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Articles 1 - 26 of 26
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Interactions Between Densely Grafted Molten Polymer Brushes:Scaling Theories Versus Molecular Simulations, Aykut Erbaş
Interactions Between Densely Grafted Molten Polymer Brushes:Scaling Theories Versus Molecular Simulations, Aykut Erbaş
Turkish Journal of Physics
Using molecular dynamics simulations and scaling arguments, we analyzed the interactions between two identical molten polymer brushes intermediately and strongly compressed towards each other at melt conditions. The width of the overlap region, in which monomers of the linear chains composing the two brushes interact, increases as the polymer-grafted surfaces are brought closer. If two-brush coated surfaces are as close as the characteristics size of the grafted chains, the overlap region is directly controlled by intersurface distance. At intermediate compression, the width of the overlap region scales with the end-to-end size of chain sections within the overlap region. This result …
Modeling And Parametric Study Of Dielectric Barrier Discharge In Pure Nitrogenat Atmospheric Pressure, Mohammed Habib Allah Lahouel, Djilali Benyoucef, Hocine Tebani
Modeling And Parametric Study Of Dielectric Barrier Discharge In Pure Nitrogenat Atmospheric Pressure, Mohammed Habib Allah Lahouel, Djilali Benyoucef, Hocine Tebani
Turkish Journal of Physics
This paper presents the one-dimensional simulation of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in pure nitrogen at atmospheric pressure using a sinusoidal supply, within a reactor which consists of two parallel plates. For this purpose, significant reactions among the reactive species in the discharge are taken into account in this work by considering more than 70 reactions for 13 species. The model used in this study to describe the kinetics of the plasma species is the second order fluid model which consists in replacing the Boltzmann equation by these first three moments by using the drift-diffusion approximation for flux. In order …
Chemical Synthesis Of Nonstoichiometric Nio${}_{X}$ Nanoparticles Using Differentnickel Salts And Application As An Additive Or Interface Layer Inphotovoltaic Devices, Fatma Pinar Choi
Turkish Journal of Physics
The stoichiometric nickel oxide is an insulator while it becomes a p-type semiconductor with the presence of divalent and trivalent states. Here nonstoichiometric nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO${}_{x}$NPs) were synthesized via a chemical route using two different starter salts; nickel chloride hexahydrate and nickel nitrate hexahydrate. The nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, to determine the crystal structure, morphology, and particle size. The effect of different nickel salts in the reaction and the formation of NiO${}_{x\ }$nanoparticles were observed for the first time in the literature. Because of the high uniformity and stability, nitrate-based …
Quasinormal Modes Of Charged Fermions In Linear Dilaton Black Hole Spacetime:Exact Frequencies, İzzet Sakalli, Gülni̇hal Tokgöz Hyusein
Quasinormal Modes Of Charged Fermions In Linear Dilaton Black Hole Spacetime:Exact Frequencies, İzzet Sakalli, Gülni̇hal Tokgöz Hyusein
Turkish Journal of Physics
: We study charged massless fermionic perturbations in the background of 4-dimensional linear dilaton black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory with double Liouville-type potentials. We present the analytical fermionic quasinormal modes, whose Dirac equations are solved in terms of hypergeometric functions. We also discuss the stability of these black holes under the charged fermionic perturbations.
