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Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences
Creative Technologies: A Conversation With Roy Magnuson, Roy Magnuson, Maureen Russell
Creative Technologies: A Conversation With Roy Magnuson, Roy Magnuson, Maureen Russell
Faculty Publications - Music
[In lieu of an abstract, the introduction is provided.] Today I am speaking with Roy Magnuson, Associate Professor Creative Technologies in the School of Music at Illinois State University (ISU). (see Figure 1) His music has been performed throughout the United States and Europe at venues such as the World Saxophone Congress, WASBE, CBDNA, the RED NOTE New Music Festival, and the Robb Composers’ Symposium. Magnuson is also the creator of the virtual reality composition software solsticeVR and the conducting software RibbonsVR. He is a member of ASCAP, and his music is recorded on Albany Records and NAXOS.
Discourses Across Periods Of Time, Amanda Raquel Moreno
Discourses Across Periods Of Time, Amanda Raquel Moreno
Theses
This literature review explores the revolutionary effect of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) on digital art history, specifically concentrating on their capacity to enable dialogical exchanges with historical figures and deepen the understanding of artworks. This study considers the current state of research, detecting key methodologies, areas of improvement, and possible challenges and ethical concerns. The example historical figure used in this analysis is the iconic Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Kahlo’s refusal to correspond to a specific artistic style makes her an ideal subject for generative AI and VR-based investigation, offering fresh insights into her work. The …
Military Metaverse: Key Technologies, Potential Applications And Future Directions, Zhao Zhang, Yujie Guo, Xiaoning Zhao, Baoliang Sun
Military Metaverse: Key Technologies, Potential Applications And Future Directions, Zhao Zhang, Yujie Guo, Xiaoning Zhao, Baoliang Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Since its emergence, the concept of metaverse has been applied to many fields. At present, the transformation of military intelligence, digitalization and information technology is advancing in an allround way. The military enabled by metaverse technology will accelerate the process of military reform in the new era. To explore the potential application of metaverse in the military field, this paper first introduces several key technologies of metaverse and their functions in the military field, and then discusses some potential directions for the application of metaverse in weapon development and support, training and teaching of officers and soldiers, tactical command …
Modeling And System Realization Of Assembly Robot Based On Digital Twin, Jian Xu, Xin Song, Xiuping Liu, Bo Chen
Modeling And System Realization Of Assembly Robot Based On Digital Twin, Jian Xu, Xin Song, Xiuping Liu, Bo Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems of time-consuming, labor-intensive and poor accuracy in programming of complex operations of industrial assembly robots, an online programming method for robots based on digital twin is proposed. From the four dimensions of geometry, contact dynamics, behavior and rules, the faithful mapping of the robot from real to virtual space is realized. The verification of multi-part assembly trajectory planning program, real-time synchronous operation and state monitoring are realized. An assembly robot modeling and online programming system based on digital twin is designed and built. A six-axis industrial robot cell is taken as an example to verify …
Research And Development Of Immersive Aero-Engine Scene Simulation System, Shun Yao, Zhongzhi Hu, Wenyu Cao, Jiali Yang
Research And Development Of Immersive Aero-Engine Scene Simulation System, Shun Yao, Zhongzhi Hu, Wenyu Cao, Jiali Yang
Journal of System Simulation
The research and development of aero-engines has the characteristics of high precision and interdiscipline. In order to reduce communication costs and to display the engine structure and the state of semi-physical simulator, by applying virtual reality technology,an immersive scene simulation system is built. By studying CAD data lightweight technology and physics-based real-time rendering technology,a rendering optimization method for similar object dynamic batching is proposed, which effectively improves the rendering frame rate. A dynamic parallax adjustment algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of dizziness when having a close look to stereoscopic images. The system achieves the …
Enhancing Pedestrian-Autonomous Vehicle Safety In Low Visibility Scenarios: A Comprehensive Simulation Method, Zizheng Yan, Yang Liu, Hong Yang
Enhancing Pedestrian-Autonomous Vehicle Safety In Low Visibility Scenarios: A Comprehensive Simulation Method, Zizheng Yan, Yang Liu, Hong Yang
