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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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Articles 1 - 30 of 93
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
More Care And Less Pay: The Phenomenon Of Low Wages Among Care Occupations, Allison B. Dayton
More Care And Less Pay: The Phenomenon Of Low Wages Among Care Occupations, Allison B. Dayton
Student Publications
This research examines the phenomenon of care occupations paying less than other occupations with similar levels of human capital investment. The paper evaluates the high concentration of women, especially Black women, the resulting wage penalties, social closure theory, temporal flexibility, and positive externalities as possible explanations for this problem. Potential solutions like raising the minimum wage and subsidizing education for care workers are also addressed.
The Future Of Banking: Consumer Protection And Contagion Risks Of Cryptocurrency, Anthony Choi
The Future Of Banking: Consumer Protection And Contagion Risks Of Cryptocurrency, Anthony Choi
Student Publications
The emergence of digital assets in the financial services industry in the 21st century raised concerns pertaining to consumer protection, regulatory oversight, and the safety and soundness of the United States financial system. In the efforts to foster digital assets in financial markets, lawmakers at both state and federal governments have begun spearheading regulatory initiatives aimed at protecting investors and consumers. This paper considers historical and current issues surrounding cryptocurrency, as well as existing policy and regulatory responses at the federal level. Among a wide array of policy issues regarding digital assets, this paper examines the consumer protection and contagion …
Cub Plastic Shipping Bag Recycling Program, Samuel M. Arkin, Ethan J. Bruemmer
Cub Plastic Shipping Bag Recycling Program, Samuel M. Arkin, Ethan J. Bruemmer
Student Publications
We implemented a plastic shipping bag recycling program at Gettysburg College. Recycling bags contribute towards contamination within the college's single-stream recycling or end up directly in the landfill via traditional trash collection. The production of plastic bags relies on the continued production of fossil fuel extraction. Plastic bag recycling can decrease fossil fuel extraction and waste entering landfills. To curb Gettysburg College’s generation of waste, we placed four bins in various locations throughout the Center Union Building (CUB) in order to collect plastic shipping bags over a 4.5-week period. We made three hypotheses: that our bins would collect shipping bags …
Thatcherism's Triumph: How Margaret Thatcher’S Neoliberal Policies Brought Prosperity To Britain, Carl J. Demarco Jr.
Thatcherism's Triumph: How Margaret Thatcher’S Neoliberal Policies Brought Prosperity To Britain, Carl J. Demarco Jr.
Student Publications
By 1979, the British economy was in complete and utter disarray. Inflation was at record highs along with unemployment. The post-world war consensus was built off the idea of embedded liberalism, which stressed that the government must play a large and active role in regulating the markets and that it was in the government's interest to keep unemployment at its natural low. Similar to the United States, since the Great Depression the welfare state in Great Britain had been expanding. The post-war consensus proclaimed and exhausted the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who believed in embedded liberalism and the …
State Capitalism’S Inability To Alter The Global Power Structure, Michael R. Woods
State Capitalism’S Inability To Alter The Global Power Structure, Michael R. Woods
Student Publications
In the modern day, many nations have instituted State Capitalist policies to grow their economies and increase their international influence. To evaluate the efficacy of this strategy, this paper analyzes the historical impacts of State Capitalism, as well as its effects upon economic concepts, including competition and innovation. This work also analyzes the ways in which State Capitalist policies have negatively impacted the international reputations of nations such as Russia and China and explores the specific national characteristics and circumstances that are required to truly alter the global power structure. Ultimately, the work concludes that state capitalism is unlikely to …
The Effects Of Economic Globalization On Voter Turnout, Patrick L. Mahoney
The Effects Of Economic Globalization On Voter Turnout, Patrick L. Mahoney
Student Publications
Over the last 30 years, voter turnout, which is often considered to be an important sign of the vitality of a democracy, has been decreasing throughout the world. Traditional factors that drive voter turnout have not dramatically changed within the same period, suggesting that another factor is potentially at play. I contend that globalization, specifically economic globalization, has played a significant role in driving down voter turnout in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. First, economic globalization limits national autonomy in areas of economic policy by constraining national policymakers in their ability to implement substantive policy change. Second, as …
Valiant Consequences, Johnjulius Lodato
Valiant Consequences, Johnjulius Lodato
Student Publications