Finite-Time Two-Spin Quantum Otto Engines:Shortcuts To Adiabaticity Vs. Irreversibility, Bariş Çakmak
Finite-Time Two-Spin Quantum Otto Engines:Shortcuts To Adiabaticity Vs. Irreversibility, Bariş Çakmak
Turkish Journal of Physics
We propose a quantum Otto cycle in a two spin-1/2 anisotropic XY model in a transverse external magnetic field. We first characterize the parameter regime that the working medium operates as an engine in the adiabatic regime. Then, we consider finite-time behavior of the engine with and without utilizing a shortcut to adiabaticity (STA) technique. STA schemes guarantee that the dynamics of a system follows the adiabatic path, at the expense of introducing an external control. We compare the performance of the nonadiabatic and STA engines for a fixed adiabatic efficiency but different parameters of the working medium. We observe …
Materials Anddevices For Integrated Room Temperature Quantum Spintronics, Mehmet Cengi̇z Onbaşli
Materials Anddevices For Integrated Room Temperature Quantum Spintronics, Mehmet Cengi̇z Onbaşli
Turkish Journal of Physics
Recent advances in precise stoichiometry control and high-resolution characterization of advanced spintronicmaterials allowed for the development of integrated spintronic devices, which might enable ultralow power magnonicdevices with multi-THz spin wave bandwidth and topologically protected spin wavefunctions that are robust for fabrica-tion imperfections. In addition, advances in microwave and optical excitation and control of quantum states in diamondnitrogen-vacancy systems (diamond-NV) allowed for ultrasensitive magnetometry and integrated quantum logic applica-tions. Here, an integrated spintronic garnet/diamond-NV quantum system has been reviewed and discussed for logic andmemory applications. After an overview of the recent advances in the growth and characterization of insulating magneticiron garnets, …
Hollow-Core Optical Fiber With Eight-Pointed Star Cladding Structure For Low-Loss Transmission In Telecom Bands, Mustafa Ordu
Hollow-Core Optical Fiber With Eight-Pointed Star Cladding Structure For Low-Loss Transmission In Telecom Bands, Mustafa Ordu
Turkish Journal of Physics
In this study, a novel negative curvature hollow-core fiber is proposed for low-loss transmission in thenear-infrared region. We numerically investigate the effect of the cladding structure, which is formed of concentricallyinterlaced squares, to the confinement losses using the finite element modelling. The design has eight cladding tubeswith nested elements placed to the outer edge of the tubes. The confinement losses of the interlaced square core fiberis calculated as low as 0.12 dB/km in the range of 1.3 to 1.65 $\mu$m. The loss profile of the noncircular core design is comparable with the circular cores, and have improved transmission performance at …
$\Psi(2s)$ And $J/\Psi$ Production In Pp Collisions At $\Sqrt{S}$ = 7, 8 And 13 Tev, Yasir Ali, Uzma Tabassam, Syed Uzair Ahmed Shah, Atif Arif, Mais Suleymanov, Zain Ul Abidin
$\Psi(2s)$ And $J/\Psi$ Production In Pp Collisions At $\Sqrt{S}$ = 7, 8 And 13 Tev, Yasir Ali, Uzma Tabassam, Syed Uzair Ahmed Shah, Atif Arif, Mais Suleymanov, Zain Ul Abidin
Turkish Journal of Physics
Proton-proton collision is an essential part of high energy physics, as it is a baseline for nucleus-nucleus and hadron-nucleus collisions. Quark-gluon plasma, an exotic state of strongly interacting QCD matter, is routinely produced in heavy nuclei high-energy collisions. Charmonium, the bound states of $c\bar{c}$ produced at the early stages of collisions, are nice probes to examine the properties of matter through which they pass. The differential cross-sections of inclusive $\psi(2S)$ in pp collisions at energies of $\sqrt{s}$ = 7, 8 and 13 TeV have been studied. PYTHIA 8.1 event generator is used for the simulation of data. The differential cross-section …
The Effect Of Sn Doping On The Electronic And Mechanical Properties Of Ti${}_{3}$Al${}_{1-X}$Sn${}_{X}$C${}_{2}$ Max Phases, Ayşenur Gencer, Aytaç Erki̇şi̇
The Effect Of Sn Doping On The Electronic And Mechanical Properties Of Ti${}_{3}$Al${}_{1-X}$Sn${}_{X}$C${}_{2}$ Max Phases, Ayşenur Gencer, Aytaç Erki̇şi̇
Turkish Journal of Physics
