Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

To Be Or Not To Be: The Relationship Between Economic Diversity And Unemployment Rates In Canadian Cities During The Covid-19 Induced Shock, Yahaya Alphonse

Major Papers

Regional scholars have broadly studied the role of economic structure in shielding a community from economic shocks. This research has generally involved comparing diversity against specialization. This study compares differences within varying degrees of economic diversity in Canadian cities. Canada has received very little attention in this field despite the importance this knowledge could provide in shaping Canadian economic policy. This paper aims to fill in this gap by analyzing the role economic diversity played in acting as a structural buffer to the COVID-19-induced economic shock. This analysis is done utilizing a Herfindahl Hirschman Index to measure economic diversity and …

Elder Abuse In Canada: Dimensions And Policy Responses, Taylor Marekovic

Major Papers

Elder abuse and neglect continues to be a gray area when it comes to convicting perpetrators such as family, friends, strangers, and caregivers who commit any form of physical, psychological, financial, neglect, or sexual abuse towards an elder. This is due to the legal definition being vague and non-transparent. The legal and health systems rely on two different definitions of what is deemed to be elder abuse and neglect in Canada when reviewing or assessing allegations of such abuse. Elder abuse and neglect increased throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, during which Ontario and the rest of Canada experienced staffing shortages in …

Housing From A Social Harm Perspective, Addison David Kornel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

From 2019 to 2022 housing prices in Canada surged. This paper investigates the social consequences of rising prices by considering the exceptional example of Windsor, Ontario. Unlike in most Canadian cities, the “Canadian dream” social narrative of timely and reliable homeownership on the back of local labour wages had survived in Windsor until recently. The latest run-up marked a turning point. Qualitative interviews conducted in early 2022 with both successful and unsuccessful homebuyers in Windsor reveal the centrality of homeownership to the life course and social fabric. Participants articulated long-standing economic and sociological concerns that home value spikes drive wealth …

Babes In Arms: An Application Of The Australian Federal Child Care Model To Canada, Nikolas Anthony Prsa

Major Papers

This paper examines the feasibility of implementing the Australian model of federal childcare policy in Canada. A historical institutionalist approach is used to examine this feasibility by means of qualitative and comparative analyses. The distinct policy histories and current measures of both countries are outlined and studied through the course of this paper. Its research finds that, while Australia possesses some similarities in political structure to Canada, their distinct socio-political contexts make much of the former’s model inapplicable to the latter. Canadian federalism’s asymmetry and the political will of its federal units to defend powers conceded to them make it …

Morbid And Mortal Inequities Among Indigenous People In Canada And The United States During The Covid-19 Pandemic Critical Review Of Relative Risks And Protections, Naomi G. Williams, Amy M. Alberton, Kevin M. Gorey

Social Work Publications

The COVID-19 pandemic focused the world’s attention on gross racialized health inequities and injustices. For political and scientific reasons much less is known about the plight of Indigenous peoples than about other ethnic groups. In fact, some of the early pandemic evidence suggested that Indigenous peoples, while clearly experiencing prevalent structural violence probably also experience certain cultural protections. Aiming to begin to clarify their relative risks and protections, we conducted a rapid critical research review and sample-weighted synthesis or meta-analysis of the publishedand gray literature on four COVID-19-relevant outcomes in Canada and the United States between January 1, 2020 and …

Provincial Cannabis Legislation, Regulation, And Licensing: Its Effectiveness And Impacts On Municipalities In Ontario, Rami Farag

Major Papers

The legalization of cannabis has been a controversial topic within the last two decades in many developed states. The legalization brought medicinal benefits, economic opportunity, and a projected decrease in organized crime. It has, however, also prompted new challenges for different levels of government. In Canada, legalization was a federal decision that was then regulated by provincial governments. However, local governments were on the receiving end of both federal and provincial legislation and regulations that often restricted municipal autonomy with respect to cannabis.