War and conflict are significant events that hold a reasonable possibility to alter countries and their cultural populations. These transforming effects can come in many forms, ranging from mental trauma to the abandonment or modification of culture and its ideals. In this illustration, perhaps no group has endured the same everlasting detrimental effects as the Native Americans and their underlying consequences stemming from World War 2. These detriments can be seen in the form of erratic drunken or violent behavior and forgotten traditions. On the contrary, these effects may have at one time been diminished and replaced by the gratitude …
Policy Strategies To Solve The U.S. Recycling Crisis, Flavia M. Scotto D'Antuono
Policy Strategies To Solve The U.S. Recycling Crisis, Flavia M. Scotto D'Antuono
Student Publications
Following China’s Operation National Sword in 2018, the politics and economics of recycling have increasingly come under scrutiny as many examine whether it remains a worthwhile endeavor. Differences across municipalities, changing prices of goods, contamination, mislabeling, and involvement by the plastics industry has further confused the issue. This paper examines to what extent a national recycling policy would be effective and what form it may take using several case studies - whether it be mandatory recycled content minimums, extended producer responsibility, or allowing the industry to phase out completely,
Implications Of Youth Education On Intrastate Conflict: The Relevance Of Postmaterialism, Anthony (Sungho) Choi
Implications Of Youth Education On Intrastate Conflict: The Relevance Of Postmaterialism, Anthony (Sungho) Choi
Student Publications
The concept of postmaterialism posits that individuals who are born in an economically and socially secure environment tend to be more open to changes in their societies and accepting of different values among individuals compared to those who are materialists (i.e., individuals who tend to value security, affluence, and strong law and order more in comparison to postmaterialists). Postmaterialism is associated with individuals who are more educated and have access to different educational opportunities, given the existence of economic stability in postmaterialist societies. Focusing on the role of postmaterialist values, I analyze the relationship between educational attainment among youths and …
Young Unemployed People Rebel: A Political Economy Law Or Assumption?, Lacey L. Weynand
Young Unemployed People Rebel: A Political Economy Law Or Assumption?, Lacey L. Weynand
Student Publications
In this paper, I investigate the validity of the widely held assumption that high rates of youth unemployment will lead a state to experience internal armed conflict. I hypothesize that as youth unemployment rates increase, a state will have a larger number of internal armed conflicts occur annually. This can happen via three causal mechanisms: 1) opportunity cost calculations; 2) private frustrations, resentment, and feelings of stagnation turning into public grievances; 3) and emotional and psychological triggers leading to participation in violent insurgent activities. I find that while youth unemployment does have a statistically significant influence on the number of …
The Relationship Between State Capacity And Internal Armed Conflict, Rodrigo L. Cotto-Abreu
The Relationship Between State Capacity And Internal Armed Conflict, Rodrigo L. Cotto-Abreu
Student Publications
This paper seeks to evaluate the impact that state capacity has had on the annual incidences of internal armed conflicts in the post-WWII period. This paper proposes that the state’s coercive, administrative, and extractive capabilities are the most effective tools at its disposal when attempting to decrease the likelihood of the onset of internal civil conflict. This paper hypothesizes that the higher the level of state capacity in a given nation-state is, the lower the number or occurrences of internal armed conflict will be. The key finding this paper presents is a statistically significant result linking state capacity to the …
The Curvilinear Relationship Between Political Terror And Internal Armed Conflict, Lilian A. Morrell
The Curvilinear Relationship Between Political Terror And Internal Armed Conflict, Lilian A. Morrell
Student Publications
I examine the relationship between political terror and the annual incidence of internal armed conflict. Studies have found that other factors associated with violence have a curvilinear relationship to internal conflict, including regime type, GDP, and ethnic fractionalization. I seek to find if political terror has a significant impact on instances of conflict and, more particularly, whether a curvilinear relationship exists between these two variables. I hypothesize that the relationship will be significant and in the shape of an inverse U. If a country uses no political terror, or extensive political terror, then the number of internal armed conflicts will …
Strategic Concealment: Locating Armed Private Contractors In State Foreign Policy, Jared A. Michaels
Strategic Concealment: Locating Armed Private Contractors In State Foreign Policy, Jared A. Michaels
Student Publications
The global expansion of armed private contractors has led to a revived interest in researching armed private contracting firms, especially investigating how their personnel have functioned as an extension of state foreign policy. However, the literature on the industry contains a confusing diversity of terms when reviewing such firms, whether private military company, private security company, private military security company, or even just mercenary. Using the Singer (2010) ‘tip of the spear’ typology, I analyze the distinctions across armed private contracting firms and discuss the differences between armed private contractors and conventional militaries, armed private contractors and mercenaries, and highlight …
