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Articles 1 - 30 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Physics
A Review On Possible Physical Meaning Of Elastic-Electromagnetic Mathematical Equivalences, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto
A Review On Possible Physical Meaning Of Elastic-Electromagnetic Mathematical Equivalences, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
It is known, despite special theory of relativity has been widely accepted, in our recent draft submitted to this journal it is shown that some experiments have been carried out suggesting superluminal wave propagation, which make Minkowski lightcone not valid anymore. Therefore, it seems worth to reconsider the connection between elastic wave and electromagnetic wave equations, as in their early development. In this paper we will start with Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism, then we will find its connection with elastic wave equations.
Godel, Escherian Staircase And Possibility Of Quantum Wormhole With Liquid Crystalline Phase Of Iced-Water - Part Ii: Experiment Description, Victor Christianto, T. Daniel Chandra, Florentin Smarandache
Godel, Escherian Staircase And Possibility Of Quantum Wormhole With Liquid Crystalline Phase Of Iced-Water - Part Ii: Experiment Description, Victor Christianto, T. Daniel Chandra, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The present article was partly inspired by G. Pollack’s book, and also Dadoloff, Saxena & Jensen (2010). As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2022), for example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally [4]. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil Boyd’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometry of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and others, then to Escherian staircase and then to Jacob’s ladder which seems to pointto possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision …
Godel, Escherian Staircase And Possibility Of Quantum Wormhole With Liquid Crystalline Phase Of Iced-Water - Part I: Theoretical Underpinning, Victor Christianto, T. Daniel Chandra, Florentin Smarandache
Godel, Escherian Staircase And Possibility Of Quantum Wormhole With Liquid Crystalline Phase Of Iced-Water - Part I: Theoretical Underpinning, Victor Christianto, T. Daniel Chandra, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1,. 2, 2022), Our universe is but one page in a large book [4]. For example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometrization of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and others, then to Escher staircase and then to Jacob’s ladder which seems to point to possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision as described in the ancient book of Genesis …
Exploring Non-Orientable Topology: Deriving The Poincaré Conjecture And Possibility Of Experimental Vindication With Liquid Crystal, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Exploring Non-Orientable Topology: Deriving The Poincaré Conjecture And Possibility Of Experimental Vindication With Liquid Crystal, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
This review investigates the potential of non-orientable topology as a fundamental framework for understanding the Poincaré conjecture and its implications across various scientific disciplines. Integrating insights from Dokuchaev (2020), Rapoport, Christianto, Chandra, Smarandache (under review), and other pioneering works, this article explores the theoretical foundations linking non-orientable spaces to resolving the Poincaré conjecture and its broader implications in theoretical physics, geology, cosmology, and biology.
The Computational Model Of Nanofluid Considering Heat Transfer And Entropy Generation Across A Curved And Fat Surface, Sayer Obaid Alharbi, Florentin Smarandache, Awatif M.A. Elsiddieg, Aisha M. Alqahtani, M. Riaz Khan, V. Puneeth, Nidhal Becheikh
The Computational Model Of Nanofluid Considering Heat Transfer And Entropy Generation Across A Curved And Fat Surface, Sayer Obaid Alharbi, Florentin Smarandache, Awatif M.A. Elsiddieg, Aisha M. Alqahtani, M. Riaz Khan, V. Puneeth, Nidhal Becheikh
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The entropy generation analysis for the nanofluid flowing over a stretching/shrinking curved region is performed in the existence of the cross-diffusion effect. The surface is also subjected to second-order velocity slip under the effect of mixed convection. The Joule heating that contributes significantly to the heat transfer properties of nanofluid is incorporated along with the heat source/sink. Furthermore, the flow is assumed to be governed by an exterior magnetic field that aids in gaining control over the flow speed. With these frameworks, the mathematical model that describes the flow with such characteristics and assumptions is framed using partial differential equations …
The Fluid Margin Between Physical Causal Closure And Non-Physical Causal Closure, Extended To The Neutrosophic Causal Closure Principle, Florentin Smarandache
The Fluid Margin Between Physical Causal Closure And Non-Physical Causal Closure, Extended To The Neutrosophic Causal Closure Principle, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
We plead for a fluid margin, or mixed/indeterminate buffer zone, between Physical and Non-Physical Causal Closures, and for a Neutrosophic Causal Closure Principle claiming that the chances of all physical effects are determined by their prior partially physical and partially non-physical causes.
