability for a child to attach to a caregiver. Aside from some psychoanalytic foundations, most of what is known about RAD is based off John Bowlby’s attachment theory. As research has developed, RAD has been considered its own diagnosis in the DSM-5 rather than labelled under the umbrella term of “attachment disorder.” A biopsychosocial model of RAD argues that RAD is primarily formed and exacerbated by neglect from a caregiver that can infringe upon the child’s ability to form …

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Virtually Free Speech: The Problem Of Unbridled Debates On Social Media Dec 2017

Virtually Free Speech: The Problem Of Unbridled Debates On Social Media

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

How individuals communicate on the internet has been influenced by the rise of social networking and the introduction of Web 2.0. Contentious sociopolitical arguments containing false polarization and confirmation bias, accompanied by egocentric and ethnocentric thinking are common. Ideological radicalization has also increased, as evidenced by the prevalence of ISIS and White supremacists on sites such as Twitter and Reddit. One consequence is the online practice known as flaming—intensely aggressive, personal verbal attacks. To reduce its occurrence, both macro- and micro-solutions should be implemented. On the macro-level, social networks and related online organizations should establish and enforce guide lines while …

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Chronic Illness And Functionality: How It Affects Adolescents Academically And Socially And How They Can Cope Dec 2017

Chronic Illness And Functionality: How It Affects Adolescents Academically And Socially And How They Can Cope

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

This paper explores the prevalence of chronic illness in adolescents, and its effects on academic and social functionality. When diagnosed with a chronic condition, adolescents must often make lifestyle changes that can put substantial pressures on some, or even all, areas of life. Many adolescents report needing help to make the changes necessary to manage their illness. Chronic illness affects millions of adolescents worldwide, and these individuals need understanding, support, and guidance to succeed. The aim of this paper is to review the literature examining psychosocial aspects of chronic illness in adolescents and to examine healthy coping styles, accessibility to …

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Teacher Expectations And The Black-White Scholastic Achievement Gap Dec 2017

Teacher Expectations And The Black-White Scholastic Achievement Gap

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Decades after the desegregation of schools, a Black-White achievement gap remains in the American school system. Researchers have given many possible explanations, including socioeconomic factors and teachers’ expectations of their students. In this paper, I summarize some of the literature on racial prejudice in teach er expectations and its impact on students’ academic and personal lives. I also analyze the role of stereotypes and other factors in teacher expectations and the communication of explicit and implicit expectations through teaching practices and nonverbal behavior. Finally, I discuss the use of teacher workshops as a possible means for narrowing the ethnic achievement …

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Treating Neuropathic Pain: Mindfulness Meditation Is More Effective Than Pharmacotherapy Dec 2017

Treating Neuropathic Pain: Mindfulness Meditation Is More Effective Than Pharmacotherapy

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Neuropathic pain is severe chronic pain with no single source and, for that reason, is difficult to treat. I review two treatments for neuropathic pain: pharmacotherapy and mindfulness meditation. In pharmacotherapy, psychotropic drugs are the main form of treatment. Although it is currently the treatment of choice, relying solely on drugs can result in unwanted side effects, including drug tolerance. Mindfulness meditation, a therapy designed to help the patient achieve self-understanding and self-regulation, avoids these effects. For these reasons, mindfulness meditation should be recommended as an alternative to psychotropic drugs when treating neuropathic pain.

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Chronic Pain: Understanding Its Effects On The Spouse Dec 2017

Chronic Pain: Understanding Its Effects On The Spouse

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

This literature review focuses on how the partner of an individual with chronic pain is affected by that pain. Results from the studies examined have been divided into four different categories of potential effects: household, physical, mental/emotional, and marital. The household consequences include items such as finances and role reversals for household tasks (West, Usher et al., 2012). The physical consequences consist of symptoms such as v arying pains and lack of sleep (Martire et al., 2013; Turk et al., 1987). The primary mental/ emotional consequence of having a spouse with chronic pain is distress, which can lead to issues …

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A Bi-Directional Association Between Depression And Romantic Relations In Adolescence Dec 2017

A Bi-Directional Association Between Depression And Romantic Relations In Adolescence

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Depression is associated with higher morbidity rates of suicide ideation and increased suicidal risk in adolescents with the presence of romantic relationships. I review research on the predictors of depression in adolescent romantic relationships, specifically , concerning the bi-directional nature of this association, gender differences, and prevention strategies. The focus of adolescent research in recent years has been mainly on depression that emerges during romantic relationships and may have a negative effect on them. For example, adolescent girls are more likely than adolescent boys to be affected adversely by depression that accompanies romantic relationships, whereas adolescents of both genders are …

