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Full-Text Articles in Earth Sciences
Detection Of Caves By Gravimetry, Raymundo J. Chico
Detection Of Caves By Gravimetry, Raymundo J. Chico
International Journal of Speleology
For gravimetric investigations, a naturally occurring limestone cave may be compared with a buried empty sphere or cylinder, depending on its shape. The practical limit of detection for a subsurface void, utilizing available equipment (Worden gravity meter) and standard field procedure, is 0.1 milligal. Most corrections normally required by the gravimetric method may be neglected in cave detection, but the altitude control for the field traverse must have an accuracy of ± 0.1 foot. The detectability of a limestone cave, based on field work done at Luray Caverns, Virginia, and at other localities, is related to its shape, Radius (R), …
Östliche Gruppe Der Monolistrini (Crust. Isopoda) I. Systematischer Teil, Boris Sket
Östliche Gruppe Der Monolistrini (Crust. Isopoda) I. Systematischer Teil, Boris Sket
International Journal of Speleology
The author gives a diagnosis for all eastern Monoslistrinae known today, grouping them in the genus Monolistra and dealing with their geographical distribution. He also gives incomplete descriptions of some forms and also describes the new subgenus Monolistrella for M. velkovrhi Sket, the new species M. (Typhlosphaeroma) matjasici and M. (Microlistra) pretneri and the new subspecies M. (Monolistra) caeca intermedia, M. (Typhlosphaeroma) racovitzai pseudoberica and M. (Typhlosphaeroma) racovitzai conopyge.
Essai Sur Une Étude Au Microscope Électronique De La Microflore Des Sédiments Argileux De Cavernes (A Preliminary Study Using An Electron Microscope, On The Microflora Of Cave Clay Sediments), V. Caumartin
International Journal of Speleology
Researches on the microflora of cave clay sediments were carried out. The study of these micro-organisms necessitates the use of an enlargement of the order of 5,000. For this purpose the organisms were separated from the clay sediments by the foam flotation technique, followed by cultivation. Morphologically they can be divided into 5 types but together they form a group sufficiently homogeneous to justify their provisional grouping as the “Microfusiformetum.” Experiments with enriched cultures from several sediments have shown that certain of the micro-organisms were indigenous, others were accidental inhabitants.
Algae And Their Mode Of Life In The Baradla Cave At Aggtelek Ii, George Claus
Algae And Their Mode Of Life In The Baradla Cave At Aggtelek Ii, George Claus
International Journal of Speleology
The author provides additional data to his publication of 1955. In a table he shows his results concerning 81 algal species which were returned to the cave of Aggtelek on June 22, 1954. When carrying out his control tests he found the decrease in the number of species to be 9 after 6 months and 18 after a further 8 months. In December 1957, after culturing on sun light however he was able to show again the presence of 17 species, but in his cultures Synechoccus elongatus, Phormidium dimorphum, Gloecoccus schròterii, Chlorococcum infusionum, Chlorella miniata and Protococcus anulatus, appeared …
Observations Sur L'Évolution Des Grottes, Albert Cavaillé
Observations Sur L'Évolution Des Grottes, Albert Cavaillé
International Journal of Speleology
In this note, which results from a paper published in France, the author defines the “karst system” formed by several successive levels, at the heart of a limestone mass: joints of surface feeding, vertical chimneys, galleries which are alternatively dry and full of water according to the season, a network of continually drowned clefts. He then studies modifications in this system resulting from internal causes, corrosion, filling and sedimentation, concretion. Then he shows how this evolution of the karst system may be modified by general conditions: geology, tectonics, geography with the losses, resurgences and the role of surface formations. The …
Remarques Sur Les Japygidae (Insecta, Diplura) Signalés Dans Le Domaine Souterrain, Jean Pagés
Remarques Sur Les Japygidae (Insecta, Diplura) Signalés Dans Le Domaine Souterrain, Jean Pagés
International Journal of Speleology
About 50 japygids, belonging to 29 distinct forms of which 23 are recognizable, have been collected since 1874 in caves all over the world. A list is given, by continent and by countries. Ten species found both in the soil and in caves are called troglophiles to emphasize the sorting which seems to occur among endogenous species. Of the remaining 13 species, all considered troglobites, only 3 show morphological peculiarities which can be ascribed to adaptation to cavernicolous life: (1) Metajapyx moroderi ssp. patrizianus Pagés from Sardinia shows a slightly longer 10th urite and cerci than the f. typ.; (2) …
New Cavernicolous Millipeds Of The Family Cambalidae (Cambalidea: Spirostreptida) From Texas (U.S.A.) And Mexico, Nell B. Causey
New Cavernicolous Millipeds Of The Family Cambalidae (Cambalidea: Spirostreptida) From Texas (U.S.A.) And Mexico, Nell B. Causey
International Journal of Speleology
The cavernicoles include: (1) Cambala speobia (Chamberlin), troglobitic in central and southwest Texas; (2) C. reddelli reddelli n. sp. and subsp., troglophilic in west Texas and epigean in New Mexico; (3) C. reddelli inornatus n. subsp., troglobitic in northwest Texas; and (4) Mexicambala russelli n. gen. and sp., troglobitic in southern San Luis Potosi. They are described and figured, and a key is given.