Analyzing Alternative Modes Of Transportation & Carbon Footprint In Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Sean M. Gallagher, Paul C. Krakoviak
Analyzing Alternative Modes Of Transportation & Carbon Footprint In Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Sean M. Gallagher, Paul C. Krakoviak
Student Publications
As millions of students embark on their journey of college, many use different forms of transportation in and around their respective areas. The aim of this study incorporates the analysis of various forms of transportation, as well as each transportation method's marginal greenhouse gas emissions and marginal cost per mile in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Data was collected by testing each mode of transportation on a short trip to the local Walmart. The results show that the two modes of transportation that contributed the least to greenhouse gas emissions were biking and walking. The results for other modes of transportation that constitute …
Transportation Barriers Affecting Migrant Workers In Adams County, Pennsylvania, Anna H. Bochenek, Christopher Trilleras
Transportation Barriers Affecting Migrant Workers In Adams County, Pennsylvania, Anna H. Bochenek, Christopher Trilleras
Student Publications
This study examines the transportation patterns and potential barriers among migrant families and workers in Adams County, Pennsylvania. The objective of this study is to determine whether barriers to transportation exist in the county, and if so, how these barriers impact the population facing them. Our study examines solutions such as more universal license policies or a potential public transportation option. To collect data and carry out our project, we distributed surveys in English and Spanish families through the Center for Public Service at Gettysburg College. We had the potential to receive responses from around 70 families, and ultimately received …
Eisenhower And The Interstate, Brian H. Berry
Eisenhower And The Interstate, Brian H. Berry
Student Publications
By passing the Federal Highway Act of 1956, 34th U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower would go down in history as the father of the American Interstate Highway System. It was Ike’s determination to execute his ‘Grand Plan’ for a modernized road network that initiated the monumental effort to produce the roads we as Americans use every day. However, today’s highway network is a far cry from what Ike had in mind when he first envisioned the plan. Congressional dissent and special interests did much to undermine the success of Ike’s ‘Grand Plan,’ forcing him to compromise significantly on the issue. …
Creating A Home Base For Treatment In Homeless Courts, Kyle C. Troeger
Creating A Home Base For Treatment In Homeless Courts, Kyle C. Troeger
Student Publications
As the number of unsheltered homeless increases, an alternative to criminalization, homeless courts, have also become more common. 18 States currently have one or more specialty court programs dedicated to meting out alternative sentencing to the local homeless. Homeless courts are a rehabilitative process with the end goal of reintegration into society. They allow nonviolent misdemeanors to be resolved without jail time or fines. In lieu of traditional sentencing is community service and mandated self-improvement. This chapter examines the current criminalization, and history, of homelessness in the United States. Of primary interest is the development of homeless courts as an …
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Of Transportation And Driving Habits At Gettysburg College, Flavia Soctto D'Antuono, Megan G. Wojnar
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Of Transportation And Driving Habits At Gettysburg College, Flavia Soctto D'Antuono, Megan G. Wojnar
Student Publications
By tracking the overall emissions put out by a college campus, mitigation strategies can be researched to lower total emissions. This study utilized a survey for both the student body and faculty and staff members at Gettysburg College in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This survey allowed this study to answer three research questions; what is the total number of Scope 3 emissions at Gettysburg College, how do these findings compare to findings from 2009 and the 2016 STARS report for Gettysburg College, and if any potential mitigation strategies are welcomed by the campus community. This study examined five major driving related emission …
The Solution To Plastic Pollution: A Dissection Of The Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act, Nadine M. Snyder
The Solution To Plastic Pollution: A Dissection Of The Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act, Nadine M. Snyder
Student Publications
Ever since the development of plastic in the 1900s, it has become one of the most commonly used materials in the world. Its flexibility and durability allow it to be used in a wide variety of materials from clothing to packaging to toothbrushes. However, plastic’s durability has caused environmental damage as well, as plastic particles have been found in everything from waterways to human bodies. This paper explains the history and science of plastic production and examines studies on the environmental and public health impacts of plastics. It then examines various policies that have been enacted to control plastic pollution …