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Real Men Burp Babies And Real Women Deliver Dough: The Advantages Of Nontraditional Parental Roles Dec 2017

Real Men Burp Babies And Real Women Deliver Dough: The Advantages Of Nontraditional Parental Roles

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

Stay-at-home fathers and working mothers continue to defy gender expectations despite traditional societal beliefs pertaining to gender roles. These nontraditional couples model a contemporary and egalitarian lifestyle for their children in a world that is increasingly advocating for more gender equality within and outside of the home. Children within these households exhibit positive cognitive traits, enhanced behavioral developments, and enriched familial relationships (Brown, Mangelsdorf, & Neff, 2012; Deutsch, Servis , & Payne, 2001; Dunn, Rochlen, & O’Brien, 2013; Fischer & Anderson, 2012; Flaskerud, 2012; Lucas-Thompson, Goldberg, & Prause, 2010 ; Rushing & Powell, 2015; Williams & Radin, 1999; Wills & …

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Responding To Bullying By Gender Dec 2017

Responding To Bullying By Gender

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

The present literature review examines how the construction of gender influences bullying among children and adolescents, as w ell as the possible effects of bullying on children, both as bullies an d victims. An in-depth, theoretical analysis of gender stereotype and gender construction is presented, through a review of cognitive development theory, social learning theory, and cultivation theory. Gender construction leads children to adopt different behaviors and to interact with peers in various ways (Emilson et al., 2016; Fagot, 1994; Tobin et al., 2010). Among children and adolescents, the two most prominent forms of bullying that result from gender construction …

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Front Matter 12.2 Dec 2017

Front Matter 12.2

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

No abstract provided.

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"Speak Up!" An Examination Of The Language Abilities Of Children Displaying Various Forms Of Social Withdrawal And Aggression, Brandon Neil Clifford Dec 2017

"Speak Up!" An Examination Of The Language Abilities Of Children Displaying Various Forms Of Social Withdrawal And Aggression, Brandon Neil Clifford

Theses and Dissertations

Language serves as a mechanism through which children are able to interact and communicate with their others. Thus, when children do not produce language at a typical pace, there may be cause for concern. The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the language abilities of children displaying various forms of social withdrawal and children engaging in subtypes of aggression. Participants came from the Brigham Young University Child Laboratory (N = 141; Mage = 4.57; 53% female) and were observed and teachers and parents completed reports on children's behaviors and demographics. Results revealed reticent and solitary-passive children …

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Moving Toward And Away From Others: A Person-Centered Analysis Of Social Orientations In Emerging Adulthood, Nathan A. Jorgensen Dec 2017

Moving Toward And Away From Others: A Person-Centered Analysis Of Social Orientations In Emerging Adulthood, Nathan A. Jorgensen

Theses and Dissertations

Emerging adulthood is a time rife with transitions, and is thus an important time period to study the various ways in which people both connect with and move away from others, or how they are socially oriented. Previous research has suggested a number of factors that contribute to social orientations, including social motivations, the self in relation to others, other-directed emotions and cognitions, and actual social behaviors. The current study examined what types of social orientations exist and how they relate to indices of relational and individual well-being in a sample of US emerging adults (N = 787). Using latent …

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Idioms Or Open Choice? A Corpus Based Analysis, Kaitlyn Alayne Vanwagoner Dec 2017

Idioms Or Open Choice? A Corpus Based Analysis, Kaitlyn Alayne Vanwagoner

Theses and Dissertations

The ambiguous nature of idioms has been a persistent challenge for English language learners and researches alike. Problematic issues include identifying which idioms are most pertinent for study, and the question of how frequently idiom forms found in dictionaries and other canonized resources actually function as idioms in real language use. This study differentiates between idiom forms used idiomatically (idiom-principle) versus literally (open-choice principle), and provides quantitative data to assess this difference. The data was obtained through a corpus analysis of 1,000 randomly-selected idioms in 10,000 randomly-selected contexts (10 contexts per idiom), and revealed that the majority of idiom forms …

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Association Between Latent Toxoplasma Gondii Infection And Alzheimer's Disease, Cynthia Elizabeth Wyman Dec 2017

Association Between Latent Toxoplasma Gondii Infection And Alzheimer's Disease, Cynthia Elizabeth Wyman

Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Many studies have found an association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and behavioral and cognitive changes in animal models and in humans. In addition, early findings have suggested an association between T. gondii seropositivity and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to determine whether there is an association between T. gondii seropositivity and AD as well as cognitive functioning (including memory, working memory, processing speed, language functioning, executive functioning) in a large, well-characterized sample of subjects with AD and matched controls without dementia. Method: Using ELISA assays, we determined anti-T. gondii IgG antibody titers in 114 control subjects and in …

