Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Examining Criteria For Adulthood Among Young People In Sabah (East Malaysia), Walton Wider, Norazah Mohd Suki, Melanie L. Lott, Larry J. Nelson, Sew Kim Low, Gertrude Cosmas

Faculty Publications

This study aims to identify perceived adult status and to explore the criteria for adulthood of young people in Sabah (East Malaysia). The differences in such criteria based on gender and student status are also examined. Data collected from 208 respondents were analyzed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The empirical results of CFA revealed six criteria for adulthood: family capacities, norm compliance, interdependence, biological transitions, role transitions, and chronological transitions. However, the independence factor was discarded for further analysis because of having weak item loadings. In addition, the ANOVA test showed that women have …

Non-Parental Family Members As Brokers Of Family Social Capital: Compensatory Time Use In India, Melissa Alcaraz, Ashley Larsen Gibby, Nancy Luke

Faculty Publications

Non-parental family members are understudied but important brokers of family social capital, especially in contexts without a nuclear-family norm. We used rich time diary data from a sample of 1568 South Indian adolescents to examine the relationships between any time spent with parents, parents’ residency status, and the time spent with non-parental family members. We found that adolescents with at least one non-resident parent spent significantly more time with siblings, on average, when compared to adolescents with resident parents. We further found that adolescents spent more time with siblings in educational activities, such as studying, when they had at least …

Social Contact, Time Alone, And Parental Subjective Well-Being: A Focus On Stay-At-Home Fathers Using The American Time Use Survey, Erin K. Holmes, Jocelyn Wikle, Clare R. Thomas, Mckell A. Jorgensen, Braquel R. Egginton

Faculty Publications

Stay-at-home fathers (SAHFs) face negative stereotypes and social stigma, which may be linked to negative feelings during social contact. In this study, we compare SAHFs' social contact and time alone to that of stay-at-home mothers and parents of other work/caregiving statuses. In addition, we analyze SAHFs' subjective well-being when with their children, spouse, noon spouse adults, and when alone to more accurately capture the positive and negative valences of their experiences. Using individual-level time-use diaries form the American Time Use Survey (N = 35, 959), a nationally representative sample, we find that compared to fathers working full time, SAHFs …

Ten Years Of Marriage And Cohabitation Research In The Journal Of Family And Economic Issues, Jeffrey P. Dew

Faculty Publications

I reviewed the 36 marriage and cohabitation studies from the Journal of Family and Economic Issues articles published between 2010–2019. Nearly all of the studies used quantitative methods, and two-thirds of them used publicly available nationally-representative data. The studies fell into roughly five, unevenly sized groups: family structure, relationship quality, division of labor/employment, money management, and an “other” category. Suggestions for future research include applying some of the important questions within the articles to underrepresented groups, further examining the process of how finances and relationship quality interrelate and doing more applied and translational research.

How Do Parents Teach Their Children About Work? A Qualitative Exploration Of Household Chores, Employment, And Entrepreneurial Experiences, Christoffer L. Loderup, Joshua E. Timmons, Elisabeth R. Kimball, E. Jeffrey Hill, Loren D. Marks, Ashley B. Lebaron

Faculty Publications

This qualitative study examines the question, “How do parents teach their children about work?” The sample included 90 emerging adult “children” (between 18 and 30 years old), 17 parents, and eight grandparents. It spanned two generations in eleven families, and three generations in five families. Altogether the sample totaled (N = 115). Analyses revealed three major methods for teaching children about work: (1) implementing household chores and allowances, (2) facilitating paid employment, and (3) encouraging entrepreneurial experiences. Through each of these methods, children were taught valuable financial principles. Entrepreneurial experiences specifically taught children to work hard for money, to …

Daddy, Mommy, And Money: The Association Between Parental Materialism On Parent–Child Relationship Quality, David B. Allsop, Chen-Yun Wang, Jeffrey P. Dew, Erin K. Holmes, E. Jeffrey Hill, Chelom E. Leavitt

Faculty Publications

This study examined the longitudinal relationships among materialism, parent–child relationship quality, and psychological control for fathers and mothers. Data came from 254 heterosexual couples participating in the Flourishing Families Project, a 10-year longitudinal study of inner family life. We found that the association of parents’ materialism at T1 and parent–child relationship at T2 differed by gender. In harmony with our hypothesis, fathers’ materialism at T1 significantly predicted a decrease in father–child relationship quality at T2. Contrary to our hypothesis, mothers’ materialism at T1 was not significantly associated with mother–child relationship quality at T2. Parental psychological control was negatively related to …