Hard And Soft Law In The Paris Climate Agreement, Carter A. Hanson
Hard And Soft Law In The Paris Climate Agreement, Carter A. Hanson
Student Publications
This paper examines the effectiveness of contractual, facilitative, and hybrid legal models in international climate agreements from the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) to the Paris Climate Agreement (2015). It begins with a review of the balance between hard and soft treaty law in international environmental treaties prior to the Paris Climate Agreement with an eye for how this translated into effectiveness in terms of compelling states to lower greenhouse gas emissions. It then investigates the structure and effectiveness of the Paris Climate Agreement, taking into account global political realities and limitations for international environmental law. The product …
Perceptions Of Bystander Intervention: Surveying Students’ Relationship To Sexual Misconduct, Emma G. Padrick
Perceptions Of Bystander Intervention: Surveying Students’ Relationship To Sexual Misconduct, Emma G. Padrick
Student Publications
Bystander intervention education programs have become increasingly popular as a tool for the primary prevention of sexual violence at institutions of higher education (IHEs). Emerging research surrounding bystander intervention on college campuses reveals promising results, yet there is limited extant research exploring how students perceive bystander intervention as a tool to protect themselves and their peers. Students over the age of 18 at a small, private, liberal arts IHE in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States with approximately 2,600 students were surveyed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to bystander intervention. Students demonstrated a willingness to intervene and …
Public Safety Agencies And Uav Technology: A Review Of Uses, Lacey L. Weynand
Public Safety Agencies And Uav Technology: A Review Of Uses, Lacey L. Weynand
Student Publications
This study utilizes a systematic review of some of the scholarly literature available on drone usage within Southern California, specifically in Los Angeles and Chula Vista. I ask: how do public safety agencies use drone technology? The review will cover cases from existing scholarly literature, as well as policy reports and books from the Google Scholar database. A systematic review was the best methodology to begin fully investigating my research question, since the scope could have been so large that individual data points would have been difficult to find and instead requires a macro-level review. This data will provide a …
Primary Prevention And The Socioecological Model: An Integrated, Preventative Approach To Combat Sexual Violence, Emma G. Padrick
Primary Prevention And The Socioecological Model: An Integrated, Preventative Approach To Combat Sexual Violence, Emma G. Padrick
Student Publications
A growing body of research suggests that sex offense registries, though popular with politicians and the public, are ineffective at reducing victimization. Registries only address the individual who perpetrates after victimization occurs in an effort to prevent recidivism. They do not address the other, broader reasons that victimization transpires; they do not prevent sexual violence, and they do not improve communities’ safety. Using the socioecological framework to design primary prevention practices accounts for the interplay between the individual, relationship, community, and societal factors that lead to perpetration and should be used in place of reactive measures that fail to effectively …
A Clean Energy Future: The Policy Environment Of Public Service Enterprise Group, Justin T. Letizia
A Clean Energy Future: The Policy Environment Of Public Service Enterprise Group, Justin T. Letizia
Student Publications
The very nature of environmental policy permeates all areas of society; climate change, in its essence, is inherently a public dilemma. Thus, strategies to address and mitigate the adverse effects of the climate crisis, whether originating from governmental actors or private corporations, must consider and account for the many stakeholders who stand to be impacted by its far-reaching policy. For a company such as PSEG to implement effective climate policy, it is required that they develop, maintain, and leverage relationships with multiple stakeholders at the municipal, county, state, and federal levels, as well as promote a positive reputation among its …
Potentially Terminal Conditions: Economic Globalization And Ecological Footprint, Raymond A. Wiseley
Potentially Terminal Conditions: Economic Globalization And Ecological Footprint, Raymond A. Wiseley
Student Publications
This paper studies the relationship between economic globalization and environmental footprint. It hypothesizes that economic globalization will increase the negative environmental impact. The study covers theories for and against this argument, focusing especially on the validity of an environmental Kuznets curve, market-based solutions, and other suggested policies. It then gathers data and tests the relationship using a regression analysis. The results show a statistically significant positive relationship between economic globalization and ecological impact. The study concludes by discussing these results and proposing future steps.