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Association Between Latent Toxoplasma Gondii Infection And Alzheimer's Disease, Cynthia Elizabeth Wyman Dec 2017

Association Between Latent Toxoplasma Gondii Infection And Alzheimer's Disease, Cynthia Elizabeth Wyman

Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Many studies have found an association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and behavioral and cognitive changes in animal models and in humans. In addition, early findings have suggested an association between T. gondii seropositivity and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to determine whether there is an association between T. gondii seropositivity and AD as well as cognitive functioning (including memory, working memory, processing speed, language functioning, executive functioning) in a large, well-characterized sample of subjects with AD and matched controls without dementia. Method: Using ELISA assays, we determined anti-T. gondii IgG antibody titers in 114 control subjects and in 105 …

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Moving Toward And Away From Others: A Person-Centered Analysis Of Social Orientations In Emerging Adulthood, Nathan A. Jorgensen Dec 2017

Moving Toward And Away From Others: A Person-Centered Analysis Of Social Orientations In Emerging Adulthood, Nathan A. Jorgensen

Theses and Dissertations

Emerging adulthood is a time rife with transitions, and is thus an important time period to study the various ways in which people both connect with and move away from others, or how they are socially oriented. Previous research has suggested a number of factors that contribute to social orientations, including social motivations, the self in relation to others, other-directed emotions and cognitions, and actual social behaviors. The current study examined what types of social orientations exist and how they relate to indices of relational and individual well-being in a sample of US emerging adults (N = 787). Using latent …

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The Effectiveness Of Utilizing The Treatment Support Measure For Treatment Planning In Youth Mental Health Services, Adam D. Garland Dec 2017

The Effectiveness Of Utilizing The Treatment Support Measure For Treatment Planning In Youth Mental Health Services, Adam D. Garland

Theses and Dissertations

The use of treatment support tools to enhance client outcomes is not well understood in the youth treatment literature. Adult outcome researchers have found that the use of Clinical Support Tools (CST) leads to improved outcomes with clients identified as at risk for treatment failure. However, the American Psychological Association (APA) has noted that understanding important client factors that influence treatment is critical during the clinical formulation and treatment planning phase of therapy. No studies to date have evaluated the effectiveness of utilizing a CST as a treatment planning tool with youth clients. The purpose of this study was to …

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Specific Learning Disability Assessment Of English Language Learners: An Investigation Of The Current Assessment Practices Of Utah School Psychologists, Jesika Lee Forbush Dec 2017

Specific Learning Disability Assessment Of English Language Learners: An Investigation Of The Current Assessment Practices Of Utah School Psychologists, Jesika Lee Forbush

Theses and Dissertations

The landscape of education and the students served in schools has changed over the last few decades and is becoming more diverse (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017). Methods of special education evaluation in schools are also changing to meet the needs of a dynamic population. Best practices for specific learning disability (SLD) identification recommend the use of effective evaluation methods that inform educational decisions. Many models of SLD identification have been proposed throughout the history of SLD classification. Though many school psychologists have relied on the discrepancy model of learning disability identification, many alternative evaluation methods are coming into …

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Laying The Foundation For A Fremont Phytolith Typology Using Select Plant Species Native To Utah County, Madison Natasha Pearce Dec 2017

Laying The Foundation For A Fremont Phytolith Typology Using Select Plant Species Native To Utah County, Madison Natasha Pearce

Theses and Dissertations

Archaeobotanical evidences for the presence of wild plants at Fremont archaeological sites are numerous. However, little can be positively argued for why those plants are present, if they were used by site inhabitants, and how they were used. Additionally, there are likely several wild plants that were used but that do not appear in the archaeobotanical record as pollen or macrobotanicals, the two most commonly identified plant remains. I argue that it is possible to provide better interpretations for how and why the Fremont used plants by researching how their historic counterparts, the Goshute, Shoshone, Ute, and Southern Paiute, used …

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Multilingual Trends In Five London Boroughs: A Linguistic Landscape Approach, Shayla Ann Johnson Dec 2017

Multilingual Trends In Five London Boroughs: A Linguistic Landscape Approach, Shayla Ann Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Although multilingualism has been investigated in London, no studies have addressed the multilingual linguistic landscape of this linguistically diverse globalized mega-city. In addition, no previous research has addressed the linguistic impacts of colonialism on the colonizer with respect to signage in the linguistic landscape. With increasing rates of immigration and globalization in London, it is advantageous to fully document and research the nature of the linguistic landscape in order to create a baseline for future comparison. Consequently, aspects of the linguistic landscape of five London boroughs were collected and analyzed in terms of 2,062 signage items. The study noted multilingual …

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