Collected Papers (On Physics, Artificial Intelligence, Health Issues, Decision Making, Economics, Statistics), Volume Xi, Florentin Smarandache
Collected Papers (On Physics, Artificial Intelligence, Health Issues, Decision Making, Economics, Statistics), Volume Xi, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
This eleventh volume of Collected Papers includes 90 papers comprising 988 pages on Physics, Artificial Intelligence, Health Issues, Decision Making, Economics, Statistics, written between 2001-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 84 co-authors from 19 countries.
Eureka Moment As Divine Spark In The Light Of Direct Experience With The Spirit And Nature, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Eureka Moment As Divine Spark In The Light Of Direct Experience With The Spirit And Nature, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In the ancient world, the Greeks believed that all great insights came from one of nine muses, divine sisters who brought inspiration to mere mortals. In the modern world, few people still believe in the muses, but we all still love to hear stories of sudden inspiration. Like Newton and the apple, or Archimedes and the bathtub (both another type of myth), we’re eager to hear and to share stories about flashes of insight. But what does it take to be actually creative? How to have such a flash insight? Turns out, there is real science behind "aha moments." We …
An Expanded Model Of Unmatter From Neutrosophic Logic Perspective: Towards Matter-Spirit Unity View, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto, Robert Neil Boyd
An Expanded Model Of Unmatter From Neutrosophic Logic Perspective: Towards Matter-Spirit Unity View, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto, Robert Neil Boyd
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In Neutrosophic Logic, a basic assertion is that there are variations of about everything that we can measure; the variations surround three parameters called T, I, F (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood) which can take a range of values. A previous paper in IJNS, 2020 shortly reviews the links among aether and matter creation from the perspective of Neutrosophic Logic. In any case, matter creation process in nature stays a major puzzle for physicists, scientists and other science analysts. To this issue neutrosophic logic offers an answer: "unmatter." This paper examines an extended model of unmatter, to incorporate issue soul solidarity. So, …
Towards Realism Interpretation Of Wave Mechanics Based On Maxwell Equations In Quaternion Space And Some Implications, Including Smarandache’S Hypothesis, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto, Yunita Umniyati
Towards Realism Interpretation Of Wave Mechanics Based On Maxwell Equations In Quaternion Space And Some Implications, Including Smarandache’S Hypothesis, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto, Yunita Umniyati
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Response To Pitkanen’S Solar System Model: Towards Gross-Pitaevskiian Description Of Solar System And Galaxies And More Evidence Of Chiral Superfluid Vortices, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Yunita Umniyati
Response To Pitkanen’S Solar System Model: Towards Gross-Pitaevskiian Description Of Solar System And Galaxies And More Evidence Of Chiral Superfluid Vortices, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Yunita Umniyati
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In a new paper in recent issue of this journal (PSTJ), Prof. M. Pitkanen describes a solar system model inspired by spiral galaxies. While we appreciate his new approach, we find it lacks substantial discussion on the nature of vortices and chirality in galaxy. Therefore we submit a viewpoint that Gross-Pitaevskii model can be a more complete description of both solar system and also spiral galaxies, especially taking into account the nature of chirality and vortices in galaxies. In this article, we also hope to bring out some correspondence among existing models, so we discuss shortly: the topological vortice approach, …
Three Possible Applications Of Neutrosophic Logic In Fundamental And Applied Sciences, Victor Christianto, Robert Neil Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
Three Possible Applications Of Neutrosophic Logic In Fundamental And Applied Sciences, Victor Christianto, Robert Neil Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In Neutrosophic Logic, a basic assertion is that there are variations of about everything that we can measure; the variations surround three parameters called T,I,F (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood) which can take a range of values. This paper shortly reviews the links among aether and matter creation from the perspective of Neutrosophic Logic. Once we accept the existence of aether as physical medium, then we can start to ask on what causes matter ejection, as observed in various findings related to quasars etc. One particular cosmology model known as VMH (variable mass hypothesis) has been suggested by notable astrophysicists like Halton …
A Short Remark On Vortex As Fluid Particle From Neutrosophic Logic Perspective, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