The phase pure synthesis of Ti${}_{3}$AlC${}_{2}$ MAX phase is quite difficult and some additives are required to get a phase pure Ti${}_{3}$AlC${}_{2}$ such as Sn. In this study, Sn doped Ti${}_{3}$AlC${}_{2}$ MAX phase has been investigated taking into account the experimental synthesis conditions where some Sn atoms could replace Al atoms in the structure. For this purpose, Ti${}_{3}$Al${}_{1-x}$Sn${}_{x}$C${}_{2}$ with x ranging from 0 to 1 with 0.1 interval has been studied using the first principles method and the results show that all compositions are thermodynamically stable. The electronic properties of these compositions have been studied using band filling theory in …
Hydrogen Sensing Properties Of Pd Loaded Tio$_2$ Nanorods, Serkan Büyükköse
Hydrogen Sensing Properties Of Pd Loaded Tio$_2$ Nanorods, Serkan Büyükköse
Turkish Journal of Physics
The hydrogen sensing performance of palladium (Pd) catalyst loaded TiO$_2$ nanorods based sensors were investigated. TiO$_2$ nanorods were grown on Al$_2$O$_3$ substrate by a facile hydrothermal process. TiO$_2$ nanorods (NRs) were functionalized with Pd metal by RF magnetron sputtering. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques for structural and morphological analysis. Sensor measurements toward H$_2$ and some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as acetone, ethanol, xylene and toluene were performed by varying gas concentrations at different temperatures. The sensors were found to exhibit excellent sensitivities towards different hydrogen concentrations ranging from 25 to 1000 …
The Effect Of Two Different Substituted Atoms In Lithium Positions On The Structureof Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes, Sevda Saran, Osman Murat Özkendi̇r, Ülfet Atav
The Effect Of Two Different Substituted Atoms In Lithium Positions On The Structureof Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes, Sevda Saran, Osman Murat Özkendi̇r, Ülfet Atav
Turkish Journal of Physics
Li${}_{7}$La${}_{3}$Zr${}_{2}$O${}_{12}$ (LLZO), lithium lanthanum zirconate is a promising garnet-type solid electrolyte that is being intensively studied for solid-state lithium batteries. The properties of LLZO such as compatibility with the lithium electrode, stability, and ionic conductivity make them to be used in all solid-state batteries. Moreover, lithium ion concentration and distribution, doping different cations, chemical composition, and interaction between different dopants have remarkable effects on the ionic conduction of LLZO material. Herein, we investigate the solid electrolyte, Li${}_{6.4}$(Ga${}_{(1-y)}$In${}_{(y)}$)${}_{0.2}$La${}_{3}$Zr${}_{2}$O${}_{12}$ (y = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20), by probing the influence of indium substitution to gallium sites at the same lithium concentration on the …
The Investigation Of The Complex Dielectric And Electric Modulus Of Al/Mg${}_{2}$Si/P-Si Schottky Diode And Its Ac Electrical Conductivity In A Wide Frequency Range, Ömer Sevgi̇li̇
Turkish Journal of Physics
The Al/Mg${}_{2}$Si/p-Si Schottky diode was fabricated using spin coating. The real ($\varepsilon$$\mathrm{\prime}$) and imaginary ($\varepsilon$$\mathrm{\prime}$$\mathrm{\prime}$) components of complex dielectric ($\varepsilon$*), the real (M$\mathrm{\prime}$) and imaginary (M$\mathrm{\prime}$$\mathrm{\prime}$) components of complex electric modulus (M*) and AC electrical conductivity ($\sigma$${}_{AC}$) of the fabricated Al/Mg${}_{2}$Si/p-Si Schottky diode (SD) were examined by using the impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements in a wide frequency range of 1 kHz-1 MHz. The $\varepsilon$$\mathrm{\prime}$ and $\varepsilon$$\mathrm{\prime}$$\mathrm{\prime}$ were obtained using the value of measured capacitance and conductance while the values of dielectric loss tangent (tan$\delta$, M$\mathrm{\prime}$, M$\mathrm{\prime}$$\mathrm{\prime}$ and $\sigma$${}_{AC}$${}_{\ }$were obtained using the value of $\varepsilon$$\mathrm{\prime}$ and $\varepsilon$$\mathrm{\prime}$$\mathrm{\prime}$. While the values …
Sputtered 2d Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: From Growth To Deviceapplications, Merve Acar, Emre Gür
Sputtered 2d Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: From Growth To Deviceapplications, Merve Acar, Emre Gür
Turkish Journal of Physics
Starting from graphene, 2D layered materials family has been recently set up more than 100 different materials with variety of different class of materials such as semiconductors, metals, semimetals, superconductors. Among these materials, 2D semiconductors have found especial importance in the state of the art device applications compared to that of the current conventional devices such as (which material based for example Si based) field effect transistors (FETs) and photodetectors during the last two decades. This high potential in solid state devices is mostly revealed by the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) semiconductor materials such as MoS${}_{2}$, WS${}_{2}$, MoSe${}_{2}$ and WSe${}_{2}$. …