The Longitudinal Associations Of Sound Financial Management Behaviors And Marital Quality, Jeffrey P. Dew

Faculty Publications

We investigated the association between sound financial management behaviors and marital quality, particularly the direction of the association and a potential mediator. To do this, we used three waves of longitudinal dyadic data that spanned three years from 279 married couples living in a large northwestern city and a longitudinal path analysis that incorporated the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (Kenny et al. Dyadic data analysis. Guilford, New York City, 2006). Marital satisfaction at T1 was positively associated with sound financial management behavior for husbands; we only found actor effects, though. Wives’ T2 reports of sound financial management behavior were directly and …

Implicit And Explicit Childhood Financial Socialization: Protective Factors For Marital Financial Disagreements, Ashley Larsen Gibby, Logan Pettit, E. Jeffrey Hill, Jeremy Yorgason, Erin Kramer Holmes

Faculty Publications

Research to date has shown that childhood financial socialization is significantly associated with the financial attitudes and behaviors of children, youth, and adults. However, the extent to which childhood financial socialization is connected to marital outcomes remains largely unknown. Using data from 1,473 newly married couples who participated in a nationally representative study, we examined the relationship between childhood financial socialization and reported marital financial disagreements by utilizing actor-partner interdependence structural equation models (APIM SEM). Our results suggest that implicit (i.e. parental modeling) and explicit (i.e. direct conversations or experiential learning) financial socialization significantly and negatively relate to marital financial …

Do You Feel In Control? Sexual Desire, Sexual Passion Expression, And Associations With Perceived Compulsivity To Pornography And Pornography Use Frequency, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby

Faculty Publications

Previous scholars have found that when individuals feel that pornography use is uncontrollable, it is linked to more extreme negative outcomes than frequency of use. With a Mechanical Turk sample of 1421 individuals, we used structural equation modeling to evaluate how multiple aspects of sexual desire (sexual drive and dyadic desire) and multiple aspects of sexual passion expression (harmonious, obsessive, and inhibited) were associated with both pornography use frequency and perceived compulsivity to pornography. In general, sexual desire was more connected to pornography use and sexual passion was more connected to perceived compulsivity. Specifically, sexual drive was associated with higher …

Pursuit Of Harmony: Relational And Individual Predictors Of Sexual Passion Expression, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Dean M. Busby, Chanae Valdez

Faculty Publications

Harmonious, obsessive, and inhibited sexual passion comprise the Triadic Model of Sexual Passion. Research has shown that together they play an important role in sexual and relationship satisfaction. Little is known, however, about the factors that predict the likelihood of having these types of passion expression. Using a Mechanical Turk sample of 1414 individuals, we estimated structural equation models to evaluate how relationship factors (i.e., relationship length, sexual desire, sexual drive) and individual factors (i.e., attachment style, childhood abuse, personality) predict the three constructs from the Triadic Model of Sexual Passion. In general, those with higher sexual desire, secure attachment, …

The Work-Family Interface, Erin K. Holmes, Clare R. Thomas, Richard J. Petts, E. Jeffrey Hill

Faculty Publications

In this chapter, we focus on the work-family interface using an ecological systems framework and three other related theories: boundary theory, role theory, and gender theory. We then introduce the literature on the work-family interface and focus our attention on the experiences of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict, work-to-family and family-to-work spillover, work-to-family and family-to-work crossover, workplace flexibility, parental leave policies, and day-care arrangements. We further recognize that cultural characteristics imbedded in different regions and countries moderate dimensions of the work-family interface. We have emphasized research in multiple countries and regions where such cross-cultural research was available.