Teletherapy Use In Children’S Advocacy Centers: An Effective Solution Amidst The Covid-19 Pandemic, Camille T. Traczek
Teletherapy Use In Children’S Advocacy Centers: An Effective Solution Amidst The Covid-19 Pandemic, Camille T. Traczek
Student Publications
The Covid-19 pandemic has affected people’s lives in unprecedented ways. Concerns about social distancing have resulted in the cancellation of therapy and doctor’s appointments, leaving those with serious mental health issues without treatment. The need for social distancing amidst the pandemic has particularly affected children seeking treatment from Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs), many of whom have witnessed or experienced abuse. In order to treat children who cannot physically go to a center, many CACs have begun using teletherapy, which is the use of interactive, synchronous technology to provide counseling services. The Adams County Children’s Advocacy Center in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania has …
Boroughs And The Badge: Local Contexts And Confidence In Police, Henry F. Goodson
Boroughs And The Badge: Local Contexts And Confidence In Police, Henry F. Goodson
Student Publications
As citizens interact with the police more than most civil servants, increasing the citizenry’s confidence in police is key to helping maintain rule of law and internal stability within a state. One of the key areas to be investigated in the pursuit of better police-community relations is on the impact of public services and housing on police legitimacy. Historically, American cities have been widely segregated based on race and income, especially in urban areas, which in turn alters the services available in those areas. The public services and the neighborhoods in which they are delivered are key parts of many …
Energy Demand And Economic Growth: Public Opinion And Mutual Exclusivity, Nicholas L. Silvis
Energy Demand And Economic Growth: Public Opinion And Mutual Exclusivity, Nicholas L. Silvis
Student Publications
The world is currently undergoing an energy transition from primarily fossil fuels to cleaner energy. The developing world is becoming more advanced, spawning relentless economic growth and an increase in energy consumption. Energy demand and economic growth are inextricably linked which poses a paradoxical question about future economic growth during a period of energy transition. Unfortunately, the transition requires large upfront costs with no guaranteed net benefit. A multitude of studies depict the impact of education, party identification, and age on how individuals perceive alternative energy. This study shows that views on governmental spending and party membership have a paradoxical …
Breonna’S Law: The Genesis, Not The Culmination, For Policy Response To Violent Confrontation During No-Knock Search Warrants, Ethan S. Wilt
Breonna’S Law: The Genesis, Not The Culmination, For Policy Response To Violent Confrontation During No-Knock Search Warrants, Ethan S. Wilt
Student Publications
First, this paper constructs the background on search warrants, including the legal precedent, policy environment, and stakeholders involved. Second, and most importantly, it will analyze the outcomes, impacts, and, particularly, the disproportionate minority impact of each section of Breonna’s Law. Lastly, this paper will contribute an informed assessment of the policy and further policy recommendations that can be taken into account to address the issue of violent confrontations and casualties, especially against people of color, during the execution of search warrants.
Planned Policy Action, Nicole T. Cesanek
Planned Policy Action, Nicole T. Cesanek
Student Publications
Gettysburg College was built on the foundation of “doing great work,” not just for the betterment of ourselves and our education but also for others in the college and surrounding community. This project seeks to do precisely this, encourage everyone, including students, tourists, and community members, to do great work in benefiting others around them. It primarily consists of a comprehensive summary of the plans and actions required to create a community-wide tab collection bin to benefit the Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC). The project seeks to achieve two main goals: encourage people to collect and donate their aluminum can …