A Short Remark On Vortex As Fluid Particle From Neutrosophic Logic Perspective, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In a previous paper in this journal (IJNS), it is mentioned about a possible approach to re-describe QED without renormalization route. As it is known that in literature, there are some attempts to reconcile vortex-based fluid dynamics and particle dynamics. Some attempts are not quite as fruitful as others. As a follow up to previous paper, the present paper will discuss two theorems for developing unification theories, and then point out some new proposals including by Simula (2020) on how to derive Maxwell equations in superfluid dynamics setting; this could be a new alternative approach towards “fluidicle” or “vorticle” model …
A Review On Superluminal Physics And Superluminal Communication In Light Of The Neutrosophic Logic Perspective, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
A Review On Superluminal Physics And Superluminal Communication In Light Of The Neutrosophic Logic Perspective, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In a recent paper, we describe a model of quantum communication based on combining consciousness experiment and entanglement, which can serve as impetus to stop 5G-network-caused diseases. Therefore, in this paper we consider superluminal physics and superluminal communication as a bridge or intermediate way between subluminal physics and action-at-a-distance (AAAD) physics, especially from neutrosophic logic perspective. Although several ways have been proposed to bring such a superluminal communication into reality, such as Telluric wave or Telepathy analog of Horejev and Baburin, here we also review two possibilities: quaternion communication and also quantum communication based on quantum noise. Further research is …
Remark On Lehnert’S Revised Quantum Electrodynamics (Rqed) As An Alternative To Francesco Celani’S Et Al. Maxwell-Clifford Equations: With An Outline Of Chiral Cosmology Model And Its Role To Cmns, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto, Yunita Umniyati
Remark On Lehnert’S Revised Quantum Electrodynamics (Rqed) As An Alternative To Francesco Celani’S Et Al. Maxwell-Clifford Equations: With An Outline Of Chiral Cosmology Model And Its Role To Cmns, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto, Yunita Umniyati
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In a recent paper published in JCMNS in 2017, Francesco Celani, Di Tommaso & Vassalo argued that Maxwell equations rewritten in Clifford algebra are sufficient to describe the electron and also ultra-dense deuterium reaction process proposed by Homlid et al. Apparently, Celani et al. believed that their Maxwell-Clifford equations are an excellent candidate to surpass both Classical Electromagnetic and Zitterbewegung QM. Meanwhile, in a series of papers, Bo Lehnert proposed a novel and revised version of Quantum Electrodynamics (RQED) based on Proca equations. Therefore, in this paper, we gave an outline of Lehnert’s RQED, as an alternative framework to Celani …
Quadruple Neutrosophic Theory And Applications Volume I, Florentin Smarandache, Memet Şahin, Vakkas Uluçay, Abdullah Kargin
Quadruple Neutrosophic Theory And Applications Volume I, Florentin Smarandache, Memet Şahin, Vakkas Uluçay, Abdullah Kargin
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Neutrosophic set has been derived from a new branch of philosophy, namely Neutrosophy. Neutrosophic set is capable of dealing with uncertainty, indeterminacy and inconsistent information. Neutrosophic set approaches are suitable to modeling problems with uncertainty, indeterminacy and inconsistent information in which human knowledge is necessary, and human evaluation is needed. Neutrosophic set theory firstly proposed in 1998 by Florentin Smarandache, who also developed the concept of single valued neutrosophic set, oriented towards real world scientific and engineering applications. Since then, the single valued neutrosophic set theory has been extensively studied in books and monographs introducing neutrosophic sets and its applications, …
From Cymatics To Sound Therapy: Their Role In Spirituality And Consciousness Research, Victor Christianto, Kasan Susilo, Florentin Smarandache
From Cymatics To Sound Therapy: Their Role In Spirituality And Consciousness Research, Victor Christianto, Kasan Susilo, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Sound is one of the types of waves that can be felt by the sense of hearing (ears). In physics, the definition of sound is something that is produced from objects that vibrate. Objects that produce sound are called sound sources. The sound source that vibrates will vibrate the molecules into the air around it. Sound is mechanical compression or longitudinal waves that propagate through the medium. This medium or intermediate agent can be liquid, solid, gas. So, sound waves can propagate for example in water, coal, or air. Most sounds are a combination of various vibratory signals composed of …
A Remark On How A Consciousness Model And Entanglement Can Lead Us To Quantum Communication, Victor Christianto, Robert N. Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
A Remark On How A Consciousness Model And Entanglement Can Lead Us To Quantum Communication, Victor Christianto, Robert N. Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In a recent paper, we describe how a model of quantum communication based on combining consciousness experiment and entanglement can serve as impetus to stop 5G-caused diseases. Therefore, in this paper we will discuss how entanglement can be explained in terms of quantum theory. This short review may be considered as an effort to bring QM into real problem solving, i.e. telecommunication.