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the legal and regulatory framework of retail cannabis …

Assessing Virtual Mental Health Access For Refugees During The Covid-19 Pandemic Using The Levesque Client-Centered Framework: What Have We Learned And How Will We Plan For The Future?, Michaela Hynie, Annie Jaimes, Anna Oda, Marjolaine Rivest-Beauregard, Laura Perez Gonzalez, Nicole Ives, Farah Ahmad, Ben C.H. Kuo, Neil Arya, Nimo Bokore, Kwame Mckenzie

Psychology Publications

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health services rapidly transitioned to virtual care. Although such services can improve access for underserved populations, they may also present unique challenges, especially for refugee newcomers. This study examined the multidimensional nature of access to virtual mental health (VMH) care for refugee newcomers during the COVID-19 pandemic, using Levesque et al.’s Client-Centered Framework for Assessing Access to Health Care. One hundred and eight structured and semi structured interviews were conducted in four Canadian provinces (8 community leaders, 37 newcomer clients, 63 mental health or service providers or man-agers). Deductive qualitative analysis, based on the Client-Centered …

Motor Vehicle Collision‑Related Injuries And Deaths Among Indigenous Peoples In Canada: Meta‑Analysis Of Geo‑Structural Factors, Naomi G. Williams, Amy M. Alberton, Kevin M. Gorey

Social Work Publications

Introduction: Indigenous Peoples are much more likely than non‑Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured or die in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). This study updates and extends a previous systematic review, suggesting that future re‑ search ought to incorporate social–environmental factors. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta‑analysis of the published and grey literature on MVCs involving Indigenous Peoples in Canada between 2010 and 2020. We focussed on personal (e.g. driving an old vehicle) and community social– environmental–economic factors (e.g. prevalent low socioeconomic status). Results: Eleven comparative cohorts that resulted in 23 at minimum, age‑standardised, mortality or morbidity rate outcomes …

How Animal-Assisted Therapy Is Understood And Perceived By Health Care Providers And The General Public In Canada, Healey M. Gardiner

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The incorporation of dogs to assist humans with various activities has been documented for centuries. When a dog is included in treatment to meet an individual’s therapeutic goal it is known as Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT). Little is known about how AAT is understood and perceived among healthcare professional and public populations in Canada. Although AAT has increased in popularly, limited research exists regarding its efficacy. Further, variation exists in the understanding and perceptions of AAT among the general pubic and healthcare professionals, possibly due to a lack of awareness of existing operational definitions and distinctions between classifications of “assistance animals.” …

The Continued Prohibition Of Cannabis & Racism At Canada’S Borders, Dara Vosoughi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Canada is one of the few jurisdictions in the world where cannabis for personal and recreational purposes is legal. Prior to October 17th 2018, the possession of any quantity of cannabis was a criminal offence, making individuals vulnerable to onerous criminal sanctions. The legislative act that resulted in the decriminalization and regulation of cannabis was framed as a means of advancing public health goals and reducing inequalities. Those once engaged in low level cannabis activities were no longer subject to criminal sanctions within Canada. However, the criminal status and practices upholding the prohibition of cannabis continues at Canada’s borders and …

Regulating Unsheltered People In The Public Library, Bailey Trotti

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis focuses on the library as a public space in relation to unsheltered people. The public library is a historically significant institution in the Western world and one of the few remaining public spaces whose occupants do not need purchasing power for temporary tenancy. For unsheltered people, public libraries may provide important resources they do not possess or cannot otherwise access. Yet, despite the importance of libraries to unsheltered people, public libraries have sought to use policies to closely govern and sometimes exclude them in various ways. Drawing on governmentality, sociology of governance, and related literature, the overarching research …

Information Literacy Instruction For International Graduate Engineering Students: A Case Study At University Of Windsor, Guoying Liu

Leddy Library Publications

In recent years, the University of Windsor has seen a significant increase in international student enrolments, especially in the graduate engineering programs. Previous studies indicate that international students often have difficulties in developing information literacy skills. Furthermore, many engineering students lack library research skills essential for succeeding in academic study. However, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on information literacy instruction for international engineering students and existing research in this area seldom utilizes statistical analysis methods to determine the effectiveness of the instruction. This paper aims to fill in the literature gap by examining the impact of an information …

Development Finance Institutions As Tools For Foreign Aid Distribution: A Comparative Analysis Of The Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Findev Canada And Deutsche Investitions – Und Entwicklungsgesellschaft, Kamal Mann

Major Papers

An understanding of how foreign aid has changed requires a thorough examination of the efforts taken in aid to address the widening finance gap in development, alongside the often-contested issue of aid effectiveness. This is particularly the case when looking at how aid should be paid for. Yet the question of how to best program and deliver foreign aid remains unanswered.