Do Workplace Characteristics Moderate The Effects Of Attitudes On Father Warmth And Engagement?, Erin Kramer Holmes, Richard J. Petts, Clare R. Thomas, Nathan L. Robbins, Tom Henry

Faculty Publications

Though many fathers want to be warmer, more nurturing, and more actively involved than prior generations (i.e., the new fatherhood ideal), they also embrace a father's traditional role as financial earner. Thus, we hypothesized that fathers' attitudes about their roles would likely interact with workplace characteristics to produce variations in father warmth and engagement. Using a national sample of 1,020 employed U.S. fathers with children ages 2–8 years old, results suggest that adherence to the new fatherhood idea was associated with less father warmth. Also consistent with prior research showing that family friendly work cultures may enable fathers to be …

Uniting And Dividing Influences Of Religion On Parent–Child Relationships In Highly Religious Families, Heather Howell Kelley, Loren D. Marks, David C. Dollahite

Faculty Publications

Religion can have both helpful and harmful influences on relationships. The purpose of this study is to better understand how religion can have both a unifying and a dividing influence on parent–child relationships. Through the use of interviews with 198 highly religious families (N = 476 individuals), we address some of the complexity inherent in religion and examine the influence of three dimensions of religious experience (religious practices, religious beliefs, and religious community). Findings are supported with primary qualitative data. For the highly religious parents and children in this study, 8 times as many unifying accounts of religion than …

Associations Of Mindfulness With Adolescent Outcomes And Sexuality, Chelom E. Leavitt, David B. Allsop, Dean M. Busby, Shayla M. Driggs, Heather M. Johnson, Matthew T. Saxey

Faculty Publications

Introduction: Using an online survey, we evaluated how adolescent trait and state mindfulness was associated with positive adolescent outcomes in non-sexually active and sexually active adolescents. Additionally, we evaluated a newly developed measure, the Sexual Mindfulness Measure (SMM), with adolescents.

Methods: We asked 2000 U.S. adolescents (half boys/girls; 1/3 low, medium, and high incomes) aged 13–18 (one group 13–15, another 16–18) about trait mindfulness, sexual state mindfulness, and adolescent outcomes. Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and structured equation modeling, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the SMM and its associations with adolescent outcomes.

Results: Using a trait mindfulness measure, we …

Family Structure And Child Well-Being In A Non-Western Context: The Role Of Parent–Child Relations And Parental Conflict In South Korea, Jonathan A. Jarvis, Ashley Larsen Gibby, Mikaela J. Dufur, Shana Pribesh

Faculty Publications

Research suggests that children who live with two biological married parents are less likely to exhibit behavioral problems than children who do not. While research on childhood outcomes often focuses on the nature of the family structure itself, recent studies have pointed to relationship quality between parents, and between parents and children, as important mechanisms through which family structure affects children. However, the independent influence of these two mechanisms—relationship quality between parents and between parents and children—on childhood outcomes has never, to our knowledge, been tested outside of a high-income western environment. Using the Korean Youth Panel Study (KYPS), we …

Established Adulthood: A New Conception Of Ages 30 To 45, Clare M. Mehta, Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Carlie G. Palmer, Larry J. Nelson

Faculty Publications

In developed countries, the years from Age 30 to 45 are, for many, the most intense, demanding, and rewarding years of adult life. During this period of the life span most adults must negotiate the intersecting demands of progressing in a chosen career, maintaining an intimate partnership, and caring for children. Successes or difficulties in meeting these simultaneous demands have the potential to profoundly influence the direction of a person's adult life. As such, we believe that it is of critical importance to better understand this developmental period that we call established adulthood. This article provides a new theoretical …

Establishment Of A Reliable Change Index For The Gad-7, Thomas Bischoff, Shayne R. Anderson, Joy Heafner, Rachel Tambling

Faculty Publications

Aim: It is increasingly important for mental healthcare providers and researchers to reliably assess client change, particularly with common presenting problems such as anxiety. The current study addresses this need by establishing a Reliable Change Index of 6 points for the GAD-7.

Method: Sample size included 116 online community participants using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and archival data for 332 clinical participants. Participants completed measures of the GAD-7 and the MDI in 2 rounds. Using previously established cutoff scores and Jacobson and Truax’s (1991) method, we establish a Reliable Change Index which, when applied to 2 administrations of the GAD-7, …

Measuring The Multidimensional Construct Of Pornography: A Long And Short Version Of The Pornography Usage Measure, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen

Faculty Publications

With the increase in the availability and usage of pornography, the research on the effects of pornography has also increased. This research has uncovered several controversies in the field regarding how pornography usage influences attitudes, sexual behaviors, and relationships. However, many of the measures of pornography are problematic as there is often little reliability and validity information for them and it is not clear that participants in these research studies are referring to the same types of materials when they answer pornography usage questions. Consequently, many of the research findings are suspect and it is crucial to develop reliable and …