The Microvegetation Of A Small Ice-Cave In Hungary, Erzsébet Kol
The Microvegetation Of A Small Ice-Cave In Hungary, Erzsébet Kol
International Journal of Speleology
The algal flora of a small, artificial, ice-cave located in Northern Hungary is described. In this cave 23 species of algae (see in Table 3) were found of which the Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta occurred with approximately equal number. (9 vers. 11) It was found that the primary limiting factor influencing the penetration of the algae into the cave is the low temperature and not the lack of light.
Eine Neue Aulakochloris-Art Aus Der Tropfsteinhöhle Von Abaliget, P. Palik
Eine Neue Aulakochloris-Art Aus Der Tropfsteinhöhle Von Abaliget, P. Palik
International Journal of Speleology
In the material collected by George Claus in the Cave of Abaliget (Hungary) an interesting, new, Chrysophyta, a silicified Aulakochloris species was found. The new species was named in honor of its collector A. clausiana nov. sp. and its description and occurrence in the Hungarian caves is given.
Progress In The Biological Exploration Of Caves And Subterranean Waters In Israel, I. Friedmann
Progress In The Biological Exploration Of Caves And Subterranean Waters In Israel, I. Friedmann
International Journal of Speleology
The article gives an account of the biological works carried out in the caves and other subterranean habitats of Israel. The botanical and zoological investigations are summarized separately and a list of literature dealing with biospeleological research in Israel is supplied.
Processes Of Limestone Cave Development, Alan D. Howard
Processes Of Limestone Cave Development, Alan D. Howard
International Journal of Speleology
Three processes successively predominate in enlarging original fractures within limestone into cavern passages: (1) early dissolving by acid produced by oxidizing reactions within the groundwater as it flows through the limestone; (2) dissolving caused by the initial undersaturation with respect to calcite of the groundwater when it enters the limestone; and (3) increased dissolving which occurs at the transition from laminar to turbulent groundwater flow. Only those original fractures in limestone which are widest and which have a high hydraulic gradient acting across them will be enlarged into cavern passages. Until all available surface drainage has been diverted underground, cavern …
Corrosion Par Mélange Des Eaux, Alfred Bogli
Corrosion Par Mélange Des Eaux, Alfred Bogli
International Journal of Speleology
Karst caves are prior to all due to corrosion. According to the well-known formula a CO2 supply is always needed. This type of dissolution explains only the corrosion in free circulation and, under reserve, the one in pressure conducts in the vadose zone. All corrosion in the phreatic domain is excluded, except for some rare cases in the upper levels. The corrosion by mixing of waters of different content in bicarbonates is effective in the entire karst, from the lowermost to the uppermost parts. Also the corrosion due to the lowering of temperature and by mixing of waters at …
Naissance De La Biospéologie, Constantin Motas
Naissance De La Biospéologie, Constantin Motas
International Journal of Speleology
Modern biospeleology dates from May 15, 1907, with the publication of Racovitza’s “Essai sur les problèmes biospéologiques.” In this paper he posed - if he did not answer - every question raised by life in the subterranean world. He outlined a program of biospeological research, made an analysis of the conditions of existence in the subterranean domain and their influence upon cavernicoles, discussed the evolution of subterranean biota, their geographical distribution, etc. Racovitza modified Schiner’s (1854) classification, dividing cavernicoles into troglobites, troglophiles and trogloxenes, terms later adopted by a great number of biospeologists. The “Essai”, called “Racovitza’s famous manifest” by …
Remarques Sur La Signification Des Expériences En Géodynamique Karstique, Ph. Renault
Remarques Sur La Signification Des Expériences En Géodynamique Karstique, Ph. Renault
International Journal of Speleology