Modeling, Simulation and Visualization Student Capstone Conference
Self-driving cars raise safety concerns, particularly regarding pedestrian interactions. Current research lacks a systematic understanding of these interactions in diverse scenarios. Autonomous Vehicle (AV) performance can vary due to perception accuracy, algorithm reliability, and environmental dynamics. This study examines AV-pedestrian safety issues, focusing on low visibility conditions, using a co-simulation framework combining virtual reality and an autonomous driving simulator. 40 experiments were conducted, extracting surrogate safety measures (SSMs) from AV and pedestrian trajectories. The results indicate that low visibility can impair AV performance, increasing conflict risks for pedestrians. AV algorithms may require further enhancements and validations for consistent safety performance …
A Proposed Meta-Reality Immersive Development Pipeline: Generative Ai Models And Extended Reality (Xr) Content For The Metaverse, Jay Ratican, James Hutson, Andrew Wright
A Proposed Meta-Reality Immersive Development Pipeline: Generative Ai Models And Extended Reality (Xr) Content For The Metaverse, Jay Ratican, James Hutson, Andrew Wright
Faculty Scholarship
The realization of an interoperable and scalable virtual platform, currently known as the “metaverse,” is inevitable, but many technological challenges need to be overcome first. With the metaverse still in a nascent phase, research currently indicates that building a new 3D social environment capable of interoperable avatars and digital transactions will represent most of the initial investment in time and capital. The return on investment, however, is worth the financial risk for firms like Meta, Google, and Apple. While the current virtual space of the metaverse is worth $6.30 billion, that is expected to grow to $84.09 billion by the …
Murder On The Vr Express: Studying The Impact Of Thought Experiments At A Distance In Virtual Reality, Andrew Kissel, Krzysztof J. Rechowicz, John B. Shull
Murder On The Vr Express: Studying The Impact Of Thought Experiments At A Distance In Virtual Reality, Andrew Kissel, Krzysztof J. Rechowicz, John B. Shull
Philosophy Faculty Publications
Hypothetical thought experiments allow researchers to gain insights into widespread moral intuitions and provide opportunities for individuals to explore their moral commitments. Previous thought experiment studies in virtual reality (VR) required participants to come to an on-site laboratory, which possibly restricted the study population, introduced an observer effect, and made internal reflection on the participants’ part more difficult. These shortcomings are particularly crucial today, as results from such studies are increasingly impacting the development of artificial intelligence systems, self-driving cars, and other technologies. This paper explores the viability of deploying thought experiments in commercially available in-home VR headsets. We conducted …
Vr Computing Lab: An Immersive Classroom For Computing Learning, Shawn Pang, Kyong Jin Shim, Yi Meng Lau, Swapna Gottipati
Vr Computing Lab: An Immersive Classroom For Computing Learning, Shawn Pang, Kyong Jin Shim, Yi Meng Lau, Swapna Gottipati
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In recent years, virtual reality (VR) is gaining popularity amongst educators and learners. If a picture is worth a thousand words, a VR session is worth a trillion words. VR technology completely immerses users with an experience that transports them into a simulated world. Universities across the United States, United Kingdom, and other countries have already started using VR for higher education in areas such as medicine, business, architecture, vocational training, social work, virtual field trips, virtual campuses, helping students with special needs, and many more. In this paper, we propose a novel VR platform learning framework which maps elements …
Expressiveness Of Real-Time Motion Captured Avatars Influences Perceived Animation Realism And Perceived Quality Of Social Interaction In Virtual Reality, Alan D. Fraser, Isabella Branson, Ross C. Hollett, Craig P. Speelman, Shane L. Rogers
Expressiveness Of Real-Time Motion Captured Avatars Influences Perceived Animation Realism And Perceived Quality Of Social Interaction In Virtual Reality, Alan D. Fraser, Isabella Branson, Ross C. Hollett, Craig P. Speelman, Shane L. Rogers
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Using motion capture to enhance the realism of social interaction in virtual reality (VR) is growing in popularity. However, the impact of different levels of avatar expressiveness on the user experience is not well understood. In the present study we manipulated levels of face and body expressiveness of avatars while investigating participant perceptions of animation realism and interaction quality when disclosing positive and negative experiences in VR. Moderate positive associations were observed between perceptions of animation realism and interaction quality. Post-experiment questions revealed that many of our participants (approximately 40 %) indicated the avatar with the highest face and body …