Mirror, Mirror On The Wall: The Effect Of Listening To Body Positive Music On Implicit And Explicit Body Esteem, Sarah M. Coyne, Emilie J. Davis, Wayne Warburton, Laura Stockdale, Imogen Abba, Dean M. Busby

Faculty Publications

The current article used 3 studies to examine the impact of listening to body positive music on both explicit and implicit measures of body esteem in women. Study 1 found that women who viewed a mainstream popular body positive music video reported higher levels of body esteem than those who viewed a popular body objectifying music video. In Studies 2 and 3, we wrote and recorded our own songs to keep the musical features apart from the lyrics constant (e.g., rhythm, melody, and singer identity). Study 2 also found that women showed higher levels of implicit (but not explicit) body …

Financial Stressors As Catalysts For Relational Growth: Bonadaptation Among Lower-Income, Unmarried Couples, Ashley B. Lebaron, Melissa A. Curran, Xiomin Li, Jeffrey P. Dew, Trevor K. Sharp, Melissa A. Barnett

Faculty Publications

The FAAR model (Patterson in Fam Syst Med 6(2):202–237, 1988) posits that following a stressor, demands, capabilities, and meanings can contribute to bonadaptation (i.e., adaptation that promotes wellbeing). The purpose of the current study is to test how financial and relational demands, capabilities, and meanings are associated with relationship commitment and coparenting (i.e., bonadaptation) following a financial stressor. We used data from the Building Strong Families (BSF) sample (i.e., primarily lower-income, unmarried couples; N = 1396). First, results showed that predictors of coparenting were more numerous than predictors of commitment. Second, all facets of the FAAR model—demands, capabilities, and meanings—were …

How Parents Balance Desire For Religious Continuity With Honoring Children’S Religious Agency, Betsy Hughes Barrow, David C. Dollahite, Loren D. Marks

Faculty Publications

This study considers relational meanings and processes associated with parents' desire to pass on their religious faith to their children while also honoring their children's personal religious choices. In a nonclinical sample of religious families, we explored meanings related to the significance of faith transmission and children's agency to parents in addition to processes related to religious socialization. Parental desired continuity was defined as parents' desire to have their children remain committed to the faith of their family of origin. Parental perceived agency was defined as parents' perception of their children's rights and ability to make personal religious choices. Guided …

Sanctification Or Inhibition? Religious Dualities And Sexual Satisfaction, Nathan D. Leonhardt, Dean M. Busby, Veronica R. Hanna-Walker, Chelom E. Leavitt

Faculty Publications

Religiosity can influence sexual satisfaction both positively and negatively. To test positive and negative mechanisms, we assessed how religiosity is indirectly associated with sexual satisfaction through sexual sanctification and inhibited sexual passion. We sampled individuals from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (N 1,695, Study 1) and mixed-sex dyads from Bovitz Inc. (N 481 dyads, Study 2). Religiosity consistently had a positive indirect association with sexual satisfaction through sexual sanctification; little evidence suggested religiosity had an indirect association with sexual satisfaction through inhibited sexual passion. When accounting for these mechanisms simultaneously, however, religiosity consistently had a negative direct association with sexual satisfaction, supporting …

Parental Financial Education During Childhood And Financial Behaviors Of Emerging Adults, Ashley B. Lebaron, Erin K. Holmes, Bryce L. Jorgensen, Roy A. Bean

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this article was to determine whether overt financial education from parents during childhood (retrospective measure collected in the same survey wave) is associated with a greater frequency of healthy financial management behaviors in emerging adulthood, and whether this relationship is dependent on gender. Using a sample of emerging adults from the Flourishing Families dataset (N = 437), we ran two multivariate linear regressions—one with and one without the interaction variable. Results suggest that financial education from parents during childhood is linked with a greater frequency of healthy financial behaviors in emerging adulthood but was not dependent on …

Text-Map Analysis: An Introduction To The Method And An Examination Of Relationship Self-Regulation And Religion, Joe M. Chelladurai, David C. Dollahite, Loren D. Marks

Faculty Publications

The twofold purpose of this article is to (a) introduce text-map analysis and demonstrate its utility and (b) to examine systemic processes between relationship self-regulation and religion. In the first part, we propose a novel approach to qualitative data analysis termed mapping and analysis of processes and sequences. We then present procedural steps and diagrammatic conventions to chart sequences and connections between concepts and events sing flowchart diagrams we call text-maps. In the second part, using text-map analysis with a case study, we examine relationship self-regulation and religion in a Latter-day Saint couple. We draw upon three episodes …