Aid remains one of the largest aspects of international transfers of resources that occur in the world, as such it is important to study it. The rise of Development Finance Institutions, which are publicly owned, private lending institutions helps …

Councillors Deserve More: An Analysis Of Council Remuneration In Windsor, Chelsea Verna Bonneau

Major Papers

This paper analyzes the salaries of municipal councillors in Windsor, Ontario to determine if they are being paid an appropriate salary for the work they perform and the responsibility they hold. There are three methods used to find this result. First, the salaries of Windsor’s councillors are compared to the average salaries of other part-time workers in Ontario. Second, the average amount of time that councillors spend working on a weekly basis, both in meetings and outside of meetings, is determined. Finally, the salaries of Windsor’s councillors are compared to average salaries of boards of directors, as this is a …

Oil Prices And Economic Growth: Cases Of Canada And Usa, Seth Kwei Etsibah-Tackie

Major Papers

The effects of oil prices on economies has been subjected to a lot of scrutiny since the 1960’s. This study conducts an analysis of the impact of oil price shocks on two oil exporting nations, Canada and USA. The transmission mechanisms of oil price changes to any economy vary from the supply effect to the demand effect. High crude oil prices impact the Canadian economy and USA through a variety of channels, in both positive and negative ways. Ceteris paribus more revenue is made when oil prices increase. In this study, I run an ordinary least square estimation with time …

Care Of Acute Conditions And Chronic Diseases In Canada And The United States: Rapid Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Keren M. Escobar, Dorian Murariu, Sharon Munro, Kevin M. Gorey

Social Work Publications

This study tested the hypothesis that socioeconomically vulnerable Canadians with diverse acute conditions or chronic diseases have health care access and survival advantages over their counterparts in the USA. A rapid systematic review retrieved 25 studies (34 independent cohorts) published between 2003 and 2018. They were synthesized with a streamlined meta-analysis. Very low-income Canadian patients were consistently and highly advantaged in terms of health care access and survival compared with their counterparts in the USA who lived in poverty and/or were uninsured or underinsured. In aggregate and controlling for specific conditions or diseases and typically 4 to 9 comorbid factors …

Intersection Of Indigenous Peoples And Police: Questions About Contact And Confidence, Amy Alberton, Brent Angell, Kevin M. Gorey Dr, Harvey A. Mccue

Social Work Publications

Despite much anecdotal, journalistic, and statistical evidence of their oppression by colonial and neocolonial police practices, little is known about Indigenous peoples’ attitudes towards the police in Canada. Th e theory that involuntary police–citizen contacts increase citizens’ mistrust, fear, and dissat- isfaction and, ultimately, decreases confi dence in the police was advanced. Hypotheses arising from this historical-theoretical context were tested with the 2014 panel of Canada’s General Social Survey, including 951 Indigenous (First Nations, Métis, or Inuit) and 21,576 non-Indigenous white participants. Indigenous identity and involuntary contacts were both signifi cantly associated with a lack of confi dence in police, …

Contact Is A Stronger Predictor Of Attitudes Toward Police Than Race: A State-Of-The-Art Review, Amy Alberton, Kevin M. Gorey

Social Work Publications

Purpose – This scoping review thoroughly scanned research on race, contacts with police and attitudes toward police. An exploratory meta-analysis then assessed the strength of their associations and interaction in Canada and the USA. Key knowledge gaps and specific future research needs, synthetic and primary, were identified. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach – A germinal methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was used (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005). The authors searched for published or unpublished research over the past 15 years and retrieved 33 eligible surveys, 19 of which were included in a sample-weighted meta-analysis.