A Real-Time Ultrasound Simulation Platform Using Ray Tracing And Its Integration With Virtual Reality, Bo Peng, Qiang Wang, Ruibing Qing, Lixue Yin, Jingfeng Jiang
A Real-Time Ultrasound Simulation Platform Using Ray Tracing And Its Integration With Virtual Reality, Bo Peng, Qiang Wang, Ruibing Qing, Lixue Yin, Jingfeng Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to further improve the efficacy of ultrasound training and reduce the cost. An ultrasound training system that is integrated with a VR environment is developed. The main contribution of this study is to incorporate the Ray-tracing based ultrasound image simulation approach into a virtual reality environment, taking advantage of immersive VR experience for medical ultrasound training. The simulated ultrasound images obtained by the proposed method are then compared to images that are simulated using a generative adversarial network (GAN) technique and Field II ultrasound simulator. The data show that the ultrasound simulator can produce high-quality simulated …
Multi-Sensory Fusion Method For Power Transformer Virtual Assembly, Xuqiang Shao, Haowei Zhang, Xiaohua Feng
Multi-Sensory Fusion Method For Power Transformer Virtual Assembly, Xuqiang Shao, Haowei Zhang, Xiaohua Feng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Virtual assembly technology is to truly restore the equipments and physical scenarios. In the real world, people can interact with the physical world through visual, auditory, tactile and other sense organ. Aiming at the existing virtual assembly system being limited the single sense human-computer interaction mode, so a multi-sense fusion information interaction method is proposed to improve the sense of immersion and operability. An improved AABB Octree bounding box collision detection algorithm of large size diffidence component to be assembled is proposed, which can greatly reduce the amount of calculation and improve the calculation accuracy. The experimental result verifies …
Design And Realization Of 6-Dof Parachuting Simulation Training System, Xiaoguang Zhou, Peng Zhu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Huan Lu, Yuan Zhou
Design And Realization Of 6-Dof Parachuting Simulation Training System, Xiaoguang Zhou, Peng Zhu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Huan Lu, Yuan Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at restoring the 6-DOF motion process of each stage during parachuting, a 6-DOF parachuting simulation training system is designed and implemented. The architecture of the simulator is designed, and the realization of the sub-systems such as the motion calculation, 6-DOF motion platform, control loading system, virtual reality scene, somatosensory system and management console is explained. Compared with the same type of parachute simulator, this system has introduced a 6-DOF motion platform which can drive the trainees to simulate the various postures of parachuting. It can also help the trainees master the control methods of parachute and enhance the …
Research On Immersive Virtual Reality Interactive System For Flow Visualization, Shijian Xu, Dan Zhao, Chengyu Su, Fupan Wang, Xiaorong Zhang, Fang Wang, Yadong Wu
Research On Immersive Virtual Reality Interactive System For Flow Visualization, Shijian Xu, Dan Zhao, Chengyu Su, Fupan Wang, Xiaorong Zhang, Fang Wang, Yadong Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of low interaction efficiency due to the lack of depth information in the current desktop flow visualization application based on the two-dimensional display interaction environment, virtual reality technology is introduced to design and implement an immersive flow visualization system with diversified interaction methods. Based on the gaze and gesture interaction technology, the system designs and implements gesture-based navigation methods and three-dimensional interactive widgets based on user requirements, as well as immersive interactive panels based on user gaze and gestures. We designed and implemented an immersive interactive management method based on visual scenes and a visual …
Warehouse And Logistics: Smart Picking With Vuzix Smart Glasses, Elise Hemink
Warehouse And Logistics: Smart Picking With Vuzix Smart Glasses, Elise Hemink
Frameless
Vuzix is an industry leader in augmented reality (AR) technology. We provide innovative products to an array of industries, a few being defense, security, enterprise, and consumers. Our AR technology provides a perfect balance of engagement in the digital and real worlds thanks to their innovative optics, AI apps and 5G capability.