Parenting Paused: Pathological Video Game Use And Parenting Outcomes, Laura Stockdale, Sarah M. Coyne

Faculty Publications

For most people, playing video games is a normal recreational activity, with little disruption to gamers’ emotional, social, or physical health and well-being. However, for a small percentage of gamers, video gaming can become pathological (Fam, 2018). Substantial research has examined pathological gaming in teens and young adults (Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018; Choo, Gentile, Sim, Khoo, & Liau, 2010), yet pathological gaming in adults (c.f.Holgren, 2017), especially in the context of parenthood, has been relatively ignored. The current study sought to address this limitation by studying associations between pathological gaming characteristics and parenting outcomes in a sample of men …

The Effects Of Premarital Education Promotion Policies On U.S. Divorce Rates, Tiffany L. Clyde, Jocelyn S. Wikle, Alan J. Hawkins, Spencer L. James

Faculty Publications

Currently, 10 states have enacted policies to promote premarital education and counseling. However, no research has documented whether these policies have actually decreased divorce rates in implementing states. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of premarital education promotion policies on divorce rates. First, we conducted an implementation study to understand how well each state implemented the policy. A combination of methods was used, including reviewing the legislative documents and archival records, as well as interviewing academics and key persons knowledgeable of the legislation. Following the implementation study, we conducted an evaluation study to analyze the effects …

Are Father Depression And Masculinity Associated With Father Perceptions Of Maternal Gatekeeping?, Clare R. Thomas, Erin Kramer Holmes

Faculty Publications

Maternal gatekeeping has been associated with reductions in father involvement and can have a negative impact on the family. Few researchers, however, have focused on how characteristics of the father contribute to gatekeeping. Consequently, this brief report is focused on associations between father depression, father adherence to masculine norms, and father reports of maternal gatekeeping. We further test whether a father's adherence to traditional masculine norms interacts with the relationship between depression and father reports of maternal gatekeeping. This study adds to the current literature on both maternal gatekeeping and father mental health. Participants in this study include 2,214 fathers …

Adult Judges Use Heuristics When Categorizing Infants’ Naturally Occurring Responses To Others’ Emotions, Peter J. Reschke, Eric A. Walle

Faculty Publications

Inferring the motivations of others is a fundamental aspect of social interaction. However, making such inferences about infants can be challenging. This investigation examined adults’ ability to infer the eliciting event of an infant’s behavior and what information adults utilize to make such inferences. In Study 1, adult participants viewed recordings of 24-month-old infants responding to an actor’s emotional display (joy, sadness, fear, anger, or disgust) toward a broken toy and were asked to infer which emotion the actor expressed using only the infant’s behavioral responses. Importantly, videos were blurred and muted to ensure that the only information available regarding …

The Importance Of Relationship Processes For Lowering Bmi Over Time In Women With Type 2 Diabetes In A Randomized Controlled Trial, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Jonathan G. Sandberg, Ruth S. Weinstock, Paula M. Trief, Lawrence Fisher, Danielle Hessler

Faculty Publications

Objective: Weight change may be affected by dyadic processes within couple relationships. The aim of this secondary data analysis was to explore trends in BMI across time, and assess whether relationship processes (i.e., relationship satisfaction, positive problem-solving), predict BMI trajectories in men and women.

Methods: Data are from 268 participants in the Diabetes Support Project, a randomized trial of behavioral intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in poor glycemic control. For secondary analyses, BMI was measured at pre-treatment (baseline), 4 months (post-treatment), 8 months, and 12 months. Multiple relationship variables were measured at all time points and were …

Longitudinal Study Of Externalizing Behaviors In Latino/A Adolescents: An Examination Of Parenting And Educational Factors, Sergio B. Pereyra, Roy A. Bean, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Chien-Ti Lee, Jonathan G. Sandberg, Richard B. Miller

Faculty Publications

As the Latino/a population increases externalizing behaviors among adolescents continue to concern researchers and clinicians. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data were used to analyze direct and indirect effects of parenting and academic factors on externalizing behavior among Latino/a adolescents over time, using latent growth curves and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated that higher levels of maternal warmth, the adolescent-teacher relationship, and academic achievement were all negatively associated with initial levels of externalizing behavior and in some cases negatively predicted the rate of change of externalizing behavior. Some predictors were also all found to be positively …