Findings – The …

Canada’S New Open Access Policy: Integrating Libraries Into Open Scholarship, K. Jane Burpee, Rosarie Coughlan, Dave Johnston, Patricia Moore, Elizabeth Yates

Leddy Library Presentations

Canada’s new Open Access policy requires government-funded researchers — and encourages all Canadian researchers — to make their work publicly accessible by either publishing in Open Access journals or archiving it in repositories. This policy signals that Open Access is now a default setting for research in Canada and presents tremendous opportunities for libraries to support open scholarship through outreach, advocacy, support services and infrastructure. This presentation will explore policy, practice and implications for funders, institutions and researchers. We will focus on how libraries can facilitate the cultural shift to open research by raising awareness of the benefits of open …

Promoting Hiv Testing For Gay And Bisexual Men: An Evaluation Of The 2011-2012 Campaign In Toronto And Ottawa, Barry D. Adam, Sandra Gardner, Carol Major, Diana Campbell, Lucia Light, Jason Globerman

Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology Publications

This paper reports on a social marketing campaign directed toward high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM) in Toronto and Ottawa to: encourage testing for HIV and syphilis; improve knowledge about HIV transmission, seroconversion symptoms, and the HIV window period; and heighten awareness of syphilis transmission and its relationship to facilitating HIV transmission. Evaluation data were collected from a large-scale online pre-and post-campaign survey of sexually active MSM and from laboratory testing data. Men who turned up to be tested also filled out an exit survey. The campaign websites attracted some 15,000 unique visitors, 54% of whom had an …

Hivpositive People's Perspectives On Canadian Criminal Law And Non-Disclosure, Barry D. Adam, Jason Globerman, Richard Elliott, Patrice Corriveau, Ken English, Sean Rourke

Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology Publications

The largest survey to date of people living with HIV regarding attitudes toward criminalization of HIV non-disclosure, this study investigates: sources of legal information available to HIV-positive people; perceptions of how criminal prosecutions and media coverage affect understanding of rights and responsibilities of self and others; and where HIV-positive people themselves stand on the role the criminal justice system should play. While mainstream media constructions of criminal iconography do affect PHA views, those who have higher levels of formal education, are active in the dating scene, and have been living longer with HIV hold less punitive views than those who …

Colon Cancer Care And Survival: Income And Insurance Are More Predictive In The Usa, Community Primary Care Physician Supply More So In Canada, Kevin M. Gorey, Sindu M. Kanjeekal, Frances C. Wright, Caroline Hamm, Isaac N. Luginaah, Emma Bartfay, Guangyong Zou, Erc J. Holowaty, Nancy L. Richter

Social Work Publications

Background: Our research group advanced a health insurance theory to explain Canada’s cancer care advantages over America. The late Barbara Starfield theorized that Canada’s greater primary care-orientation also plays a critically protective role. We tested the resultant Starfield-Gorey theory by examining the effects of poverty, health insurance and physician supplies, primary care and specialists, on colon cancer care in Ontario and California.

Methods: We analyzed registry data for people with non-metastasized colon cancer from Ontario (n = 2,060) and California (n = 4,574) diagnosed between 1996 and 2000 and followed to 2010. We obtained census tract-based socioeconomic data from population …

Impacts Of The Criminalization On The Everyday Lives Of People Living In With Hiv In Canada, Barry D. Adam, Richard Elliott, Patrice Corriveau, Ken English

Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology Publications

As part of a study on the social consequences of the criminal justice system on people living with HIV or AIDS (PHAs) in Canada, this article focuses on how heightened public identification of HIV with criminal matters is having wide ranging effects on perceived personal security and in particular on negotiating potential romantic and sexual interactions. As articulated by the Supreme Court of Canada, the courts have been enforcing a requirement that HIV-positive people disclose their sero-status to prospective partners, relying on the notion that “through deterrence it [the Criminal Code] will protect and serve to encourage honesty, frankness and …

Preparing For Work In Canadian Academic Libraries: The Library Student Perspective, Mark Weiler, Sarah Guay, Scott R. Cowan

Leddy Library Publications

No abstract provided.