Whole Ship Simulation Training Platform Based On Virtual Reality, Jiawen Sun, Hongxiang Ren, Fangbing Xiao, Xiaobin Jiang
Whole Ship Simulation Training Platform Based On Virtual Reality, Jiawen Sun, Hongxiang Ren, Fangbing Xiao, Xiaobin Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Under the current navigation education mode, it is common that trainees lack the overall navigation knowledge and the operation practice on onboard equipment and instruments. It is necessary to develop a whole ship simulation training platform that is not limited by time and sites. The six-degree freedom mathematical model of ship motion is established by using the separation modeling theory of ship maneuverability. The flexible object simulation technology, the modeling and rendering of ocean wave technology, and the reverse dynamics technology are adopted to realize the ship scene roaming and equipment interaction. The simulation results show that …
Virtual Training System For Spacecraft Maintenance Based On Desktop Virtual Reality, Shisong Wei, Zhengdong Zhou, Xuling Zhang, Mao Ling, Junshan Jia, Chuanle Liu
Virtual Training System For Spacecraft Maintenance Based On Desktop Virtual Reality, Shisong Wei, Zhengdong Zhou, Xuling Zhang, Mao Ling, Junshan Jia, Chuanle Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to shorten the training period of aerospace maintenance personnel and improve their operation proficiency, a spacecraft maintenance simulation system based on the desktop virtual reality technology is designed and developed. It is superior to the head-mounted display, which is bulky, isolated from the real world, easy to make users dizzy and hard to be shared. The assembly management scheme based on XMind and SqlServer database is proposed to realize the visualization of assembly rule editing, which makes assembly and disassembly flexible and convenient.
Interactive Assembly Simulation Platform For Complex Gearbox In Virtual Environmen, Chunyang Jia, Xiangjun Zou, Jinhui Li, Zeqin Zeng, Wang Jie
Interactive Assembly Simulation Platform For Complex Gearbox In Virtual Environmen, Chunyang Jia, Xiangjun Zou, Jinhui Li, Zeqin Zeng, Wang Jie
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the human-computer interaction, behavior simulation and user design in virtual assembly, based on the complex gearbox of large tractors, the simulation method of dynamic motion and behavior of gear with multi-collision body is studied. The positioning method of multi-part model based on axis constraints and surface constraints in virtual environment is proposed. The virtual environment of human-computer interaction is developed. The consumed time of per frame is about 10 ms, and the complex variable-speed motion behavior and its simulation are realized. The virtual assembly system is equipped with AR interface, which can realize the active intelligent virtual …
Research Progress On Virtual Pruning Fruit Trees, Mengmeng Lü, Shenglian Lu, Xinyu Guo
Research Progress On Virtual Pruning Fruit Trees, Mengmeng Lü, Shenglian Lu, Xinyu Guo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The tree structure has a strong influence on fruit yield and quality, and pruning is one of the most important management measures of tree shapes with high yield and good quality. Pruning test or technology demonstration in real fruit trees are irreversible defects, high cost, and difficult to fast rendering of pruning. Virtual pruning of fruit trees, which is in this context with rapid progress of virtual reality technology has developed rapidly and becomes the hot research topic. The aim is to create a space of virtual and simulate fruit tree pruning and the influence of pruning, so as …
Study On Hand Gesture Recognition And Portfolio Optimization Model Based On Svm, Zhiwei Cai, Shuyan Wu, Junfeng Song
Study On Hand Gesture Recognition And Portfolio Optimization Model Based On Svm, Zhiwei Cai, Shuyan Wu, Junfeng Song
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Hand gesture recognition was researched. The idea of extracting related features was proposed by using SVM algorithm in machine learning domain, and combination optimization method was used, which consists of ANN, HMM and DTW, to do hand gesture recognition. The experimental results show that portfolio optimization model based gesture recognition method has high accuracy and is very effective.