Investigating The Effect Of Self-Trapped Holes In The Current Gain Mechanism Of $ \Beta \Mathbf{-}{\Mathbf{Ga}}_{\Mathbf{2}}{\Mathbf{O}}_{\Mathbf{3}}$ Schottky Diode Photodetectors, Fati̇h Akyol
Turkish Journal of Physics
Monoclinic gallium oxide $(\beta\mathrm{-}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}})$ has found great research interest in solar blind photodetector (SBP) applications due to its' bandgap $\mathrm{\sim}$4.85 eV and availability of high quality native crystal growth. Applications including missile guidance, flame detection, underwater/intersatellite communication and water purification systems require SBPs. $\beta\mathrm{-}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}$ SBPs with high responsivity values have been published indicating internal gain in these devices. The gain has been attributed to accumulation of self-trapped hole (STH) below Schottky metal which the lowers Schottky barrier in these devices based on some approximations rather than a proper device simulation. In this paper, technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation of $\beta\mathrm{-}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}$ …
Strategies To Reach Ultrahigh Capacitance Values For Supercapacitors: Materials Design, İpek Deni̇z Yildirim, Ameen Uddin Ammar, Merve Buldu, Feray Bakan Misirlioğlu, Emre Erdem
Strategies To Reach Ultrahigh Capacitance Values For Supercapacitors: Materials Design, İpek Deni̇z Yildirim, Ameen Uddin Ammar, Merve Buldu, Feray Bakan Misirlioğlu, Emre Erdem
Turkish Journal of Physics
This review paper highlights the recent developments in supercapacitors by pointing out the significance of appropriate electrode and device designs. We reported ten extremely high-performance supercapacitors with specific capacitance values among the highest available until now to the best of our knowledge. These state-of-the-art designs employing innovative electrode materials have been discussed along with their short descriptions. The supercapacitors collected here possess the most promising potential for facilitating next-generation systems in energy harvesting and storage. This review is just the surface that can help provide a pathway for supercapacitor research, which is still wide open for exploring and developing new …
$\Lambda_C \To \Lambda$ Form Factors In Lattice Qcd, Hüseyi̇n Bahti̇yar
$\Lambda_C \To \Lambda$ Form Factors In Lattice Qcd, Hüseyi̇n Bahti̇yar
Turkish Journal of Physics
Studying the semileptonic decays of charmed particles is prominent in testing the standard model of particle physics. Motivated by recent experimental progress in weak decays of the charm baryon sector, we study the form factors of $\Lambda_c \to \Lambda \ell^+ \nu$ transition on two flavor lattices. We compute two- and three-point functions, extract the dimensionless projected correlators, and combine them to form the Weinberg form factors. In the zero transferred momentum limit $f_1$, $f_2$ and $g_1$ form factors are found to be in agreement with other models, furthermore $f_3$ and $g_3$ form factors are comparable to model determinations. The $g_2$ …
Vacuum Polarization Energy Of The Kinks In The Sinh-Deformed Models, Ishmael Takyi, Benedict Barnes, Joseph Ackora-Prah
Vacuum Polarization Energy Of The Kinks In The Sinh-Deformed Models, Ishmael Takyi, Benedict Barnes, Joseph Ackora-Prah
Turkish Journal of Physics
We compute the one-loop quantum corrections to the kink energies of the sinh-deformed $\phi^{4}$ and $\varphi^{6}$ models in one space and one time dimensions. These models are constructed from the well-known polynomial $\phi^{4}$ and $\varphi^{6}$ models by a deformation procedure. We also compute the vacuum polarization energy to the non-polynomial function $U(\phi)=\frac{1}{4}(1-\sinh^{2}\phi)^{2}$. This potential approaches the $\phi^{4}$ model in the limit of small values of the scalar function. These energies are extracted from scattering data for fluctuations about the kink solutions. We show that for certain topological sectors with nonequivalent vacua the kink solutions of the sinh-deformed models are destabilized.