Better Colon Cancer Care For Extremely Poor Canadian Women Compared With American Women, Kevin M. Gorey, Isaac N. Luginaah, Emma Bartfay, Guangyong Zou, Sundus Haji-Jama, Eric J. Holowaty, Caroline Hamm, Sindu M. Kanjeekal, Fraces C. Wright, Madhan K. Balagurusamy, Nancy L. Richter

Social Work Publications

Extremely poor Canadian women were recently observed to be largely advantaged on most aspects of breast cancer care as compared with similarly poor, but much less adequately insured, women in the United States. This historical study systematically replicated the protective effects of single- versus multipayer health care by comparing colon cancer care among cohorts of extremely poor women in California and Ontario between 1996 and 2011. The Canadian women were again observed to have been largely advantaged. They were more likely to have received indicated surgery and chemotherapy, and their wait times for care were significantly shorter. Consequently, the Canadian …

Breast Cancer Care In Canada And The United States: Ecological Comparisons Of Extremely Impoverished And Affluent Urban Neighborhoods, Kevin M. Gorey

Social Work Publications

This study examined the differential effect of extreme impoverishment on breast cancer care in urban Canada and the United States. Ontario and California registry-based samples diagnosed between 1998 and 2000 were followed until 2006. Extremely poor and affluent neighborhoods were compared. Poverty was associated with non-localized disease, surgical and radiation therapy (RT) waits, non-receipt of breast conserving surgery, RT and hormonal therapy, and shorter survival in California, but not in Ontario. Extremely poor Ontario women were consistently advantaged on care indices over their California counterparts. More inclusive health insurance coverage in Canada seems the most plausible explanation for such Canadian …

Erm System Implementation In A Consortium Environment, Guoying Liu

Leddy Library Publications

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to address the issues associated with electronic resources management (ERM) system implementation in a consortium environment.

Design/methodology/approach - The paper outlines the implementation process along with the problems encountered and their solutions and impacts on the use of the system in the implementation of Verde ERM system at University of Windsor Leddy Library, which implemented the system as one of the early adopters within a consortium. The issues and challenges the library experienced in the project are analyzed and discussed.

Findings - The ERM system is still in its early stages. There …

Chinese Localisation Of Evergreen: An Open Source Integrated Library System, Qing Zou, Liu Guoying

Leddy Library Publications

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate various issues related to Chinese language localisation in Evergreen, an open source integrated library system (ILS).

Design/methodology/approach - A Simplified Chinese version of Evergreen was implemented and tested and various issues such as encoding, indexing, searching, and sorting specifically associated with Simplified Chinese language were investigated.

Findings - The paper finds that Unicode eases a lot of ILS development problems. However, having another language version of an ILS does not simply require the translation from one language to another. Indexing, searching, sorting and other locale related issues should be tackled …

Breast Cancer Survival In Canada And The Usa: Meta-Analytic Evidence Of A Canadian Advantage In Low-Income Areas, Kevin M. Gorey

Social Work Publications

BACKGROUND: This study tested the hypothesis that relatively poor Canadian women with breast cancer have a survival advantage over their counterparts in the USA.

METHODS: Seventy-eight independent retrospective cohort (incidence between 1984 and 2000, followed until 2006) outcomes were synthesized. Fixed effects meta-regression models compared women with breast cancer in low-income areas of Canada and the USA.

RESULTS: Low-income Canadian women were advantaged on survival [rate ratio (RR) = 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.15] and their advantage was even larger among women <65 years of age who are not yet eligible for Medicare coverage in the USA (RR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.18-1.24). Canadian advantages were also larger for node positive breast cancer, which may present with greater clinical and managerial discretion (RR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.30-1.50), and smaller when Hawaii, the state providing the most Canadian-like access, was the US comparator (RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.20).

CONCLUSIONS: More inclusive health care insurance coverage in Canada vs the USA, particularly among each country's relatively …

Silence, Assent And Hiv Risk, Barry D. Adam, Winston Husbands, James Murray, John Maxwell

Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology Publications

Based on interviews with 34 men, almost all of whom have unprotected sex with men most or all of the time, this paper documents the interactional process, narrative elements, and meaning construction in situations of ‘bareback’ sex. Narratives show the differentiated cultural capital circulating among distinct circuits of gay and bisexual men that define the taken-for-granted rules of conduct for sexual interactions and give rise to high risk situations. Many of the positive men speak of being part of a social environment where ‘everybody knows’ a set of rules whereby sex without condoms can happen as a default circumstance to …