Virtual Reality In Transportation: A Survey, Zhaohui Wu, Guo Yu, Wang Hui, Xiuna Miao
Virtual Reality In Transportation: A Survey, Zhaohui Wu, Guo Yu, Wang Hui, Xiuna Miao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The state-of-the-art of virtual reality application in the field of transportation was focused on. The novel virtual reality applications were summarized from the following six aspects: traffic simulation, accident simulation, virtual driving system, transportation achievements exhibition, behavior and psychology of traffic, virtual design and maintenance, and so on. The existing problems were discussed in the virtual reality application of transportation. The trends of virtual reality were proposed to try to solve the real traffic problems based on the transportation status of China.
Interactive Illustration Technologies For Energy Stations Using Unity3d, Gaoqi He, Kailin Yang, Jin Yi, Chen Qi, Haijie Li, Zhigeng Pan
Interactive Illustration Technologies For Energy Stations Using Unity3d, Gaoqi He, Kailin Yang, Jin Yi, Chen Qi, Haijie Li, Zhigeng Pan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: This paper presents one web-based interactive illustration system for energy stations using Unity3D as render engine. Interaction, scene rendering and data-driven visual analysis are the key technologies for this study. One low-coupling logical framework of virtual illustration is designed for five view layers using state pattern. From the viewpoint of event response and trigger on-demand, one concise human-computer-interaction interface is carried out. High-quality visualization of energy station is realized using Unity3D, which includes dynamic texture, water animation in water pipe, modeling and bake. Json database is used as transfer hub for external data access. Thus the dynamic …
Mathematical Model Of Maneuvering Motion And Virtual Simulation For Ultra Large Twin-Propeller Twin-Rudder Ship, Guo Chen, Yan Lifei, Haiqing Shen
Mathematical Model Of Maneuvering Motion And Virtual Simulation For Ultra Large Twin-Propeller Twin-Rudder Ship, Guo Chen, Yan Lifei, Haiqing Shen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A three-degree freedom mathematical model of maneuvering motion for an ultra-large type container ship with twin-propeller twin-rudder is established, with turning circle test and zig-zig test simulation results to verify it. By abstracting the ship maneuvering process, the three-dimensional model of ship, helm, propeller and rudder are modeled according to virtual reality technology, and then the ship posture and the dynamic process of ship maneuvering are displayed by the virtual scene and the responsive three-dimensional model. A virtual simulation system for the maneuvering of ultra large twin-propeller twin-rudder ship is established by the MFC framework and the …
Research Of Virtual Reality Technology In The Treatment Of Anxiety Disorders And Autism, Cuijuan Liu, Liu Zhen, Tingting Liu, Lu Tao, Fang Hao, Liangping Liu
Research Of Virtual Reality Technology In The Treatment Of Anxiety Disorders And Autism, Cuijuan Liu, Liu Zhen, Tingting Liu, Lu Tao, Fang Hao, Liangping Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The research of virtual reality technology in the adjuvant treatment of mental diseases has caused wide concern. Anxiety disorders and autism are two major mental diseases in today's society, which has been plagued by both adults and children. Conducting anxiety and autism's rehabilitation has important practical significance. The research of virtual reality technology application in anxiety disorders and autism was reviewed, emotion regulation in the adjuvant treatment of mental diseases was discussed, emotion agents and emotion models were summarized, a technical roadmap of emotion adjuvant treatment for mental diseases was proposed, the architecture of emotion agent was constructed, and …
Virtual Needle Insertion And Haptic Interaction, Gao Zhan, Pan Fei, Jiehua Wang, Haiyan Pan, Zhengzheng Jiang
Virtual Needle Insertion And Haptic Interaction, Gao Zhan, Pan Fei, Jiehua Wang, Haiyan Pan, Zhengzheng Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Needle insertion or puncture has been widely practiced in clinical medicine. A VR based training system for needle insertion was implemented in this study. The mechanical model during insertion process was designed. Linear element model was applied to realize the simulation of soft tissue deformation. The friction and the stick-slip motion model between the puncture needle and the soft tissue were implemented to simulate the force interaction between needle and soft tissue. The haptic interaction of needle insertion was realized as well to enhance the user experience. The experiment results show that the simulation can reflect the process …
Research On Simulation System Of 3d Orchid Flower Blossoming Process, Yanhuang Xu, Junfeng Yao, Baorong Yang, Qidi Wang, Yuzhen Sun