On Three Possible Applications Of Neutrosophic Logic In Applied Sciences, Including Matter Creation, Victor Christianto, Robert N. Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
On Three Possible Applications Of Neutrosophic Logic In Applied Sciences, Including Matter Creation, Victor Christianto, Robert N. Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In the same spirit with the theme of last issue of this SGJ journal (“Ongoing creation”), this paper shortly reviews a plausible mechanism from Aether to become ordinary matter from the perspective of Neutrosophic Logic. We also discuss two other possible applications of Neutrosophic Logic, including a resolution of conflicting paradigms in medicine. We hope that some ideas as outlined herein will be proved useful in the near future.
On Cellular Automata Representation Of Submicroscopic Physics: From Static Space To Zuse’S Calculating Space Hypothesis, Victor Christianto, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets, Florentin Smarandache
On Cellular Automata Representation Of Submicroscopic Physics: From Static Space To Zuse’S Calculating Space Hypothesis, Victor Christianto, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In some recent papers (G. ‘t Hooft and others), it has been argued that quantum mechanics can arise from classical cellular automata. Nonetheless, G. Shpenkov has proved that the classical wave equation makes it possible to derive a periodic table of elements, which is very close to Mendeleyev’s one, and describe also other phenomena related to the structure of molecules. Hence the classical wave equation complements Schrödinger’s equation, which implies the appearance of a cellular automaton molecular model starting from classical wave equation. The other studies show that the microworld is constituted as a tessellation of primary topological balls. The …
A Harmless Wireless Quantum Alternative To Cell Phones Based On Quantum Noise, Florentin Smarandache, Robert Neil Boyd, Victor Christianto
A Harmless Wireless Quantum Alternative To Cell Phones Based On Quantum Noise, Florentin Smarandache, Robert Neil Boyd, Victor Christianto
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In the meantime we know that 4G and 5G technologies cause many harms to human health. Therefore, here we submit a harmless wireless quantum alternative to cell phones. It is our hope that this alternative
“A Thousand Words”: How Shannon Entropy Perspective Provides Link Among Exponential Data Growth, Average Temperature Of The Earth, Declining Earth Magnetic Field, And Global Consciousness, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
“A Thousand Words”: How Shannon Entropy Perspective Provides Link Among Exponential Data Growth, Average Temperature Of The Earth, Declining Earth Magnetic Field, And Global Consciousness, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The sunspot data seems to indicate that the Sun is likely to enter Maunder Minimum, then it will mean that low Sun activity may cause low temperature in Earth. If this happens then it will cause a phenomenon which is called by some climatology experts as “The Little Ice Age” for the next 20-30 years, starting from the next few years. Therefore, the Earth climate in the coming years tend to be cooler than before. This phenomenon then causes us to ask: what can we do as human being in Earth to postpone or avoid the worsening situation in terms …
Direct Detection Of Relic Neutrino Background Remains Impossible: A Review Of More Recent Arguments, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Direct Detection Of Relic Neutrino Background Remains Impossible: A Review Of More Recent Arguments, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The existence of big bang relic neutrinos—exact analogues of the big bang relic photons comprising the cosmic microwave background radiation—is a basic prediction of standard cosmology. The standard big bang theory predicts the existence of 1087 neutrinos per flavour in the visible universe. This is an enormous abundance unrivalled by any other known form of matter, falling second only to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photon. Yet, unlike the CMB photon which boasts its first (serendipitous) detection in the 1960s and which has since been observed and its properties measured to a high degree of accuracy in a series of …
Physics Beyond Catching A Mouse In The Dark: From Big Science To Deep Science, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Physics Beyond Catching A Mouse In The Dark: From Big Science To Deep Science, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The Higgs particle has been detected a few years ago, that is what newspapers tell us. For many physicists, the Standard Model of particle physics has accomplished all the jobs. Or to put it simply: The game is over. Is it true? Then some physicists began to ask: can go beyond the Standard Model? Because the supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model has failed. If you feel that theoretical physics is becoming boring, you are not alone. Fortunately, there is good news: a new generation of physicists are doing table-top experiments in their basements. Can we expect new results later?2 …