Fano Enhancement Of Second Harmonic Field Via Dark-Bright Plasmon Coupling, Mehmet Günay
Fano Enhancement Of Second Harmonic Field Via Dark-Bright Plasmon Coupling, Mehmet Günay
Turkish Journal of Physics
Surface plasmon resonances, the coherent oscillation of free electrons, can concentrate incident field into small volumes much smaller than the incident wavelength. The intense fields at these hot spots enhance the light-matter interactions and may lead to the appearance of nonlinearity. Controlling such nonlinearities is significant for various practical applications. The existence of the long-lived particles in these hotspots may lead to creating Fano resonances in both linear and nonlinear fields. Here we demonstrate that by coupling plasmonic dark modes to the first and the generated second harmonic modes separately, one can gain control over both fields. We find that …
Study Of The Average Transverse Sphericity In $Pp$ Collisions At Large Hadron Collider (Lhc) Energies, Uzma Tabassam, Safdar Abbas, Muhammad Anns Saif, Zain Ul Abidin, Yasir Ali
Study Of The Average Transverse Sphericity In $Pp$ Collisions At Large Hadron Collider (Lhc) Energies, Uzma Tabassam, Safdar Abbas, Muhammad Anns Saif, Zain Ul Abidin, Yasir Ali
Turkish Journal of Physics
In the current analysis we have reported the spectra of average transverse-sphericity as a function of multiplicity ($N_ch$) in $pp$ collisions for primary charged particles ($\pi^{+}, \pi^{-}, K^+, K^-, p$ and $\bar{p}$) in mid pseudo-rapidity of $ \eta < 0.8$ and in the kinematic transverse momentum range of $p_T > 0.5 \; GeV/c$ at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 0.9 and $7 \,TeV$. Two Monte Carlo event generators have been used for current analysis and the predictions of the model are compared to the results coming from the ALICE experiment based at the LHC. A detailed analysis has been carried out for three types of events (soft events, hard events and bulk events) categorized by …
Modern Quantum Mechanics, Why We Need It, How To Use It?, Vahid Karimipour
Modern Quantum Mechanics, Why We Need It, How To Use It?, Vahid Karimipour
Turkish Journal of Physics
A new field of research centered on quantum science and technology is emerging. This rapidly developing field deals with the study and control of single quantum entities, i.e. atoms, ions, photons, which are no longer isolated but are parts of a larger system. Manipulation of these quantum entities forms the basis of modern quantum technology, from quantum computation to quantum communication and quantum sensing. One, therefore, needs to reconsider the basic concepts of state, evolution, and measurement for these so-called open quantum systems. This is a pedagogical review paper on the rudiments of modern quantum mechanics, which keeps citations to …
Deriving Weak Deflection Angle By Black Holes Or Wormholes Usinggauss-Bonnet Theorem, Yashmitha Kumaran, Ali̇ Övgün
Deriving Weak Deflection Angle By Black Holes Or Wormholes Usinggauss-Bonnet Theorem, Yashmitha Kumaran, Ali̇ Övgün
Turkish Journal of Physics
In this review, various researches on finding the bending angle of light deflected by a massive gravitating object which regard the Gauss-Bonnet theorem as the premise have been revised. Primarily, the Gibbons and Werner method is studied apropos of the gravitational lensing phenomenon in the weak field limits. Some exclusive instances are deliberated while calculating the deflection angle, beginning with the finite-distance corrections on nonasymptotically flat spacetimes. Effects of plasma medium is then inspected to observe its contribution to the deflection angle. Finally, the Jacobi metric is explored as an alternative method, only to arrive at similar results. All of …
Thermal Sensitivity From Current-Voltage-Measurement Temperaturecharacteristics In Au/N-Gaas Schottky Contacts, Abdulmeci̇t Turut
Thermal Sensitivity From Current-Voltage-Measurement Temperaturecharacteristics In Au/N-Gaas Schottky Contacts, Abdulmeci̇t Turut
Turkish Journal of Physics