Research On Simulation System Of 3d Orchid Flower Blossoming Process, Yanhuang Xu, Junfeng Yao, Baorong Yang, Qidi Wang, Yuzhen Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As the national flower of China, orchid has various kinds of types and shapes, and its bloom process has never been simulated before. A model library of orchid organs was established and a transformation algorithm with random-valued parameters was proposed based on the model library of orchid organs by studying botanical knowledge of orchids and taking orchids with different morphological characteristics as research subjects for virtual modeling. Different segmental transformations were respectively performed on each organ of orchids to simulate growth of the organs according to the growth law of orchids. Different examples for simulating different type of orchids …
An Adaptable Vr Software Framework For Collaborative Multi-Modal Haptic And Immersive Visual Display, Guo Yuan, Qianqian Tong, Yukai Zheng, Ziqi Wang, Yuru Zhang, Dangxiao Wang
An Adaptable Vr Software Framework For Collaborative Multi-Modal Haptic And Immersive Visual Display, Guo Yuan, Qianqian Tong, Yukai Zheng, Ziqi Wang, Yuru Zhang, Dangxiao Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The spatiotemporal consistency of multi-modal haptic and immersive visual feedback, as well as the integration of hardware devices in the existing VR software framework, restricts the rapid development of visuo-haptic fusion scenarios in different industries such as medical, business, and entertainment. In order to tackle this problem, an adaptable VR software framework combining multi-modal haptic and immersive visual display is proposed. To meet the different requirements of visual rendering, haptic rendering and hardware control, the double-layer and three-layer architectures are devised according to the different precision requirements of visuo-haptic fusion feedback. Experimental results show that the framework has the …
Application Research On Children's Indoor Fire Escape Education System Based On Virtual Reality Technology, Chunhua Hu, Xiaomei Chun, Shihong Chen
Application Research On Children's Indoor Fire Escape Education System Based On Virtual Reality Technology, Chunhua Hu, Xiaomei Chun, Shihong Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: It is significant to study children’s fire escape education in the virtual reality. The existing fire escape educations for children mostly adopt the ways of watching books and videos, lacking vitality and interactivity. According to the psychological characteristics of children, the models for virtual fire scene and the virtual character were built using the 3Ds Max. Based on Virtools platform, a game style of children's indoor fire escape education system was designed, with the integration of human-computer interaction, voice, smoke, and animation demo. Users experience the fire escape by auditory, visual and virtual behavior, with controlling virtual character to …
Research On Pedestrian Crossing Road Skills Assist Training System Based On Game Model, Meiliang Wang, Huagen Wan, Jianping Gu
Research On Pedestrian Crossing Road Skills Assist Training System Based On Game Model, Meiliang Wang, Huagen Wan, Jianping Gu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the rapid growth of number of family cars in China, there are more and more road accidents, so pedestrians will undoubtedly become the biggest victims in the accidents. Thus it is of great significance to develop a road training system that is able to improve the ability of the pedestrians to process the integrated information of the traffic flow, and reduce the risk of pedestrian in accidents when crossing the roads. Based on the key researches on dynamic virtual traffic scene, human-computer interaction and virtual objects collision detection, with the application of technology of virtual reality and 3 …
Development Trend Of Next Generation 3d Graphics Engines, Zhao Wei, Mao Ping, Fanyu Shen
Development Trend Of Next Generation 3d Graphics Engines, Zhao Wei, Mao Ping, Fanyu Shen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The development, relationship and differences between game engine and virtual reality engine were introduced, a joint name of 3D graphics engine was proposed. The bottlenecks and shortages of scene management, geometry model creating, physics simulation, lighting, shading, etc. were analyzed by synthetically considering the advancements in computer hardware, softwares and simulation theories, etc.. The development demands and trends were researched, the Concept of adaptive multi-thread shading technology, advanced real-time dynamic deformation technology, integrated collision detection technology, independent of the collision process technology were proposed for the first time, and a brief features description of these concepts were give, it …