Numerical Solution For Solving Procedure For 3d Motions Near Libration Points In The Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (Cr3bp), Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Numerical Solution For Solving Procedure For 3d Motions Near Libration Points In The Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (Cr3bp), Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In a recent paper in Astrophysics and Space Science Vol. 364 no. 11 (2019), S. Ershkov & D. Leschenko presented a new solving procedure for Euler-Poisson equations for solving momentum equations of the CR3BP near libration points for uniformly rotating planets having inclined orbits in the solar system with respect to the orbit of the Earth. The system of equations of the CR3BP has been explored with regard to the existence of an analytic way of presentation of the approximated solution in the vicinity of libration points. A new and elegant ansatz has been suggested in their publication whereby, in …
Towards Helmholtz’S Electron Vortex From Kolmogorov’S Theory Of Turbulence And A New Model Of Origination Of Charge And Matter, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Robert N. Boyd
Towards Helmholtz’S Electron Vortex From Kolmogorov’S Theory Of Turbulence And A New Model Of Origination Of Charge And Matter, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Robert N. Boyd
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In the present paper we discuss: a) how Hilbert’s unification program failed completely, and b) we outline a new electron model based on Helmholtz’s electron vortex and Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. Novelty aspect: we discuss among other things, electron capture event, and von Karman vortex street. We also discuss a new model of origination of charge and matter. This paper is a sequel to a preceding paper on similar theme.
Human Neutrosophic Evolution In Spiral Or The Divine Is In The Man, Florentin Smarandache, Andrușa R. Vătuiu
Human Neutrosophic Evolution In Spiral Or The Divine Is In The Man, Florentin Smarandache, Andrușa R. Vătuiu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Nidus Idearum. Scilogs, Vii: Superluminal Physics - Second Edition, Florentin Smarandache
Nidus Idearum. Scilogs, Vii: Superluminal Physics - Second Edition, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
My lab[oratory] is a virtual facility with non-controlled conditions in which I mostly perform scientific meditation and chats: a nest of ideas (nidus idearum, in Latin). I called the jottings herein scilogs (truncations of the words scientific, and gr. Λόγος – appealing rather to its original meanings "ground", "opinion", "expectation"), combining the welly of both science and informal (via internet) talks (in English, French, and Romanian). * In this seventh book of scilogs collected from my nest of ideas, one may find new and old questions and solutions, referring to different scientific topics – email messages to research colleagues, or …
A Short Remark On Gödel Incompleteness Theorem And Its Self-Referential Paradox From Neutrosophic Logic Perspective, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto
A Short Remark On Gödel Incompleteness Theorem And Its Self-Referential Paradox From Neutrosophic Logic Perspective, Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
It is known from history of mathematics, that Gödel submitted his two incompleteness theorems, which can be considered as one of hallmarks of modern mathematics in 20th century. Here we argue that Gödel incompleteness theorem and its self-referential paradox have not only put Hilbert’s axiomatic program into question, but he also opened up the problem deep inside the then popular Aristotelian Logic. Although there were some attempts to go beyond Aristotelian binary logic, including by Lukasiewicz’s three-valued logic, here we argue that the problem of self-referential paradox can be seen as reconcilable and solvable from Neutrosophic Logic perspective. Motivation of …
How Hilbert’S Attempt To Unify Gravitation And Electromagnetism Failed Completely, And A Plausible Resolution, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Robert N. Boyd
How Hilbert’S Attempt To Unify Gravitation And Electromagnetism Failed Completely, And A Plausible Resolution, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Robert N. Boyd
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In the present paper, these authors argue on actual reasons why Hilbert’s axiomatic program to unify gravitation theory and electromagnetism failed completely. An outline of plausible resolution of this problem is given here, based on: a) Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, b) Newton’s aether stream model. And in another paper we will present our calculation of receding Moon from Earth based on such a matter creation hypothesis. More experiments and observations are called to verify this new hypothesis, albeit it is inspired from Newton’s theory himself.