We have measured the current?voltage-temperature (I-V-T) characteristics of the Au/n-GaAs/In Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) to introduce their thermal sensitivity mechanism. The forward bias voltage variation with temperature (thermal sensitivity) of this SBDs has been studied at different constant current levels. The diode showed high and decisive thermal sensitivity up to a current level of 0.10 pA. The bias voltage-temperature (V-T) curves of the SBD have showed an excellent linear behavior at all current levels. The slope dV/dT = ? or the thermal sensitivity coefficient ? from the V-T curves decreased from 3.42 mV/K at 0.10 pA to 1.31 mV/K at …
Contrasting The Fuzzball And Wormhole Paradigms For Black Holes, Bin Guo, Marcel Hughes, Samir Mathur, Madhur Mehta
Contrasting The Fuzzball And Wormhole Paradigms For Black Holes, Bin Guo, Marcel Hughes, Samir Mathur, Madhur Mehta
Turkish Journal of Physics
We examine an interesting set of recent proposals describing a `wormhole paradigm' for black holes. These proposals require that in some effective variables, semiclassical low-energy dynamics emerges at the horizon. We prove the `effective small corrections theorem' to show that such an effective horizon behavior is not compatible with the requirement that the black hole radiate like a piece of coal as seen from outside. This theorem thus concretizes the fact that the proposals within the wormhole paradigm require some nonlocality linking the hole and its distant radiation. We try to illustrate various proposals for nonlocality by making simple bit …
An Improvement Of Current Driving And Electrical Conductivity Properties Incovetics, Mesut Atasoyu, Emi̇n Argun Oral, Mehmet Ertuğrul
An Improvement Of Current Driving And Electrical Conductivity Properties Incovetics, Mesut Atasoyu, Emi̇n Argun Oral, Mehmet Ertuğrul
Turkish Journal of Physics
Compared to pure Cu, Cu lattice retaining carbon atoms, called a covetic material, can have better electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the incorporation of carbon nanostructures into Cu-alloys could improve the mechanical properties of Cu-alloys. In the simulation study, we investigated Joule heating due to applied DC current on molten Cu metal concerning how to improve current density of covetic materials. In addition, we will discuss interfacial effects on covetic-metal electrodes to meet better current driving performance. The covetic composite excited at one electrode (width = 10 nm) has a higher current drive capability as a value of 3.54 $10^{7}$ $A /m^{2}$, …
A Simulation And Experimental Validation Of Third-Order Coma In Nodal Aberrationtheory With A Cassegrain Telescope, Özgür Karci
A Simulation And Experimental Validation Of Third-Order Coma In Nodal Aberrationtheory With A Cassegrain Telescope, Özgür Karci
Turkish Journal of Physics
This study presents a simulation and experimental validation of third-order coma in Nodal Aberration Theory (NAT) with a custom-designed Cassegrain system. The Cassegrain system uses a piezo-driven flexure tool to align the telescope's secondary mirror with respect to the primary mirror. This alignment mechanism is also used to misalign the telescope's secondary mirror to induce the intentional aberrations. The third-order Fringe Zernike coma (Z$_{7/8}$) was simulated utilizing the Cassegrain telescope's real ray-trace model (e.g., in Code V) and analyzed for both the telescope's nominal aligned and misaligned states. The simulated aberration of third-order coma was induced utilizing the secondary mirror …
Mixing Angles Between The Tetraquark States With Two Heavy Quarks Within Qcdsum Rules, Selçuk Bi̇lmi̇ş
Mixing Angles Between The Tetraquark States With Two Heavy Quarks Within Qcdsum Rules, Selçuk Bi̇lmi̇ş
Turkish Journal of Physics
LHCb collaboration has recently announced the observation of a doubly charmed tetraquark $T_{cc \bar{u} \bar{d}}^+$ state with spin parity $J^P = 1^+$. This exotic state can be explained as a molecular state with small binding energy. According to conventional quark model, both $D^+ D^{0\ast}$ and $(D^0 D^{+\ast})$ multiquark states are expected to have the same mass and flavor in the exact $SU(3)$ symmetry. However, since the quark masses are different, $SU(3) (SU(2))$ symmetry is violated; hence, the mass and flavor eigenstates do not coincide. The mass eigenstates can be represented as a linear combination of the flavor eigenstates, which is …