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Full-Text Articles in Physics
Nonresonant Two-Photon Transitions In Length And Velocity Gauges, Ulrich D. Jentschura
Nonresonant Two-Photon Transitions In Length And Velocity Gauges, Ulrich D. Jentschura
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
We reexamine the invariance of two-photon transition matrix elements and corresponding two-photon Rabi frequencies under the "gauge" transformation from the length to the velocity gauge. It is shown that gauge invariance, in the most general sense, only holds at exact resonance, for both one-color as well as two-color absorption. The arguments leading to this conclusion are supported by analytic calculations which express the matrix elements in terms of hypergeometric functions, and ramified by a "master identity" which is fulfilled by off-diagonal matrix elements of the Schrödinger propagator under the transformation from the velocity to the length gauge. The study of …
The Singing Cymbal: Is It Really Photon Momentum?, Thomas R. Moore, Samantha Collin, Nikki Etchenique
The Singing Cymbal: Is It Really Photon Momentum?, Thomas R. Moore, Samantha Collin, Nikki Etchenique
Student-Faculty Collaborative Research Publications
A simple demonstration that is occasionally used in the classroom to show that light carries momentum involves making an orchestral cymbal audibly ring using light from a common photoflash. A metal plate or a piece of foil can also be used, however, it appears that many people use a cymbal because the sound is easily heard at a reasonable distance. It is such an impressive example of the effects attributable to photon momentum that it is posted on the CERN website for educational under the name “singing cymbal.” Although it is an impressive demonstration, a series of simple classroom experiments …