Distinction is made between the experiment which “demonstrates” having an argumentative value - and the experiment which “questions” nature by isolating one factor and by determining the mode of its action. The concept of experiment in geology and in geodynamics and the distinctions between geodynamics and geophysics are discussed. Karstic geodynamics considers the action of fluids - mainly liquids - on a soluble rock. It is a science bordering the different branches of geochemistry, hydrology, the mechanics of rocks, and geophysics. Researches in karstic geodynamics are based upon measurements obtained through field surveys, or upon the utilization of a subterranean …
Écologie De Fonticola Notadena De Beauchamp (Turbellarié, Triclade) Dans La Grotte De La Balme (Isère, France); Survie En Période De Sécheresse, René Ginet, Rodolphe Puglisi
Écologie De Fonticola Notadena De Beauchamp (Turbellarié, Triclade) Dans La Grotte De La Balme (Isère, France); Survie En Période De Sécheresse, René Ginet, Rodolphe Puglisi
International Journal of Speleology
During many months a year the acquatic Planaria (F. notadena) living in a small pool in the La Balme cave are subjected to a drought with the complete drying out of their biotope; they support in situ this lack of water and, living in a latent way inside the clayey matrix. Thanks to the great hygroscopy of the clay, enough humidity stays around the Planarians to enable them to survive. During this period the Planaria may undergo spontaneous divisions resulting in their asexual multiplication.
Antrolana Lira, A New Genus And Species Of Troglobitic Cirolanid Isopod From Madison Cave, Virginia, Thomas E. Bowman
Antrolana Lira, A New Genus And Species Of Troglobitic Cirolanid Isopod From Madison Cave, Virginia, Thomas E. Bowman
International Journal of Speleology
Antrolana lira, a new genus and species of troglobitic cirolanid isopod, is descnibed from Madison Cave, in the Appalachian Valley of Virginia. The problem of its origin from a marine ancestor is discussed. A supplementary description is given of Cirolanides texensis, and records of its occurrence are given. A key is given to the troglobitic Cirolanidae of the Western Hemisphere, and their known distribution is shown on a map. The subgenus Speocirolana Bolivar y Pieltain is raised to genus.
Über Die Algenwelt Der Höhlen In Ungarn, P. Palik
Über Die Algenwelt Der Höhlen In Ungarn, P. Palik
International Journal of Speleology
An account of the researches carried out on the algae living in the caves of Hungary is given. The results of the investigations concerning the algal flora of the Baradla, Peace, Abaliget, Pàlvòlgy, Kòlyuk caves are enumerated. Theories about the possible energy source utilized by these algae living in the complete darkness of caves such as radiation, symbiosis, chemosynthesis or auxothrophy are discussed. The question of the settling of algae into the caves is debated.
Über Die Moose, Die Unter Dem Einfluβ Der Elektrischen Beleuchtung In Das Innere Der Höhlen In Ungarn Und In Der Tschechoslowakei Eindringen, A. Boros
International Journal of Speleology
The introduction of electrical illumination into different caves makes the intrusion of some mosses and ferns into such depths of the caves possible which at previous occasions (i. e. before the installation of electrical light) were found sterile of these plants. Investigations of two caves in Czechoslovakia and 4 caves in Hungary revealed the presence of mosses thriving deep inside of these caves making use of the artificial illumination.
Die Bedeutung Der Pleistozänen Vogelfaunen Der Höhlen Im Ungarischen Mittelgebirge, Tibor Farkas
Die Bedeutung Der Pleistozänen Vogelfaunen Der Höhlen Im Ungarischen Mittelgebirge, Tibor Farkas
International Journal of Speleology
In the present study, the fossil bird fauna of the caves of the Hungarian Middle Mountains is examined for evidence in support of the hypothesis that the Carpathian Basin may have served as a faunal refugee during the last Quaternary glacial period. As an introduction, the reasons for the refugee hypothesis, including paleobotanical and glacial theoretical aspects, are discussed. Since the first bird fossils of the cave fauna considered in this paper belong to the Würm I-II, the faunistic conditions of the Riss glacial period are not discussed in detail, The known faunas up to the Würm II are interstadial, …